A critique of the Government of India program PURA (In Malayalam)

1. 1
]pc-bpsS ]n¶m-¼p-dw
Kc{]tZi§fnse ]Ým¯ekuIcy§Ä {Kma{]tZi§fnepw
e`yam¡pI F¶ {]Jym]nX e£yt¯msS tI{µKh¬saânsâ
{KmahnIk hIp¸v S¸m¡p¶ ]²XnbmWv s{]mhnj³ Hm^v
AÀ_³ Aannäokv C³ dqd Gcnbmkv AYhm ]pc. (Provision of
Urban Amenities in Rural Areas - PURA). XncsªSp¡s¸«
{Kma]©mb¯pIfnemWv BZyL«¯n Cu ]²Xn S¸m¡pI.
]»nIvþss{]hävþ]mÀ«nknt¸j³ AYhm PPP amXr-I-bn-emWv ]pc
]²Xn S-¸m-¡p-¶-Xv. {Kma§fnse ASnØmkuIcy§fpsS
nÀamWhpw ]¯phÀjs¯ ]cn]mehpw kzImcyI¼nIfpsS
D¯chmZnXzam¡pI F¶XmWv ]pcbpsS ASnØmw. ]pc ]²Xn¡v
Gjy³ sUhe¸vsaâv _m¦nsâ (ADB) kmt¦XnI klm-b-hp-ap--v.
]Ým¯ew
Kc§fpw {Kma§fpw X½n ASnØmkuIcy§fpsS
Imcy¯n h³ A´cw nen¡p¶p. Cu A´cw
Ipdbv¡pIsb¶Xpw Kc{]tZi§fnse ASnØmkuIcy§Ä
{Kma§fnepw e`yam¡pIsb¶XpamWv ]pc ]²XnbpsS {]Jym]nX
e£y§Ä. 2003 se dn¸»nIv Zn¯n A¶s¯ cmjv{S]Xn
tUm.F.]n.sP A_vZpÄIemamWv C¯csamcp ]²Xn AhXcn¸n¨Xv.
At±l¯nsâ ‘hnj³ 2020’ sâ `mKambncp¶p AXv.
`uXnI kuIcy§Ä sa¨s¸Sp¯pI, CeIvt{SmWnIv
hmÀ¯mhnnab kt¦X§Ä hym]n¸n¡pI, hnhckmt¦XnIhnZy
hym]n¸n¡pI, ChbneqsS {KmaoW kaql§sf imàoIcn¨v hnIkw
XzcnXs¸Sp¯pI F¶Xmbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ nÀt±iw. F¶mÂ
AtXmsSm¸w Xs¶ CXv km¼¯nI km[yXbpÅ Hcp _nknkv
amXrI IqSnbmIWsa¶pw AXn kwcw`IcpsSbpw {KmaoW
PXbptSbpw sNdpInS hyhkmbnIfptSbpw ]¦v {][mamsW¶pw
IqSn At±lw ]dªp. ]²Xn XpS§m³ Bhiyamb kmt¦XnI

2. 2
klmbw ÂIpIbpw C¯cw amtPvsaâv GP³knIsf
imàoIcn¡pIbpamWv Kh¬saânsâ ISasb¶mbncp¶p
cmjv{S]XnbpsS A`n{]mbw.
2004-05 apX 2005-06 hsc-bpÅ Ime-b-f-hn Ggv ss]eäv
t{]mP-Iväp-IÄ S-¯n-sb-¦nepw Ch {]Xo-£n¨ hnPbw tSn-bn-Ã.
