On 28 September 2010, Professor James Liu delivered his inaugural lecture, "Towards a Psychology of Global Consciousness".

1. Towards a Psychology of Global Consciousness Professor James H. Liu Centre for Applied Cross Cultural Research School of Psychology Victoria University of Wellington Email: James.Liu@vuw.ac.nz

7. Most Important Events in World History according to Western Samples Rank USA Pct Great Britain Pct France Pct 1 WW II 86% WWII 77% WWII 64% 2 WW I 50% WW I 64% French Rev 54% 3 American Indep 38% Vietnam War 28% WW I 30% 4 Sept 11 Terrorism 27% Man on the Moon 26% US History 28% 5 Discov Americas 26% Birth of Christ 26% Colonization 27% 6 Vietnam War 20% Industrial Rev 18% Atomic Bombing 20% 7 American Civil War 20% Discov. Of America 18% German Reunification 19% 8 French Rev 14% Roman Empire 18% Man on the Moon 16% 9 Birth of Christ 14% Atomic Bombing 15% Decolonization 14% 10 Breakup of USSR 12% Slavery 13% Nazism/Facism 12% Rank Australia Pct New Zealand Pct Germany Pct 1 WWII 68% WWII 73% WWII 68% 2 WW I 60% WW I 64% WW I 60% 3 Man on the Moon 24% Man on the Moon 37% French Rev 49% 4 Holocaust 21% Women's Suffrage 21% Discov. Americas 32% 5 Atomic Bombing 21% Birth of Christ 21% German Reunification 23% 6 Industrial Revolution 19% Industrial Rev 20% Russian Rev 23% 7 Vietnam War 18% Roman Empire & Fall 19% Cold War 21% 8 Discov. Of Australia 16% German Reunification 16% Vietnam War 20% 9 Women's Suffrage 16% Discov. Of America 16% Crusades 15% 10 Birth of Christ 15% French Revolution 15% Colonialism 15% (N=82) (N=39) (N=99) Gulf War 13% (N=98) (N=107) (N=81)

8. Most Important Events in World History according to East Asian Samples Rank Japan Pct Taiwan Hong Kong Pct 1 WWII 52% WW II 69% WWII 81% 2 WW I 29% WW I 60% WW I 52% 3 French Revolution 23% Man on the Moon 25% Tien An Men 45% 4 Industrial Rev 17% Industrial Rev 23% Sino-Japanese War 39% 5 Vietnam War 17% American Indep 22% USSR Breakup 23% 6 Cold War 12% Discov. of Americas 20% Cultural Revolution 19% 7 Crusades 11% USSR Breakup 15% German Reunification 16% 8 Atomic Bombing 9% Crusades 15% Gulf War 15% 9 Discov. of Americas 9% Renaissance 14% American Indep 14% 10 Korean War 7% French Revolution 10% French Revolution 14% Rank Singapore Pct Philippines Pct Malaysia Pct 1 WWII 94% WWII 68% WWII 60% 2 WW I 84% WW I 54% WW I 60% 3 Gulf War 32% Gulf War 23% Industrial Rev 28% 4 Cold War 24% French Rev 16% Rise of Islam 23% 5 Great Depression 22% Industrial Rev 15% Atomic Bombing 17% 6 Industrial Rev 19% Nazism 15% Chinese history 14% 7 Vietnam War 11% Renaissance 15% Islam v.Christian Wars 13% 8 USSR Breakup 10% People Power (EDSA) 14% Opium War 12% 9 Rise of Communism 10% Atomic Bombing 13% Renaissance 12% 10 French Revolution 9% Man on the Moon 11% Japanese colonialism 11% (N=75) (N=646) (N=119) American Indep 7% (N=196) (N=272) (N=145) German Reunification 9%

13. China and India 2.0 11% George Bush Jr 5.0 10% Confucius 10 5.6 16% Lincoln 5.3 10% Sun Yatsen 9 6.8 11% Subhas C. Bose 4.9 16% Newton 8 5.8 16% Einstein 5.8 21% Zhou Enlai 7 5.8 18% Shivaji Bhonsle 4.6 28% Napoleon 6 6.2 19% Bhagat Singh 5.6 36% Deng Xiaoping 5 5.8 22% Mother Teresa 4.7 40% Marx 4 5.6 25% Osama bin Laden 5.5 42% Einstein 3 3.6 61% Hitler 3.0 58% Hitler 2 4.9 75% Gandhi 4.7 64% Mao 1 Eval Pct India Eval Pct China Rank Most Important People in Last 1000 Years 2.2 16% Opium War 10= 2.4 14% Asian Tsunami 3.0 16% Atomic Bomb 10 2.7 14% Iraq War 4.2 17% Sino-Japanese War 9 2.6 15% Partition India-Pak 4.3 20% Colonization 8 2.5 15% both World Wars 5.5 20% Man on Moon 7 3.7 18% India-Pakistan War 3.2 24% Fall of Communism 6 4.0 20% Cold War 5.5 33% Technological Dev 5 2.8 37% WW I 5.2 36% Industrial Rev 4 6.3 42% Indian Independence 2.2 40% WW I 3 3.1 49% 9-11 WTC 5.3 48% Found PR China 2 2.8 61% WW II 2.0 81% WW II 1 Eval India (N=100) Eval Pct China (N=115) Rank Most Important Events in World History

