Early Africans passed knowledge through oral tradition from generation to generation as writing had not been developed yet. Tribes were made up of several clans and were led by tribal heads. Europeans colonized Africa between the 15th and 20th centuries due to its natural resources like gold, diamonds and ivory. Most foreign rule ended in Africa during the 1950s and 1960s. Families are the most important social unit and music plays a large role in African culture, often using drums and other instruments.

1. AFRICAN CULTURE

2. Clan

3. Clan:A group of people who are descended from a common ancestor

4. Tribe

5. Tribe: 2 or more Clans living together in a community.

6. Oral tradition

7. Oral tradition: Poems, songs or stories which are passed on by word of mouth from one generation to the next.

8. Imperialism

9. Imperialism: The building of empires by a country

10. Abolition

11. Abolition: doing away with or putting an end to something (like slavery)

12. Boers:

13. Boers: The Dutch who live in Africa

14. Cannibalism

15. Cannibalism: The eating of human flesh

16. Cartographer

17. Cartographer: A person who draws maps.

18. Swahili

19. Swahili: An African Language

20. What is the climate of Egypt?

21. Egypt’s climate is hot and dry with only 2 seasons: hot summers and mild winters What is the climate of Egypt?

22. What is the source of the Nile River?

23. What is the source of the Nile River? Lake Victoria is the main source. It flows north.

24. Where is “Timbuktu” located? What is the meaning behind the saying “as far away as Timbuktu?”

25. It is in in Mali. Hundreds of years ago it was the trade center for Africa and Europe. In the 1300’s it was a cultural center. Today it is just a small town.

26. What are 5 native animals to Africa?

27. What are 5 native animals to Africa?

28. What are 3 native plants to Africa?

29. What are 3 native plants to Africa?Jungles: Mahogany, ebonyDate palms, AcaciasMangrove trees

30. What are some of Africa’s natural resources?

31. What are some of Africa’s natural resources?Minerals: copper, diamonds, gold, PetroleumValuable forestsAgriculture: Cocoa beans, Yams

32. Who is the head of the tribe in early African communities?

33. Who is the head of the tribe in early African communities? The father.

34. What function or purpose did the “witch doctor” have in the tribe?

35. What function or purpose did the “witch doctor” have in the tribe? He was the religious leader and his “power” was sought to cure both physical and spiritual problems.

36. Why was oral tradition so important to the early Africans? Powerpoint Notes: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ When did most of the foreign rule end? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In Africa, what is the most important group of people? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How is music part of an African’s life? What instruments do they use? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are talking drums? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What type of art is common in Africa? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are some ways that Africans obtained their food? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is a typical African home? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African clothing? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African food? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African schools? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

37. Powerpoint Notes: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ When did most of the foreign rule end? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In Africa, what is the most important group of people? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How is music part of an African’s life? What instruments do they use? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are talking drums? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What type of art is common in Africa? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are some ways that Africans obtained their food? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is a typical African home? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African clothing? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African food? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the typical African schools? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Before the 1800’s, Africans had no written languages. Therefore their history was handed down to the next generation orally. Children learned about their heritage from the storyteller. Why was oral tradition so important to the early Africans?

38. Exploration began in the 1800’s---what difficulties did they face?

39. Exploration began in the 1800’s---what difficulties did they face? Extreme heat, humidity, thick vegetation, unknown diseases, hostility from slave traders, wild animals, rugged terrain, unfriendly tribes.

40. Because so many explorers died—what nickname became attached to Africa?

41. Because so many explorers died—what nickname became attached to Africa? “White Man’s Grave”

42. Which continent was responsible for the colonization of Africa?

43. Which continent was responsible for the colonization of Africa?Europe

44. Why were the Europeans interested in Africa?

45. Why were the Europeans interested in Africa? The African colonies held great wealth in their mineral reserves (Gold, Diamonds) as well as ivory, spices, and ebony. The Europeans wanted these resources. They followed rivers to their sources, took notes on and studied the animals and jungles.

