2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Section 2 Feudalism Section 3 Kingdoms and Crusades Section 4 The Church and Society Section 5 The Late Middle Ages Reading Review Chapter Assessment Medieval Europe Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Medieval Europe

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section focuses on the creation of new kingdoms and the influence of the Catholic Church in medieval Europe. The Early Middle Ages

10. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create a table like the one on page 512 of your textbook, to show the major accomplishments of medieval leaders. The Early Middle Ages

14. How did the mountains affect people in Europe? The mountains separated people so different cultures developed independently. The mountains also made it difficult for one person to rule all the kingdoms in Europe. The Early Middle Ages

23. How did the pope obtain the Papal States? Pepin defeated the Lombards, who had threatened the pope. Pepin donated the land he acquired in this victory to the pope, who then ruled the lands as if he were king. The Early Middle Ages

30. What duties did monks have? Monks educated people, provided food to travelers, helped care for the sick, and taught farming, carpentry, and weaving. They were also important in preserving knowledge. They made copies of important works, such as the Bible and works of Roman and Greek writers. The Early Middle Ages

31. What happened at the Battle of Tours, and why is the battle significant? Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslim army and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe. The Early Middle Ages

32. Why were monasteries important to medieval Europe? Monasteries helped to teach people, provided food and rest, preserved knowledge, spread Christianity, and played a role in politics. The Early Middle Ages

33. Analyze How did Charlemagne demonstrate his support for education? He opened a palace school for children of officials. The scholar Alcuin taught classes. The Early Middle Ages

34. Describe Imagine you live in central Europe in medieval times. Prepare a poster that describes the Vikings and the dangers they pose to your town. Posters should describe the Vikings’ lifestyle, including their destruction of European villages and towns. The Early Middle Ages

35. The early Middle Ages is sometimes called the Dark Ages. Discuss why this name is inappropriate. The Early Middle Ages

37. Feudalism Get Ready to Read Section Overview In this section, you will learn about the development of feudalism as well as the rise of towns and cities.

41. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Compare and Contrast Complete a Venn diagram like the one on page 522 of your textbook, showing the similarities and differences between serfs and slaves. Feudalism

44. What is Feudalism? (cont.) (pages 523 – 526) Feudalism

48. What is Feudalism? (cont.) (pages 523 – 526) Feudalism

49. What was a typical week like for a serf? Serfs worked three days a week for their lord. The rest of the week, they grew food for themselves. They had to grow enough food to give their lord a portion and still keep some for themselves. Feudalism

52. Feudalism Life in Feudal Europe (cont.) (pages 526 – 528)

55. How were castles protected from enemies? Castles were built on hills to make access more difficult, and the archers in the towers were better able to see approaching enemies from the hilltop. Stone walls circled the castle, and in the later Middle Ages, those walls were made thicker and had more towers. Feudalism

62. What freedoms did the women of medieval cities have? City women could be independent. They could practice their husbands trade, inherit his trade when he died, or practice their own trade. They were also in charge of their household’s money. Feudalism

63. What was a vassal? a noble who served a lord of higher rank Feudalism

64. Feudalism Describe the system of crop rotation used in the later Middle Ages, and explain how it increased the amount of food being grown. Peasants rotated crops among three fields. Since only one-third of the land was unused, more crops were grown.

65. Summarize Explain the shift of power from kings to nobles during the Middle Ages. Europe had no central government. Nobles began to collect taxes and enforce laws. Feudalism

66. Cause and Effect How did an increase in trade lead to the growth of towns and cities? Trade brought more people and prosperity to cities. Feudalism

67. Conclude What were guilds, and why were they important? Guilds were business groups organized by craftspeople. They set standards for quality, decided how goods were made, and set prices. Feudalism

68. Creative Writing Write a For Sale advertisement for a medieval castle. Describe the castle’s rooms and surroundings, including the manor and its residents. Entries should include relevant details about life in and around a castle. Feudalism

69. Create a chart that compares life in a medieval town with life on a manor. Feudalism

71. Kingdoms and Crusades Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section discusses the rise of new kingdoms in Europe and the causes and effects of the Crusades.

75. Reading Strategy Cause and Effect Complete a diagram like the one on page 534 of your textbook to show the causes and effects of the Crusades. Kingdoms and Crusades Get Ready to Read (cont.)