14. A Clash of Civilizations with Islam? 3.7 12% Marx 4.7 6% Che Guevara 10 6.2 14% Thomas Edison 5.5 7% Turgut Ozal 9 6.0 16% Princess Diana 5.9 7% Thomas Edison 8 5.8 18% Gandhi 5.5 8% Ismet Inonu 7 6.0 20% Mother Teresa 5.9 10% Bill Gates 6 5.4 23% Einstein 1.2 24% George Bush Jr 5 6.6 28% Mohammed 5.8 25% Einstein 4 4.8 30% Sukarno 6.3 29% Sultan Mahmed II 3 1.9 30% George Bush Jr 3.0 60% Hitler 2 2.7 58% Hitler 6.8 94% Kemal Ataturk 1 Eval Pct Indonesia Pct Turkey Rank Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years 2.8 20% Atomic Bomb 6.1 12% Industrial Revolution 10 3.0 21% Israel-Palest. Conflict 4.8 13% Discovery of Americas 9 1.5 21% Bali Bombing 2.0 20% Iraq War 8 4.9 22% Industrial Revolution 6.8 19% Found. Turkish Rep. 7 3.8 24% Crusades 5.5 22% French Revolution 6 1.9 32% Iraq War 2.5 26% 9-11 WTC 5 2.5 24% WW I 6.5 35% Conquest of Istanbul 4 2.4 43% Asian Tsunami 3.2 41% WW II 3 2.6 60% 9-11 WTC 6.7 42% Turkish War of Indep 2 2.8 79% WW II 3.2 44% WW I 1 Eval Pct Indonesia (N=104) Pct Turkey (N=227) Rank Most Important Events in World History

17. A cross-culturally reliable historical events scale: Calamities

18. Less Agreement on Progress

19. Country level Data: Western countries don’t want to fight and see Calamities as horrific

23. 10 MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN NEW ZEALAND HISTORY ACCORDING TO GENERAL SAMPLE OF MAORI AND PAKEHA/NZ EUROPEANS (Liu, Wilson, McClure & Higgins, 1999 1. Treaty of Waitangi 54% 1. Treaty of Waitangi 69% 2. The Land Wars 35% 2. World Wars 66% 3= Maori/Polynesian Arrival 30% 3. Maori/Polynesian Arrival 41% 3= European Arrival 30% 4. European Arrival 40% 3= World Wars 30% 5. The Land Wars 35% 6 Women’s Suffrage 19% 6. Women’s Suffrage 29% 7. Colonisation 16% 7. Arrival of James Cook 28% 8= Education Act passed pro- 14% 8. Colonisation 16% viding free education. 9= The Depression 14% 8= NZ becomed independent state. 14% 9= 1981 Springbok Tour 14% 8= Musket Wars between Tribes 14% 8= NZ Government formed 14% Maori (N=37) Pakeha (N=94) 8= 1981 Springbok Tour 14%

24. How well have Maori and Pakeha/NZ Europeans honoured the Treaty of Waitangi? Student Sample General Sample

25. Implicit Associations with Symbols of National Identity

26. At the symbolic level (IAT), Maori and Pakeha are BOTH part of the national identity

30. Historical Negation as a Legitimizing Myth for NZ Europeans (Sibley, Liu, Duckitt, & Khan, 2008

31. Maybe not racist, but it does maintain NZ European privilege through policy preferences denying the impact of the past

34. Visioning the Future: Two models in dialogue, one categorical, one relational (partnership-based) Liberalism Biculturalism NZ Europeans “unmarked” Maori Asians PI Pakeha Maori Asians Pacific Islanders

36. Most nations are collectivist & hi power distance (using relational models)

37. What Symbolic Resources and Cultural Capital do culturally Chinese people have in dealing with Modernity?

38. East Asian Collectivism as Intragroup Relations (Yuki, 2003)

40. Moral and Ethical Authoritarianism rather than Authoritarian Evil (RWA)

42. Cheng’s Paternalistic Leadership Model for Chinese business

48. “ Out of great suffering comes great things”