B{Ô-{]-tZ-iv, BÊmw, _olmÀ, alm-cm-jv{S, Hdo-k, cmP-Øm³,
D¯À{]-tZiv F¶o kwØm--§-fn-emWv ss]eäv t{]mPIväv S-¸m-¡n-b-
Xv. 30 tImSn cq]-bmWv CXn-mbn BsI Nne-hm-¡n-b-Xv. nÀ½n¨ BkvXn-
I-fpsS XpSÀ]cn-]m-e--¯nv th-{X {]m[m-yw ÂIm-Xn-cp-¶-XmWv
]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p hne-bn-cp-¯Â. AXmbXv ASnØm
kuIcy§fpsS nÀamWt¯msSm¸w XpSÀ]cn]mewIqSn (bqkÀ^okv
DÄs¸sS) kzImcy¡¼nIsf GÂ]n¡mXncp¶XnmemWv ]²Xn
hnPbamImXncp¶Xv F¶ÀYw.
2006þemWv ]n¶oSv C¡mcy¯n ]ptcmKXnbp-mbXv.
]²XnbpsS sSIvn¡Â I¬kÄ«âmb F.Un._nbpsSbpw hnhn[
a{´me§fptSbpw kwØm Kh¬saâpIfptSbpw kzImcy
taJebptSbpw A`n{]mb§Ä IW¡nseSp¯vsIm-v ]pc ]²XnbnÂ
LSm]camb amä§Ä hcp¯n. nÀ½mW-tijw 10 hÀjs¯ ]cn-]m-
ew IqSn kzImcy I¼-nsb G¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv {][m--am-äw. kzImcy
I¼-n-IÄ¡v Ah-cpsS nt£-]-¯n-t·-Â 12% em`hpw Kh¬saâv
Dd¸v ÂIp-¶p. Xmsg]dbp¶ hnjb§fnemWv F.Un._nbpsS
D]tZiw kzoIcn¨Xv.
i) ]pc ]²Xn hym]Iambn S¸m¡p¶Xnmhiyamb N«¡qSv
(frame work) krjvSn¡pI.
ii) ]pc ]²Xn ]qÀWambn {]tbmPs¸Sp¯m³ Xt±i
Øm]§sf klmbn¡pI
iii) ]²Xn¡mhiyamb ]Ww apS¡pIbpw ]²XnS¸m¡pIbpw
kzImcyØm]§Ä¡v Bhiyamb klmbw ÂipI.
iv) `mhnbn C´ybnsem«msI ]pc ]²Xn hym]n¸n¡pt¼mÄ
AXnv s]mXpkzoImcyX D-mIp¶Xnmhiyamb Bib

3. 3
hnnab X{´§Ä BhnjvIcn¡pI (communication strategy
and advocacy framework)
v) `mhnbn aänS§fn BhÀ¯n¡m³ Ignbp¶ amXrIm
t{]mPIväpIÄ¡v cq]w ÂIpI.
Cu LS-m-]-c-amb amä-§Ä h¶-tXm-sS- {Kmao-W-hn-I-kw ]qÀW-
ambpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bpsS ssII-fn-em-hp¶ ØnXn-bp--m-bn. 25 NXp-
c{i Intem-ao-ä-sd-¦nepw hnkvXr-Xn-bp-ÅXpw 25,000 P-kw-Jy-bp-
ÅXpamb {Kma-§sfbmWv ]²-Xn-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-I. aq¶v Cw ]²-Xn-
I-fmWv ]pc-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
1) {Kma-hn-I-k a{´m-eb¯nsâ ]²-Xn-IÄ þ Ch An-hm-cy-ambpw
S-¸m-¡n-bn-cn-¡-Ww. IpSn-sh-Åw, kznh-td-Pv, {KmaoWtdmUp-IÄ,
HmS-IÄ, Jc-am-enynÀ½mÀÖ-w, sXmgn sshZKv²yw
hÀ²n¸n¡p¶XnpÅ ]²XnIÄ, km¼¯nI {]hÀ¯§Ä
F¶nhbmWv Cu hn`mK¯n DÄs¸SpI.
