An introduction to data visualization: definitions, classification, methods, examples. See also http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/hci/hci-film.html
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HCI 2014 (8 of 10): Data Visualization
1. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
an introduction to data visualization
Human-Computer Interaction
2. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
“Above all else show the data.”
Edward R. Tufte
3. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
reality
Data is no longer scarce
4. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
reality
Data is no longer scarce
http://www.worldometers.info/
5. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
reality
Data is no longer scarce
we need to integrate, simplify, and capitalize on
existing information systems and
the massive amounts of data they hold
see also www.softviscollection.org/intro/a-thousand-words/
6. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
reality
Data is no longer scarce
we need to integrate, simplify, and capitalize on
existing information systems and
the massive amounts of data they hold
datainformationknowledgewisdom
7. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
What information visualization means?
8. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
A class of techniques for augmenting cognition
“the use of computer-supported, interactive,
visual representations of abstract data
in order to amplify cognition”
Card, Mackinlay & Shneiderman, 1999
9. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
A process of mapping information to visuals
“data visualization is expert storytelling” (Murray, 2013)
10. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
A process of mapping information to visuals
“data visualization is expert storytelling” (Murray, 2013)
crafting rules that interpret data and
express its values as visual properties
11. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
informa-
tion
design
data per-
ceptuali-
zation
data
visuali-
zation
scientific
visuali-
zation
12. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Minimal criteria that any visualization has to fulfill
to be considered a pragmatic visualization
based on (non-visual) data
produce an image
the result must be readable and recognizable
Robert Kosara, 2008
http://eagereyes.org/criticism/definition-of-visualization
13. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
reducing the search for information
14. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
enhancing the detection of patterns
15. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
encoding information in an interactive medium
16. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
monitoring of data/information/knowledge evolution
17. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
How Music Travels – an animated visualization experiment
http://www.thomson.co.uk/blog/
wp-content/uploads/infographic/interactive-music-map/
18. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
enabling inferences
19. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
see Hans Rolins, “New insights on poverty”, TED 2007
www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_reveals_new_insights_on_poverty
20. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
allowing exploration of a space of parameter values
and enhancing user operations
21. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
maps
used from ancient times to convey, in an abstract way,
known geographic areas + to provide orientation
later on, give insights
for creating strategies in case of hostilities
22. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
diagrams
see Euclid works on geometry
used in science (e.g., by Newton) to record observations,
to induct relationships,
to explicate methodology of experiments,
to classify & conceptualize phenomena
23. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Newton’s optics illustration – reported by Robin (1992)
24. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
abstract diagrams
employs non-physical information
an early example: Playfair (1786)
25. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
visual design + data graphics
design principles of information visualization (infovis)
Edward Tufte (1983, 1990, 1997)
26. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
statistics
exploratory (multidimensional) data analysis
Tukey (1977), Cleveland & McGill (1988)
27. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
scientific visualization
analytical software instruments
for scientific analysis of large datasets
McCormick & DeFanti (1987)
28. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
computer graphics + artificial intelligence
automatic design of visual presentations of data
Mackinlay (1986), Roth & Mattis (1990), Casner (1991)
29. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Origins:
human-computer interaction
new user interfaces & interactions, including animations
Robertson, Card & Mackinlay (1989), Shneiderman (1992)
30. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
Visualization vs. infographics
visualization is – automatically – created
that can be applied to many datasets
infographics are made – manually –
for a particular dataset, concerning a specific purpose
http://eagereyes.org/blog/2010/the-difference-between-infographics-and-visualization
31. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
“The nature of the visualization depends on which
relationship is dominant.”
N. Iliinsky & J. Steele, Designing Data Visualizations,
O’Reilly, 2011
32. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
data visualization
“The nature of the visualization depends on which
relationship is dominant.”
N. Iliinsky & J. Steele, Designing Data Visualizations,
O’Reilly, 2011
infographicsdata/info viz
e.g., generative art
33. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
How about data visualization design?
34. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visualization
the mapping of data to visual form
that supports human interaction in a workplace
for visual sense making
35. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Stuart Card, “Information Visualization”,
Human-Computer Interaction Handbook (2nd Edition),
Taylor & Francis, 2008
36. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Raw Data – data(sets) to be visualized,
available in different – binary/textual – formats
37. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Transformations – provides document vectors
(normalized vectors in a N-dimensional space);
could imply different filtering operations
38. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables – suitable data structures:
relations (depending on considered variables) + meta-data
39. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
tables of objects + their attributes
40. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
example for movie visualizations:
basic objects = instances of the film concept
attributes (properties) for each object:
title, year of release, genre type, actors,…
41. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
could be considered
as metadata
42. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
functional (abstract) representation:
f (input variables) = output variables
43. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
functional (abstract) representation:
f (input variables) = output variables
Year (FilmID = 540) = 1926
44. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variables implies a scale of measurement
45. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variables implies a scale of measurement
a nominal variable N is an unordered set
e.g., film titles { Star Wars, Brazil, The Wall,…}
(in)equality operators could be used
46. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variables implies a scale of measurement
an ordinal variable O is a tuple (ordered set)
e.g., film ratings < G, PG, PG-13, R >
relational operators (like “<”) could be applied
47. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variables implies a scale of measurement
a quantitative variable Q is a numeric range
example: film length [0, 400]
arithmetic operators could be performed on them
48. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
subtypes regarding the nature of visualization
quantitative spatial – for intrinsically spatial variables
common in scientific visualization
quantitative geographical – spatial variables that are
specifically geophysical coordinates
49. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variable subtype concerning similarity
quantitative similarity
50. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
temporal variables
quantitative time
ordinal time
51. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
variables implies a scale of measurement
unstructured scale
whose only value is present or absent (e.g., an error flag)
52. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
data classes
53. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Data Tables
scale types can be altered by transformations
54. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Quantitative variables can be mapped
by data transformations into ordinal variables
film length [0, 400] min. → <SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG>
classes of
values
55. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Nominal variables can be transformed to ordinal values
film titles { Star Wars, Brazil, The Wall }
→ < The Wall, Star Wars, Brazil >
sorting
56. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
57. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Mappings – creating analytic abstractions
to be visualized; from spatial coordinates to
surfaces on an information 2D/3D landscape
58. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
use a vocabulary of visual elements:
spatial substrates + marks + graphical properties
59. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
goal: the systematic mapping
of data relations onto visual form
visual encodings
60. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
spatial substrate
marks
connection
enclosure
retinal properties
temporal encoding
61. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
spatial substrate
empty space, as a container, can be treated as
if it had metric structure
scale type ↔ axis of space
62. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Most important spatial axes:
unstructured no axis
nominal grid a region divided into sub-regions
ordinal grid ordering of sub-regions is significant
quantitative grid a region has a metric
63. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
64. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Axes can be linear or radial
can involve any of the various coordinate systems
for describing space
65. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Axes can be linear or radial
can involve any of the various coordinate systems
for describing space
example: using 2 orthogonal quantitative axes
to visualize movie popularity over the time
Year → QX
Popularity → QY
66. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
marks
visible “things” that occur in space:
points, lines, areas, volumes
67. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
types of marks
(in this case, point & line marks take up space
and may have properties such as shape)
68. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
69. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
connection & enclosure
points and lines can be used to signify different
topological structures like graphs and trees,
showing relations among objects
70. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
connection & enclosure
enclosure can be used for trees, contour maps,
and Venn Diagrams
72. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
retinal properties
example: using color as visual code denoting a film genre
FilmID (Genre) → P(Color)
73. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
temporal encoding
temporal data to be visualized
versus
animation – mapping a variable into time
74. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
View Transformations – offers various views
(graphical representations) according to the user goals
75. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Views – perceived by end-users; adjusted by
graphical parameters (position, scaling, clipping,…)
76. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
View—value distinction
regards how operations (transformations) are performed
at different places in the model
77. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
View—value distinction
regards how operations (transformations) are performed
at different places in the model
example:
when a point is deleted from the visualization,
has the point been deleted from the dataset?
78. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
“Information visualization is about the not just creation of
visual images, but also the interaction with those images
in the service of some problem.”
Stuart Card, 2008
79. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
Expressiveness & effectiveness
a visualization is expressive if and only if
it encodes all the data relations intended
and no other data relations
80. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization modeling
FilmType(N) → Position(Q)
mapping from data to visual form that violates
expressiveness criterion
81. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Acquire
Parse
Filter
Mine
Represent
Refine
Interact
according to Ben Fry, 2008
82. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Acquire
obtain the data to be analyzed and visualized
open data sources:
http://ideasource.blankdots.com/2012/08/open-data-sources/
83. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Parse
deliver a certain structure for the data’s meaning,
and order it into categories
84. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Filter
keep only the data of interest
85. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Mine
apply methods from statistics or data mining
to discern patterns or
place the data in mathematical context
pragmatic approaches: G. Myatt, W. Johnson,
Making Sense of Data I, II, and III, Wiley, 2007, 2009, 2011
86. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Represent
choose a (set of) visual model(s)
typical examples: bar graph, list, tree
87. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Refine
improve the basic visual representation
to make it clearer and more visually engaging
88. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
Interact
add methods for manipulating the data
or controlling what features are visible
89. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization processes
adopting an iterative approach (Fry, 2008)
90. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
How about a taxonomy
of information visualization?
91. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
1-variable [X]:
lists, 1D scatterplots, pie charts, distributions, box plots,…
92. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
see also http://eagereyes.org/techniques/pie-charts
93. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
2-variable [XY]:
2D object charts (histograms), 2D scatterplots
94. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
3-variable
[XYR]: retinal scatterplots, Kohonen diagrams
[(XY)Z]: information landscapes, information surfaces
[XYZ]: 3D scatterplots
95. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
retinal scatterplot – here, a heat map
http://secviz.org/content/user-behavior-a-heatmap
visualizing user-behavior (Y) over time (X); color (retinal
variable R) is used to indicate the intensity of the activity
96. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
4-variable [XYZR]:
3D retinal scatterplots, 3D topographies
97. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
a complex visualization of localized partisanship
Andrew Gelman, Jonathan P. Kastellec & Yair Ghitza, 2009
98. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
n-variable
[XYRn-2]: 2D retinal scatterplots
[XYZRn-1]: 3D retinal scatterplots
may present
a barrier of
perception
99. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
scatterplot of attractiveness versus age, colored by gender
O’Connor & Biewald, 2009
100. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
trees (used for hierarchical data):
node and link trees, enclosure trees, hyperbolic trees,
TreeMaps, cone trees
101. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
treemap of terms occurring in geograph titles and comments
for 6 selected scene types
T. Segaran & J. Hammerbacher (Eds.), Beautiful Data, O’Reilly, 2009
103. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Flight Patterns – using air traffic GPS data to visualize
commercial flight patterns and density (Koblin, 2005)
www.aaronkoblin.com/work/flightpatterns/
104. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
time
105. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Definitive Daft Punk
http://themaninblue.com/writing/perspective/2011/05/12/
109. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
2D in 2D [(XY)XY]:
scatterplot matrices, hierarchical axes,…
110. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
organizing all of pairwise correlation information
111. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
marks in 2D [(XY)R]:
stick figures, color icons, shape coding, Keim spirals,…
112. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
100 Years with the San Francisco Symphony by Adobe
http://thewhyaxis.info/music/
113. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
3D in 3D [(XYZ)XYZ]:
worlds within worlds
114. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Interactive visual structures
dynamic queries
imagery (“magic”) lens
overview + detail
brushing and linking
extraction & comparation
attribute explorer (multi-faceted)
115. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
Poem Viewer – imagery lens for visualizing corpora
http://ovii.oerc.ox.ac.uk/PoemVis/
116. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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visualization taxonomy
brushing
performing a data selection task (e.g., click and drag)
linking
highlighting the matching data samples in the other views
for a demo, visit http://mbostock.github.io/protovis/ex/brush.html
120. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
visualization taxonomy
micro-macro readings
presenting large quantities of data at high densities
goal: to see the bigger picture
http://larp601.wordpress.com/
121. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
Main purposes of information visualization:
exploratory visualization
discover patterns, trends, or sub-problems in a data set
explanatory visualization
transmitting information or a point of view to the user
122. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
case study: VOWL (Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies)
+ interactive visualization tools for desktop and Web
http://vowl.visualdataweb.org/
123. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
Each visualization project (solution)
has unique requirements
“If each data set is different, the point of visualization
is to expose that fascinating aspect of the data
and make it self-evident.” – Stephen Fry
124. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
Apply KISS principle
less detail can actually convey more information
beware of chartjunk
Tufte (1983)
125. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
chartjunk using a large area and a lot of “ink”
(many symbols and lines)
to show only 5 hard-to-read numbers
real-life examples: http://junkcharts.typepad.com/
126. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
conclusions
Know your audience
different types of visualizations
for different (types of) users
127. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
resources
Edward R. Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
(2nd Edition), Graphics Press, 2001
Edward R. Tufte, Envisioning Information, Graphics Press, 1990
Nathan Yau, Visualize This, Wiley, 2011
for examples & tutorials, consult http://flowingdata.com/
Ben Fry, Visualizing Data, O’Reilly, 2008
Scott Murray, Interactive Data Visualization for the Web,
O’Reilly, 2013 – http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000345
128. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
online resources
WikiViz – techniques, tools, examples: www.wikiviz.org
Resources for data visualization and interactive
exploration (curated by S. Negru): http://tinyurl.com/kr8oxg5
Data Visualization – http://datavisualization.ch/
Visualization & Visual Communication: http://eagereyes.org
Information is Beautiful – www.informationisbeautiful.net
129. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
“Conclusion”
data visualization
definitions, classification, methods, examples
130. Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
next lecture:
affective factors & persuasive technologies