1. Video Summaries – Ning Presentation- Little ice age- the story of god- When the moors ruled in Europe- guns, germs, and steel - conquistadors- cracking the maya code By: Carlito Almero History 4 – Dr. Arguello October 15, 2011

2. Little Ice Age: Big Chill 14th – 19th Century Glaciers began advancing in Greenland Volatile cold temperatures causes global cooling This caused the demise of the Viking colonists in Greenland; with the last known recording (a wedding) of Norse settlers by the 15th century Crops failed and livestock could not be maintained by the harsh winters resulting in famines and illnesses Cataclysmic volcanic eruptions contribute to global temperatures to drop, at times 4 degrees cooler than today 1816 was called the “Year Without a Summer” across North America and Europe due to the eruption of the Tamboro volcano in 1815

4. Although this outbreak originated from China during the 1330’s, the Italian merchant ships carried the plague-infected rats to Europe and thus, fueled the pandemic.

5. Over 25 million people perished between a five-year period from the year 1347 to 1352.

6. Within a few months of arriving in the fall of 1347, the plague had spread as far north as England.

7. A children’s nursery rhyme (Ring Around the Rosie) was sparked by the Bubonic Plague.

8. This would be known as, the “Black Death of the 14th Century” and an estimated 75 million people died.

11. Farming was described as an organized religion in which it required a calendar for measuring days for seeding and harvesting, temples for worship and asking the gods for favorable weathers in order to reap abundant food, and professional workers to oversee the process much like priests

12. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one god

13. Even though three religions profess the existence of only one higher being or deity; they are still quite dissimilar:

14. Judaism – God of Israel

15. Christianity – Trinity (God, Jesus, Holy Ghost = 3 in 1)

18. Faith coupled with their pursuit of a higher learning encouraged abstract thinking and natural science such as: astronomy, medicine, chemistry and mathematics

19. The Muslims valued education and thus established countless libraries such as the Great Mezquita of Córdoba, the famed university opened its door to teach grammar & literacy

22. Through plant and animal domestication, societies afforded a sedentary existence and thus civilization was formed

25. Cortés and his men escaped in the dead of night and regrouped with their allies, the Tlaxcalans – enemies of Montezuma

26. With the help of his ship builder, Martin Lopez, a fleet was built from the ground up in land and was carried in bits and pieces back to Mexico City

27. Cortés used military war tactics which the Aztecs were unfamiliar with and weakened them

28. They cut off the food and water supplies from the three main bridge ports in Tenochtitlan and thereby starving the city into submission

31. The Dresden Codex was considered to be the most important of the four remaining books

32. Between the 18th – 19th century, various dedicated scholars around the world patiently worked and collaborated with others to decipher the Maya Code

33. Eric Thompson was the first to forge the way in interpreting the code, even though most of his theories would be proven wrong

34. Russian linguist, Yuri Knorosov key insight was to treat Maya glyphs as a syllabary or phonetic sound

35. By the 20th century, a majority of Maya texts can be read and today, the Maya, and their descendants are rediscovering their own rich, colorful history, tradition and beliefs by learning the hieroglyphs