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GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFF
AND TRADE AND
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
BACKGROUND
PRINCIPLES ADOPTED BY GATT
ROUNDS OF GATT NEGOTIATION
Between 1947 and the last year of GATT there were 8 rounds of
Between 1947 and the last year of GATT there were 8 rounds of
negotiations between the participating countries.
negotiations between the participating countries.
The first 6 rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. 7th round
The first 6 rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. 7th round
included the non tariff obstacles.
included the non tariff obstacles.
The 8th round was entirely different from the previous rounds because it
The 8th round was entirely different from the previous rounds because it
included a number of new subjects for consideration. This 8th round was
included a number of new subjects for consideration. This 8th round was
known as “URUGUAY ROUND”.
known as “URUGUAY ROUND”.
The discussions at this round only gave birth to WORLD TRADE
The discussions at this round only gave birth to WORLD TRADE
ORGANISATION (WTO).
ORGANISATION (WTO).
FROM GATT TO WTO
Following the UR agreement, GATT was converted from a
provisional agreement into a formal international
organization called World Trade Organization (WTO), with
effect from January 1, 1995
World Trade Organization (WTO)
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules
of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that
trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
• WTO is an organization for liberalizing trade, a forum for
governments to negotiate trade agreements and a place for them
to settle trade disputes
• At the heart of the system — known as the multilateral trading
system — are the WTO’s agreements, negotiated and signed by a
large majority of the world’s trading nations, and ratified in their
parliaments.
• The WTO has larger membership than GATT, with the numbers
being 153. India is one of the founder members of GATT.
Functions of WTO:
WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its functions are:
 Administering the multilateral trade agreements which together
make up the WTO
 Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations
 Seeking to resolve trade disputes
 WTO is not a “Free trade” institution. It permits tariffs and
other forms of protection but only in limited circumstances.
Principles of WTO

• Non discrimination
• Free Trade: Promote free trade between nations through
negotiations.
• Stability in the trading system: Member countries are
committed not to raise tariff and non tariffs barriers
arbitrarily.
• Promotion of Fair Competition: WTO provides for
transparent, fair and undistorted competition.
• It discourages unfair competitive practices such as export
subsidies and dumping.
The Uruguay Round (1986-1994)
•

The results of the Uruguay Round (UR) were signed in Marrakech, Morocco on
15 April 1994 .The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995 by virtue of the
Agreement establishing the WTO.

•

The scope of the multilateral trading system was broadened from trade in goods
(GATT) to encompass trade in services (GATS) and trade related aspects of
intellectual property rights (TRIPS). It was a rule-based global trading system
complete with its own dispute resolution procedures .

•

The “Single Undertaking” concept
The multilateral trade agreements under the WTO system are treated as a
single undertaking which means that every member state of the WTO is a party
to every one of these agreements and must implement them accordingly.
TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property
Rights Agreement)
• The agreement requires member countries to provide patent
protection to all products or processes in all fields. The protection is
granted subject to the following three conditions:
– The product or process is a new one.
– It contains an inventive step.
– It is capable of industrial application for 20 years from the grant
of the patent
TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property
Rights Agreement)
• TRIPS agreement covers the following seven
intellectual properties:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Patents
Copyright and other related Rights
Geographical Indications
Industrial Designs
Trade marks
Layout design of integrated circuits
Undisclosed information including trade secrets
GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
The GATS agreement covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in crossborder trade:
Criteria

Mode 1: Crossborder supply

Service delivered within the territory of the
Member, from the territory of another Member.
Eg: transborder data flows

Mode 2:
Consumption
abroad

Service delivered outside the territory of the
Member, in the territory of another Member, to
a service consumer of the Member. Eg :
Tourism

Mode 3:
Commercial
presence

Supplier Presence

Service supplier not
present within the
territory of the
member

Service delivered within the territory of the
Member, through the commercial presence of
the supplier (provision of services abroad
through FDI or representative offices).

Service delivered within the territory of the
Member, with supplier present as a natural
Mode 4: Presence person (entry and temporary stay of foreign
of a natural person consultants)

Service supplier
present within the
territory of the
Member
TRIMS (Trade Related Investment
Measures)
• TRIMS refers to certain conditions or restrictions
imposed by a government in respect of foreign
investment in the country.
• In the late 1980's, there was a significant increase in
foreign direct investment throughout the world.

