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Mendel and Heredity
Fundamentals of Genetics
• List four characteristics that make
  Pisum sativum a good subject for
  genetic studies.
• Outline the three major steps of Gregor
  Mendel’s garden pea experiments.
• Explain how Mendel derived ratios from
  his observations.
• Compare and contrast Mendel’s two
  laws of heredity.
Gregor Mendel
• Began experiments in
  1857
• Austrian monk
• Studied genetics of peas
• Father of genetics
• Failed his math/science
  teacher exam
• Attended Univ. of Vienna
  - experimentation
Why the Garden Pea?

• Many varieties – 32 to start – used
  7
• More than one form of the same
  trait
• Small, easy to grow, matures
  quickly, large numbers of
  offspring…
• Ability to cross-pollinate and self-
  pollinate
Experimental Design

• Step 1 – allow self-pollination to
  produce plants that are true-
  breeding. P generation.
• Step 2 – cross-pollination. F1
  generation.
• Step 3 – self-pollination of F1
  generation. F2 generatoin.
Two ratios observed
• Dominant trait – expressed trait in F1
  generation.
• Recessive trait – not expressed in F1
  generation.
• Self-pollination of F1 yields a 3:1
  phenotypic ratio, but a 1:2:1 genotypic
  ratio.
Mendel’s proposed Theory
• Parent’s pass factors(genes) to their
  offspring that produce traits.
• Two alleles for each trait –
 heterozygous (Tt) or homozygous (TT, tt)
• Phenotype = physical appearance
• Genotype = set of alleles
• Dominant is expressed over recessive
Mendel’s Laws
• Law of segregation – member of each
  pair of alleles are separated when
  gametes are formed.
• Law of Independent Assortment –
  pairs of alleles separate independently
  of one another during gamete
  formation.
Interpreting Mendel’s
             Model
•   Capital letters= dominant alleles
•   Lower case letters = recessive alleles
•   Two alleles for each trait
•   Homozygous dominant = DD
•   Heterozygous dominant = Dd (hybrid)
•   Homozygous recessive - dd
Probability
• The likelihood that an event will take
  place.

• =   number of one kind of possible outcome
        total number of possible outcomes
Monohybrid Crosses
• Provide information about one pair of
  contrasting traits.
Dihybrid Crosses
• Involve two pairs of contrasting traits.
Mendel and heredity pdf
Review Questions:

1. Write the formula used to determine the
   likelihood that an event will occur. How is
   probability used in genetics?

2. Construct a Punnett Square to predict the
   outcome of a monohybrid cross between two
   heterozygous tall pea plants. What are the
   expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios?

3. What is a dihybrid cross? What is the
   expected phenotypic ratio for a heterozygous
   dihybrid cross?
5 Factors that Influence
             Heredity
 #1 Incomplete Dominance

• A trait is displayed that
  is intermediate between
  two parents.
• Flower color in
  snapdragons
   – Red + White = Pink
#2 Codominance

• Two dominant alleles are
  expressed simultaneously
• Different from incomplete
  dominance because both
  traits are displayed
• Example) roan coat in
  horses is a result of a
  cross between a
  homozygous red and
  homozygous white
  horse…resulting in a
  horse with a coat of red
  and white hair.
#3 Multiple Alleles

• Genes with more than one allele
• Example) three alleles can determine
• blood type (A, B, and O)
  – A and B are dominant over O
  – Neither A nor B are dominant over each
    other
  – When A and B are present…they are
    codominant
#4 Continuous Variation

• Several genes influence a trait

• Examples) height and weight

• A variety of phenotypes exist from one
  extreme to another
#5 Environmental Influences

• Phenotypes being influenced by the
  environment
• Example) the coat color of the arctic
  fox in winter
Review Questions

1. What are dominant and recessive
   alleles?
2. Why were true-breeding plants
   important in Mendel’s experiments?
3. What is a Punnett Square?
4. What is the difference between
   Phenotype and Genotype?
5. Describe two inheritance patterns
   besides simple dominance.

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Mendel and heredity pdf

  • 2. Fundamentals of Genetics • List four characteristics that make Pisum sativum a good subject for genetic studies. • Outline the three major steps of Gregor Mendel’s garden pea experiments. • Explain how Mendel derived ratios from his observations. • Compare and contrast Mendel’s two laws of heredity.
  • 3. Gregor Mendel • Began experiments in 1857 • Austrian monk • Studied genetics of peas • Father of genetics • Failed his math/science teacher exam • Attended Univ. of Vienna - experimentation
  • 4. Why the Garden Pea? • Many varieties – 32 to start – used 7 • More than one form of the same trait • Small, easy to grow, matures quickly, large numbers of offspring… • Ability to cross-pollinate and self- pollinate
  • 5. Experimental Design • Step 1 – allow self-pollination to produce plants that are true- breeding. P generation. • Step 2 – cross-pollination. F1 generation. • Step 3 – self-pollination of F1 generation. F2 generatoin.
  • 6. Two ratios observed • Dominant trait – expressed trait in F1 generation. • Recessive trait – not expressed in F1 generation. • Self-pollination of F1 yields a 3:1 phenotypic ratio, but a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio.
  • 7. Mendel’s proposed Theory • Parent’s pass factors(genes) to their offspring that produce traits. • Two alleles for each trait – heterozygous (Tt) or homozygous (TT, tt) • Phenotype = physical appearance • Genotype = set of alleles • Dominant is expressed over recessive
  • 8. Mendel’s Laws • Law of segregation – member of each pair of alleles are separated when gametes are formed. • Law of Independent Assortment – pairs of alleles separate independently of one another during gamete formation.
  • 9. Interpreting Mendel’s Model • Capital letters= dominant alleles • Lower case letters = recessive alleles • Two alleles for each trait • Homozygous dominant = DD • Heterozygous dominant = Dd (hybrid) • Homozygous recessive - dd
  • 10. Probability • The likelihood that an event will take place. • = number of one kind of possible outcome total number of possible outcomes
  • 11. Monohybrid Crosses • Provide information about one pair of contrasting traits.
  • 12. Dihybrid Crosses • Involve two pairs of contrasting traits.
  • 14. Review Questions: 1. Write the formula used to determine the likelihood that an event will occur. How is probability used in genetics? 2. Construct a Punnett Square to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous tall pea plants. What are the expected phenotypic and genotypic ratios? 3. What is a dihybrid cross? What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a heterozygous dihybrid cross?
  • 15. 5 Factors that Influence Heredity #1 Incomplete Dominance • A trait is displayed that is intermediate between two parents. • Flower color in snapdragons – Red + White = Pink
  • 16. #2 Codominance • Two dominant alleles are expressed simultaneously • Different from incomplete dominance because both traits are displayed • Example) roan coat in horses is a result of a cross between a homozygous red and homozygous white horse…resulting in a horse with a coat of red and white hair.
  • 17. #3 Multiple Alleles • Genes with more than one allele • Example) three alleles can determine • blood type (A, B, and O) – A and B are dominant over O – Neither A nor B are dominant over each other – When A and B are present…they are codominant
  • 18. #4 Continuous Variation • Several genes influence a trait • Examples) height and weight • A variety of phenotypes exist from one extreme to another
  • 19. #5 Environmental Influences • Phenotypes being influenced by the environment • Example) the coat color of the arctic fox in winter
  • 20. Review Questions 1. What are dominant and recessive alleles? 2. Why were true-breeding plants important in Mendel’s experiments? 3. What is a Punnett Square? 4. What is the difference between Phenotype and Genotype? 5. Describe two inheritance patterns besides simple dominance.