46. What resources did the continent have?

47. What resources did the continent have? Gold, Diamonds, Ivory, rare animals

48. What were some of the geographic features discovered and charted during this time?

49. What were some of the geographic features discovered and charted during this time? Victoria falls, Lake Victoria, The Niger and Congo Rivers, mountains and deserts

50. Who was probably Africa’s greatest explorer?

51. Who was probably Africa’s greatest explorer? David Livingston. He was a doctor and a missionary.

53. What unusual thing was done to his body after he died?

54. What unusual thing was done to his body? His body was buried in England, but his heart was buried in Africa.

55. Who discovered Victoria Falls?

56. Who discovered Victoria Falls? Dr. Livingstone

57. Who was Henry Stanley? What were his famous words?

58. Who was Henry Stanley? What were his famous words? He was a newspaper reporter. When Dr. Livingstone had not been heard from for several years, Stanley went to search for him. He found him deep in the heart of Africa by the shore of lake Tanganyika. As Stanley approached Dr. Livingstone, he uttered the now famous greeting: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.” After Dr. Livingstone’s death, Stanley carried on his work in Africa.

59. Why were slaves taken from Africa and where were they taken?

60. Why were slaves taken from Africa and where were they taken? Tribes at war with each other, would offer up slaves from the captured tribe. With the settlement of the Americas and the development of large plantations, manpower was needed to do the work on these large farms. The slaves being offered in Africa seemed to be just the answer. Europe and America took many and began the slave trade industry.

61. Where did the opposition to slave trade begin?

62. Where did the opposition to slave trade begin? Europe saw the cruelty of the slave trade and the drive to abolish it began first in England with other countries following the example.

63. Who ruled most of Africa?

64. Who ruled most of Africa? Foreign countries

65. When did most of the foreign rule end?

66. When did most of the foreign rule end? During the 1950’s and 60’s

67. In Africa, what is the most important group of people?

68. In Africa, what is the most important group of people? The family

69. How is music part of an African’s life? What Instruments do they use?

70. How is music part of an African’s life? What Instruments do they use? Music was an important part of an African’s life. While working, playing, celebrating, or worshipping—there would be singing or playing of instruments. Some instruments played might be drums, rattles, bells or horns

71. What are “talking drums”?

72. What are “talking drums”? Drums which could be tuned to different pitches. By playing these drums—tribes could talk or communicate with each other in villages miles away.

73. What type of art is common in Africa?

74. What type of art is common in Africa? Sculptures from wood, stone or other materials.

75. What are some ways that Africans obtained their food?

76. What are some ways that Africans obtained their food? Hunting game, gathering fruits and nuts, herding, growing crops.

77. What is a typical African home?

78. What is a typical African home?

79. What is the typical African clothing?

80. What is the typical African clothing? It depends on where you live in Africa. Colorful, long, wraps, etc. In “Western Civilized” countries—their dress is similar to ours.

81. What is a typical African food?

82. What is a typical African food?

83. The basic ingredients are plantains and cassava. Another favorite is Bambara, a porridge of rice, peanut butter and sugar. Beef and chicken are favorite meat dishes, but game meat preparations containing crocodile, monkey, antelope and warthog are also served occasionally. African Recipes IncludeThis web page is dedicated to African foods. Animals such as cattle, poultry, goats and pigs are all raised for food in Africa. When there is little food and game is scarce, Africans can rely on roots, herbs, and berries for a food source. This is what hunting and gathering societies do. The foods that societies eat depends on what they have access to.Slash and burn agriculture includes cutting down a forest or field, and burning the remains. This creates a compost that fertilizes the ground so they can grow crops. Staple crops, (main foods in society), include corn, millet, rice cassaia, peanuts, and other high starch foods. Other crops include coffee, cocoa and peanuts. Grain produces foods such as flat breads and couscous made of grains of wheat. Couscous, a rice like substance, can be served steamed with spicy foods and vegetables, and possibly pieces of meat if the family can afford it.Farmers can grow crops in parts of the wetter savanna. They can grow grains, beans, cassava, and sweet potatoes. Many of these crops are sold for money (cash crops), such as cotton, peanuts, sugar, bananas, tea, oil palm, tobacco and citrus fruits, and soy beans. These crops are grown during the rainy season because as everyone knows, plants need water to grow. Plants can be grown year round along rivers where there is irrigation. Sixty percent of Africa is farmland and three fourths of Farmers are involved in subsistence farming and agriculture. Subsistence farming is harvesting just enough to feed your family. Fishing is also a popular source of food. Fishing with large nets can bring lots of fish to feed families and to sell for profit. The following are popular African recipes.

84. What is the typical African schools?

85. What is the typical African schools?