2) {Kma-hn-I-k a{´m-e-b-¯n-tâ-X-Ãm¯ tI{µ-K-h¬saâv ]²-Xn-
IÄ þ sXcphphnf¡pIÄ, sSent¡mw, sshZypXn DXv]mZw
3) A[n-I-ambn Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-IÄ þ {Kma-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
Sqdn-kw, amÀ¡-äv, A{Kn tIma¬ kÀhokv skâÀ, shbÀlu-kv,
{KmaoW k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« aäv t{]mP-Iväp-IÄ. Ch-
bv¡-DÅ apXÂap-S¡v S-¯p-¶Xv kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.
]pc S-¸m-¡p-¶-sX-§s?
BZyL«¯n ]²Xn S¸nemt¡- I¼nIsf tI{µKh¬saâv
XncsªSp¡p¶p. CXnmbn At]£ kaÀ¸n¡p¶ I¼nIfn n¶v
{]hr¯n ]cnNb¯nsâbpw km¼¯nI ØnXnbpsSbpw
ASnØm¯nemWv XncsªSp¸v S¯pI. Cu I¼nIÄ¡v ]pc
]²Xn S¸mt¡- ]©mb¯pIsf XncsªSp¡mw. ChnsS
I¼nIfmWv ]©mb¯pIsf XncsªSp¡p¶Xv. F¶Xv
{it²bamWv.

4. 4
I¼-n-Isf Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-mbn tI{µ-K-h¬saâv {]kn-²o-I-
cn¨ ]c-ky-¯n Xs¶ (A-p-_Ôw 1) ]pc-bpsS Dt±-iyhpw km¼-¯n-
I-am-Xr-Ibpw hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p--v. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bpsS nt£-]hpw amt-
Pvsaâv sshZ-Kv²yhpw s]mXp-]-Whpw kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨v {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ
ASn-Øm--ku-I-cy-§Ä hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-]m-en-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-
bmWv ]pc-bpsS k¯ F¶v Cu ]c-ky-¯n hyà-am-¡p-¶p. CXn-mbn
At]£ kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ I¼-n-IÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb km¼-¯nIhpw
kmt¦-Xn-I-hp-amb tbmKy-X-IÄ hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p--v.
I¼-n-Isf ‘amt-Pvsaâv GP³kn-IÄ’ F¶mWv ]pc-bn-Â hnti-jn-
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu amt-Pvsaâv GP³kn-Isf imào-I-cn-¡p-I, XpS-¡-
¯n Bh-iy-amb km¼-¯n-I-k-lmbw ÂIp-I, bpà-amb amt-
Pvsaâv LS cq]-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶n-h-bmWv Kh¬saânsâ Nqa-X-e.
km¼-¯nI t{kmX-Êp-IÄ
1) {Kma-hn-I-k--a-{´m-e-b-¯nsâ ^-v
2) aäv a{´m-e-b-§-fpsS ^-p-IÄ
3) kzIm-cy-aq-e-[w
4) Kh¬saânsâ Iym¸n-ä {Kmâv (]-²-Xn-¡m-h-iy-amb BsI
XpI-bpsS 35%, ]c-am-h[n 42 tImSn cq] hsc e`n-¡pw).
aäv n_-Ô--IÄ
 Hcp ]©m-b-¯n ]pc ]²Xnbn DÄs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnv B
]©mb¯v Hcp {]tabw ]mkmt¡-Xp-v. ]pc S-¸m-¡p-¶-XnÂ
]©m-b-¯nsâ {]Xn-_-²X CXn-eqsS Dd-¸m-¡p-¶p.
 ]©mb¯v, kwØm Kh¬saâv, kzImcy¡¼n F¶nh X½nÂ
C¡mcy¯n Xmsg¸dbp¶ IcmdpIÄ H¸nSWw.