82. How did the jury system protect people? The jury system helped prevent unfair punishment of people by having juries, instead of single authorities, decide whether someone was guilty of a crime. Kingdoms and Crusades

86. Why was the Estates-General the first step toward representative government? Although France was ruled by a king, the Estates-General included different levels of society in making decisions about how the country would be governed. Kingdoms and Crusades

92. How was the Eastern Orthodox religion introduced to Russia? Vladimir became Eastern Orthodox after marrying the Byzantine emperor’s niece and then declared his people Eastern Orthodox. Kingdoms and Crusades

98. How did the Crusades help break down the system of feudalism and increase the strength of monarchies? Nobles who joined the Crusades sold their land and freed the serfs. This reduced the nobles’ power. When the nobles had less power, kings could build stronger central governments. Kingdoms and Crusades

99. What is the significance of the Battle of Hastings? William the conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson for control of England. Kingdoms and Crusades

100. What groups developed from the three major divisions of Slavs in Eastern Europe? southern Slavs (Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians); western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks); eastern Slavs (Ukrainians, Belorussians, and Russians) Kingdoms and Crusades

101. Evaluate What was the importance of the Magna Carta? It limited the king’s powers. Kingdoms and Crusades

102. Summarize Describe the development of England’s Parliament, and discuss its role in changing government. Parliament included the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Parliament was a major step toward representative government. Kingdoms and Crusades

103. Explain Why did cities such as Venice flourish as a result of the Crusades? Crusaders depended on those cities for supplies. Kingdoms and Crusades

104. Expository Writing Write an essay describing how the Crusades affected feudalism. Essays should include details about the Crusades and the decline of feudalism. Kingdoms and Crusades

105. Evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the Crusades. Kingdoms and Crusades

107. The Church and Society Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section focuses on the medieval Catholic Church, the new universities, and developments in art and architecture.

111. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Complete a Venn diagram like the one on page 544 of your textbook to show the similarities and differences between Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals. The Church and Society

120. What is the sacrament of communion? Communion is when people partake of bread and wine in a Church ritual to remind them of Jesus’ death on the cross for their sins. The bread symbolizes Jesus’ body and the wine symbolizes his blood. The Church and Society

122. (pages 549 –552 ) The Church and Society Medieval Culture (cont.)

127. What are the differences between Romanesque-style cathedrals and Gothic-style cathedrals? Romanesque-style cathedrals had barrel vaults —long, rounded roofs—and Gothic-style cathedrals did not. Gothic-style cathedrals used flying buttresses, or stone supports, on the cathedral’s outside walls. This allowed for thinner walls and stained glass windows. Romanesque-style cathedrals had thick walls and recessed windows that let in little light. The Church and Society

128. The Church and Society What is theology? the study of religion and God

129. The Church and Society What is vernacular language, and what were common vernacular languages in medieval times? Vernacular language is a local, everyday language for example Spanish, French, English, Italian, and German.

130. Summarize How did the Inquisition treat the people brought before it? The Inquisition tortured suspected heretics who would not confess. The Church and Society

131. Analyze How did Christian beliefs result in a resettlement of Jews? Where did many Jews settle in the Middle Ages? Christians persecuted Jews and expelled them. Many Jews settled in Poland and other Eastern European countries. The Church and Society

132. Explain What were Thomas Aquinas’s beliefs related to government? Aquinas claimed that natural law gave people certain rights that the government should not take away. The Church and Society

133. Persuasive Writing Write a letter to a medieval university telling them why you would like to become a student there. Be sure to discuss the subjects you would like to study. Answers will vary. The Church and Society

134. Discuss the validity of this statement: The seeds of modern life were present in the Middle Ages. The Church and Society

136. The Late Middle Ages Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the plague and wars that devastated Europe during the later Middle Ages.

143. How did the Black Death affect the economy? Fewer workers caused wages to increase and demand for food to decrease. Prices for food fell, so farmers could not make enough money to pay their rent. Landlords had to pay workers more and charge less rent for the farms they owned. Some peasants convinced their landlords to let them pay rent with money instead of services. Serfs could buy their freedom. The Late Middle Ages

149. What was the War of the Roses? The War of the Roses was a civil war that broke out among nobles of England after the Hundred Years’ War. They were fighting over who would be king. The Late Middle Ages

150. The Late Middle Ages How was the Black Death spread? bacteria carried by fleas on rats, which then carried disease on caravans and ships

151. The Late Middle Ages Who was Joan of Arc, and what role did she play in the Hundred Years’ War? She was a peasant girl whose faith and leadership led French soldiers to victories.

152. Analyze How did the Hundred Years’ War affect the countries involved? France united under strong central government; England affected by economic weakness and civil war The Late Middle Ages

153. Summarize Describe the history of Spain and Portugal during the Middle Ages. Muslim rule; Christian Reconquista to gain back lands; three kingdoms —P ortugal, Castile, and Aragon; Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella. The Late Middle Ages

154. Conclude Do you think the removal of the Jews and Muslims from Spain was a wise policy? Explain your answer. Answers will vary. You may note that diversity would have led to a rich culture. The Late Middle Ages

155. Summarize the ways that the Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Reconquista affected Europe. The Late Middle Ages

166. Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Which peoples invaded Europe in the Middle Ages? Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims Medieval Europe Review Main Ideas