1. ]©mb¯pw I¼nbpw X½n Hcp I¬kj³ F{Knsaâv
(CXn bqkÀ NmÀPv AS¡apÅ hyhØIÄ DÄs¸Spw)
2. tI{µKh¬saâv, kwØm Kh¬saâv, I¼n F¶nh X½nÂ
tÌäv kt¸mÀ«v F{Knsaâv (tdmUv, IpSnshůnsâ _Ä¡v
kss¹, sshZypXn XpS§nb kuIcy§Ä ÂIm³
kwØmKh¬saâns _m²yØam¡p¶p)

5. 5
 taÂ]dª ]Ým¯ekuIcy§fpsS nÀamWw, ]¯phÀjs¯
]cn]mew F¶nh kzImcyI¼nbpsS D¯chmZnXzambncn¡pw.
C¶s¯ AhØ
]pc ]²-Xn-bn Ct¸mÄ 6 I¼-n-I-fn n¶mbn 8 ]²-Xn-I-fmWv
]cn-K-W--bn-ep-Å-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-§Ä Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.
w I¼n kwØmw
1 sF.-FÂ & F^v. Fkv
cmP-Øm-³, D¯-cm-
©Â
2 C³{^m-kv{S-IvNÀ tIcfm enan-äUv (C³IÂ) tIcfw
3 amÀKv enan-äUv t]m-n-t¨-cn, Xan-gvmSv
4 taL F©n-o-b-dnwKv C³{^m-kv{S-IvNÀ B{Ô-{]-tZiv
5 Fkv. hn. C. kn. I¬kv{S-£³ B{Ô-{]-tZiv
6 {io C³{^m-kv{S-IvNÀ ss^m³kv enan-äUv Xan-gvmSv, D¯À{]-tZiv
BZyw 90 I¼-n-IÄ ]²-Xn-bn XmXv]cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-s¨-¦nepw
]n¶oSv AXn ]ecpw ]n·m-dp-I-bp--m-bn. Smäm, dne-b³kv, Pn-mÂ
XpS-§nb h¼-·mÀ ]n·m-dn-b-h-cn DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. X§Ä Dt±-in¨ tXmXn-
epÅ {]Xn-I-cWw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn n¶p--m-bn«nà F¶mWv
Kh¬saâv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Cu ipjvI-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-¯nsâ Imc-W-§Ä
]Tn¨v ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§Ä nÀt±-in-¡m³ sF.-sF.-F-½ns Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-
¯mpw Kh¬saâv Btem-Nn-¡p-¶p.
]pcbpsS ]n¶m¼pdw
{KmaoW hnIkcwK¯v kzImcy¡¼nIsf IS¶phcm³
AphZn¡pIbpw {KmaoWtaJebnse ASnØmkuIcy§fpsS
]cn]meaS¡w AhÀ¡v ssIamdpIbpw sN¿pIbmWv ]pcbpsS
A´c^esa¶v taÂ]dª Imcy§Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶p. km{amPyXzhpw
BtKmf[aqe[hpw Kh¬saâpIsf nb{´n¡pIbpw
hyhkmbaqe[s¯¡mÄ em`w Dul¡¨hS¯neqsS tSpIbpw
sN¿p¶ Cu hDZmchXvIcWImeL«¯n Cu ]²XnbnÂ
]Xnbncn¡p¶ A]IS§Ä hepXmWv. ]©mb¯pXe¯nepÅ

6. 6
XocpamsaSp¡Â {]{InbbneS¡w BtKmf[aqe[¯nsâ
AZriykm¶n²yw Dd¸m¡p¶XmWv ]pcsb¶XmWv kXyw.
mSnsâ hnIkaÃ, adn¨v ]camh[n em`w tSpIsb¶XmWv
kzImcytaJebpsS ASnØm tNmZ. ]pc ]²Xnbn ]¦mfnbmhp¶
kzImcytaJebv¡v apS¡papXen³ta 12% em`w ]²Xn Xs¶
Dd¸pÂIp¶p-v. F¶m Cu em`w sIm-v AhÀ Xr]vXcmIpsa¶Xv
_meniamb Nn´mKXnbmWv. emt`Obm bn¡s¸Sp¶
kzmImcytaJe {KmaoWtaJebnse ASnØmkuIcy§fn³taÂ
]nSnapdp¡pt¼mÄ kzm`mhnIambpw Zcn{Zcpw ]mÀizhXvIcn¡s¸«hcpw
]pd´Ås¸Spw. `£ytaJet]mse ASnØmkuIcyhnIk
taJebpw Dul¡¨hS¯nsâ thZnbmbm t]mepw
AÛpXs¸tS-XnÃ. 73, 74 `cWLSmt`ZKXnIÄ hn`mhw
sN¿p¶Xpw tIcf¯n PIobmkq{XW¯neqsS kpØm]nXhpamb
A[nImchntI{µoIcW¯nsâ A´xk¯¡v ISIhncp²amWv ]pc
]²Xn. A[nImcw _yqtdm{Iknbn n¶v XncsªSp¡s¸«
]©mb¯v kanXnIfneqsS {Kmak`IfneqsS Xmtg¡v ]IcpIbpw
s]mXpP§sf imàoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ AXn_rl¯mb
{]{InbbmWv A[nImchntI{µoIcWw. ]©mb¯pIsf
tm¡pIp¯nbm¡ns¡m-v hnIk{]hÀ¯amsI kzImcy
Ip¯IIÄ¡v XosdgpXp¶Xv A[nImchntI{µoIcW {]{InbbpsS
IS¡Â I¯n h¡p¶Xnv XpeyamWv.
]pc ]²Xn PIob ]¦mfn¯s¯¸än kwkmcn¡p¶ps-¦nepw
PIob CSs]SenpÅ Ahkc§fmsI sIm«nbS¡pIbmWv Cu
]²Xn sN¿p¶Xv. Hmtcm ]©mb¯nepw tImSn¡W¡np cq]bpsS
]²XnIÄ S¸m¡p¶ Cu I¼nIÄ BtcmSpw D¯cw ]dtb-XnÃ.
CubnsS Iw]vt{SmfÀ Bâv HmUnäÀ Pd S¯nb Nne
nco£W§Ä ChnsS {]kàamWv. hen_d ImeL«¯n s]mXp
kwhn[m§Ä¡p ]pd¯v PPP amXrIbn tImSn¡W¡np cq]bmWv
Nnehgn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. CsXm¶pw Xs¶ bmsXmcp HmUnänwKnpw
hnt[baÃ. Cu hkvXpX Nq-n¡m«n kn.F.Pn ÂInb I¯nv adp]Sn
ÂIm³ t]mepw tI{µkÀ¡mÀ X¿mdmbnà F¶mWv hmÀ¯.

7. 7
HmUnsä¶Xv shdpsamcp IW¡p ]cntim[bÃ. XncsªSp¡s¸«
Pm[n]Xykwhn[§tfmSv D¯cw]dtb- _m[yXbmWv
HmUnäneqsS ndthäs¸Sp¶Xv. HmUnänwKv Csöpam{XaÃ. P§Ä¡v
]²Xnbn A`n{]mbw ]dbmtm CSs]Smtm DÅ Hchkchpw ]pc
AphZn¡p¶nÃ. kpXmcyXbpsS XXz§Ä¡msI FXncmWnXv.
kzImcy¡¼nIÄ GÀs¸Sp¯p¶ bqkÀ^oknp taÂ
bmsXmcp nb{´Whpw D-mInÃ. AXneqsS e`n¡p¶ hcpamamIs«,
AhcpsS em`w s]cp¸n¡mmWv, s]mXpJPmhnte¡Ã
apX¡q«mhpI. ]cn]me¨nehn Ipdhp hcp¯m³
Igntª¡msa¦nepw Cu Nnehp Npcp¡eneqsS s]mXpNnehv
Ipdbp¶nÃ, adn¨v em`w s]cpIpIbmWv. temI¯mIamw PPP sb¸än
S¯nb ]T§Ä Hcp Imcyw hyàam¡p¶p. PPP bn Ft¸mgpw
em`w kzImcytaJebv¡pw _m²yXIÄ (risks) s]mXp
taJebv¡pamWv. ChnsSbpw AXv hyXykvXamInÃ.