167. How did the Catholic Church affect medieval Europe? The Catholic Church helped in the growth of a new civilization. Medieval Europe Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Review Main Ideas

168. Section 2 Feudalism What was the basis for wealth and power in medieval Europe? owning land Medieval Europe Review Main Ideas

169. What was the result of increased trade? growth of towns and cities and rise of guilds and city governments Medieval Europe Section 2 Feudalism Review Main Ideas

170. Section 3 Kingdoms and Crusades What changes in England and France were steps toward representative government? Magna Carta, Parliament, and Estates-General Medieval Europe Review Main Ideas

171. Which groups were at war with each other in the Crusades? For what were they fighting? Christians and Muslims were fighting for control of Jerusalem. Medieval Europe Section 3 Kingdoms and Crusades Review Main Ideas

172. Section 4 The Church and Society How did the Catholic Church use its power to uphold its teachings? preaching, Inquisition, expelled Jews and Muslims Medieval Europe Review Main Ideas

173. Why did learning and the arts flourish in medieval Europe? There was more wealth and support by church and government. Medieval Europe Section 4 The Church and Society Review Main Ideas

174. Section 5 The Late Middle Ages What was the Black Death, and how did it change Europe? The Black Death was a plague that killed nearly one of every two Europeans. It changed Europe’s economy and weakened feudalism. Medieval Europe Review Main Ideas

175. Which European nations were at war during the 1300s and 1400s? England and France; Spain and Portugal against Muslims Medieval Europe Section 5 The Late Middle Ages Review Main Ideas

176. Cause and Effect What improvements in farming led to an increase in the production of food? Improvements: heavy wheeled plow with iron plowshare; horse collar for horses plowing; watermills and windmills to grind more grain; increased farmland by drainage and three-field crop rotation. Medieval Europe

177. Compare What did Alfred the Great and William the Conqueror succeed in doing? Both united England. Albert drove out the Vikings, and William united his Norman culture with that of the English. Medieval Europe

179. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 15-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

180. Map s Europe’s Geography and People c. A.D. 500 Germanic Kingdoms c. A.D. 500 The Frankish Kingdom c. A.D. 500 – 800 Invasions of Europe c. A.D. 800 – 1000 Europe c. 1160 Growth of Moscow The Crusades 1096 –1204 Jewish Expulsions c. 1100–1500 Black Death in Asia The Black Death in Europe The Hundred Years’ War Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

183. Click the map to view an interactive version.

184. Click the map to view an interactive version.

187. Click the map to view an interactive version.

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191. Click the map to view an interactive version.

192. Pope John Paul II became head of the Roman Catholic Church in 1978. Born in Poland, John Paul II is the first pope from a Slavic country and the first non-Italian pope in more than 450 years. The Early Middle Ages

193. Britain, Denmark, and the Netherlands still make people knights. Today, knighthood honors people who have performed a great service to society. When a person is knighted, he or she gets to use a title with their name. Men use the title Sir , and women use the title Dame . Feudalism

194. Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, and Kiev became Ukraine’s capital city. Today, Kiev is home to more than two million people. Kingdoms and Crusades

195. In the Roman Catholic Church, patron saints are associated with certain trades or groups. Francis of Assisi is the patron saint of animals and the environment. The Church and Society

196. Isabella of Castile sponsored Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas. Because of this, she was honored as the first named woman to appear on a U.S. coin. The Late Middle Ages

197. Just Ask Learn It! Reading Social Studies Answering questions about what you have read is one way to show what you know, but asking thoughtful questions about the topic can often show even greater understanding. How do you learn to ask great questions?

199. Charles, the prince who ruled southern France, wanted to take back the north. In 1429 a French peasant girl named Joan was brought to him. She told him that her favorite saints had urged her to free France. Joan’s honesty persuaded Charles to let her go with a French army to Orl é ans. Joan’s faith stirred the soldiers, and they took the city. — from page 557 Reading Social Studies

202. Medieval Europe Introduction

203. The Early Middle Ages

204. Feudalism

205. Kingdoms and Crusades

206. The Church and Society

207. The Late Middle Ages

208. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Primary Sources Magna Carta Ibn Fadlan Describes the Rus

209. Magna Carta

210. Ibn Fadlan Describes the Rus

211. The Franciscan Way of Life

212. A.D. 742–814 Charlemagne Charlemagne The Palatine Chapel at Charlemagne’s palace in Aachen

213. 1225–1274 Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas Monte Cassino monastery

214. Joan of Arc 1412–1431

215. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 15–1 Chapter 15

216. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 15–2 Chapter 15 Samurai used either metal or leather plates, laced with silk; knights wore metal armor; both used swords, armor and horses in battle.

217. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 15 – 3 Chapter 15

218. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 15 – 4 Chapter 15

219. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 15 – 5 Chapter 15

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