kwØm¯nsâbpw ]©mb¯nsâbpw A[nImc¯n³taÂ
tI{µKh¬saâv S¯p¶ ssItbäamWv ]pc. DZmlcW¯nv
Pehpambn _Ôs¸« hnjb§Ä `cWLSbpkcn¨v
kwØm¯nsâ A[nImc]cn[nbn hcp¶ ImcyamWv. IpSnshÅ
hnXcWw ]©mb¯nsâbpw ap³]pXs¶ tI{µmhnjvIrX
]²XnIfptSbpw AhbpsS n_ÔIfptSbpw cq]¯n Cu
hnjb§fn tI{µKh¬saâv CSs]«ncp¶p. ]pcbnemIs«, Hcp ]Sn
IqSn¡S¶v Cu taJe kzImcy¡¼nIsf GÂ]n¡pIbpw
]©mb¯nsbpw kwØmKh¬saânsbpw ‘s^knentääÀ’ B¡n
amäpIbpamWv sN¿p¶Xv.
IpSnshÅ cwK¯v ‘Pen[n’ ]²XnbneqsS nÀan¡s¸«
qdpIW¡nv sNdp IpSnshÅ ]²XnIÄ C¶v
D]t`màrkwL§fmWv ]cn]men¡p¶Xv. Cu D]t`màrkwL§Ä¡v
Ch XpSÀ¶v S¯m³ IgnbmXmhpIbpw ]pc ]²Xn hym]IamhpIbpw
sN¿p¶tXmsS Cu IpSnshÅ ]²XnIÄ kzmImcy¡¼nIfpsS
A[oXbnemhm³ km²yXIÄ GsdbmWv. CXneqsS

8. 8
Pet{kmXkpIfpw Pesa¶ {]IrXn hn`hw Xs¶bpw
Dul¡¨hS¡mcpsS ]nSnbnembmepw AXnibnt¡-XnÃ.
hnIksa¶Xv `uXnI kuIcy§Ä sa¨s¸Sp¯p¶XnÂ
am{Xambn HXp§p¶nÃ. hnIk¯nsâ ^e§Ä Hcp]nSn
k¼¶hn`mK¯npam{Xw Ap`hthZyamhpIbpw _lp`qcn]£w
km[mcW¡mÀ ]pd´Ås¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶Xv hen_d bpK¯nsâ
{]tXyIXbmWv. _lp`qcn]£¯nsâ PohnXnehmcw sa¨s¸Spt¼mÄ
am{XamWv hnIkw AÀY]qÀWamhpI. CXmWv hnIk¯nsâ
P]£cmjv{Sobw F¶m hnIk{]hÀ¯¯n n¶v
cmjv{Sobs¯ Hgn¨p nÀ¯pIbpw shdpw km¼¯nI {]hÀ¯hpw
nÀamW{]hÀ¯hpambn hnIks¯ Npcp¡pIbpamWv ]pcbneqsS
sN¿p¶Xv.
]pc shdpw hnIk t{]mPIväÃ. adn¨v {KmaoWhnIks¯ Hcp
‘_nknkv tamUÂ’ B¡pIsb¶XmWv ]pcbpsS ASnØmXXzw.
{KmaoWPXsb _nknknsâ Icp¡fm¡namäp¶ ]pcbpsS
ASnØmXXzw Xs¶ FXnÀ¡s¸tS-XmWv. CXnsXnsc FÃm
tZikvtlnIfpw H¶nt¡-Xp-v.
hn. ss_Pp
I¬hoÀ,
Association of Kerala Water Authority Officers