• TRIMS are widely employed by developing countries.
The Agreement on TRIMs provides that no contracting
party shall apply any TRIM which is inconsistent with
the WTO articles
Anti Dumping Measures:
• The WTO Agreement provides clarity in the method of
determining that a product is dumped.
• A product is regarded as dumped when its export price is less
than the normal price in the exporting country or its cost of
production plus a reasonable amount of administrative, selling
and any other costs.
• Anti-dumping duties are to be imposed on goods that are
deemed to be dumped and causing injury to producers of
competing products in the importing country. These duties are
equal to the difference between the goods’ export price and
their normal value, if dumping causes injury.
• Countervailing measures - Action taken by the importing
country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset
subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting
country.
Evaluation of WTO
• The WTO members now account for over 97% of the
international trade indicating the potential of bringing
about an orderly development of international trade.
Benefits of WTO:
• GATT / WTO has made significant achievements in
reducing tariff and non tariff barriers to trade. Developing
countries too have been benefiting significantly.
• Liberalization of investments has been fostering economic
growth of a number of countries.
• It has a system in place to settle trade disputes between
nations.
• It has a mechanism to deal with violation of trade
agreements.
Drawbacks:
• Negotiations and decision making in the WTO
are dominated by the developed countries.
• Many developing countries do not have the
financial and knowledge resources to
effectively participate in WTO discussions and
negotiations.
• Due to the dependence of developing
countries on the developed ones, the
developed countries are able to resort to arms
twisting tactics.
Tariff: A tariff is a tax. It adds to the cost of imported goods and
is one of several trade policies that a country can enact.
Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) are trade barriers that
restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff. Some
common examples of NTB's are anti- dumping measures
and countervailing duties.
sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS):
• SPS measures refer to any measure, procedure, requirement,
or regulation, taken by governments to protect human,
animal, or plant life or health from the risks arising from the
spread of pests, diseases, disease‑causing organisms, or from
additives, toxins, or contaminants found in food, beverages,
or feedstuffs.
• Specific Tariffs : A fixed fee levied on one unit of an imported
good is referred to as a specific tariff. For example, a country
could levy a $15 tariff on each pair of shoes imported, but levy a
$300 tariff on each computer imported.
Ad Valorem Tariffs this type of tariff is levied on a good based on
a percentage of that good's value. An example of an ad valorem
tariff would be a 15% tariff levied by Japan on U.S. automobiles.
Import Quotas : An import quota is a restriction placed on the
amount of a particular good that can be imported.
• free trade area : Trade within the group is duty free but
members set their own tariffs on imports from non-members
(e.g. NAFTA).
WTO: Benefits for business
•
•
•

Creation of a stable, rule based, multilateral trading regime
Market access translates into market opportunities
The rule based system creates certain rights of access
- Security of access
tariff bindings and disciplines on barriers to trade whether tariff or non tariff. It also provides
non discriminatory treatment of products and services.

- Stability of access

the application of uniform rules in key areas of the trading process e.g. customs valuation,
import licenses etc.

- Rights against unfair trade practices for
– Domestic industry
– Export industry
– Import industry

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Gatt and wto foundation

  • 1. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFF AND TRADE AND WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
  • 4. ROUNDS OF GATT NEGOTIATION Between 1947 and the last year of GATT there were 8 rounds of Between 1947 and the last year of GATT there were 8 rounds of negotiations between the participating countries. negotiations between the participating countries. The first 6 rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. 7th round The first 6 rounds were related to curtailing tariff rates. 7th round included the non tariff obstacles. included the non tariff obstacles. The 8th round was entirely different from the previous rounds because it The 8th round was entirely different from the previous rounds because it included a number of new subjects for consideration. This 8th round was included a number of new subjects for consideration. This 8th round was known as “URUGUAY ROUND”. known as “URUGUAY ROUND”. The discussions at this round only gave birth to WORLD TRADE The discussions at this round only gave birth to WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO). ORGANISATION (WTO).
  • 5. FROM GATT TO WTO Following the UR agreement, GATT was converted from a provisional agreement into a formal international organization called World Trade Organization (WTO), with effect from January 1, 1995
  • 6. World Trade Organization (WTO) • The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. • WTO is an organization for liberalizing trade, a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements and a place for them to settle trade disputes • At the heart of the system — known as the multilateral trading system — are the WTO’s agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the world’s trading nations, and ratified in their parliaments. • The WTO has larger membership than GATT, with the numbers being 153. India is one of the founder members of GATT.
  • 7. Functions of WTO: WTO is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its functions are:  Administering the multilateral trade agreements which together make up the WTO  Acting as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations  Seeking to resolve trade disputes  WTO is not a “Free trade” institution. It permits tariffs and other forms of protection but only in limited circumstances.
  • 8. Principles of WTO • Non discrimination • Free Trade: Promote free trade between nations through negotiations. • Stability in the trading system: Member countries are committed not to raise tariff and non tariffs barriers arbitrarily. • Promotion of Fair Competition: WTO provides for transparent, fair and undistorted competition. • It discourages unfair competitive practices such as export subsidies and dumping.
  • 9. The Uruguay Round (1986-1994) • The results of the Uruguay Round (UR) were signed in Marrakech, Morocco on 15 April 1994 .The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995 by virtue of the Agreement establishing the WTO. • The scope of the multilateral trading system was broadened from trade in goods (GATT) to encompass trade in services (GATS) and trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS). It was a rule-based global trading system complete with its own dispute resolution procedures . • The “Single Undertaking” concept The multilateral trade agreements under the WTO system are treated as a single undertaking which means that every member state of the WTO is a party to every one of these agreements and must implement them accordingly.
  • 10. TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement) • The agreement requires member countries to provide patent protection to all products or processes in all fields. The protection is granted subject to the following three conditions: – The product or process is a new one. – It contains an inventive step. – It is capable of industrial application for 20 years from the grant of the patent
  • 11. TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement) • TRIPS agreement covers the following seven intellectual properties: – – – – – – – Patents Copyright and other related Rights Geographical Indications Industrial Designs Trade marks Layout design of integrated circuits Undisclosed information including trade secrets
  • 12. GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) The GATS agreement covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in crossborder trade: Criteria Mode 1: Crossborder supply Service delivered within the territory of the Member, from the territory of another Member. Eg: transborder data flows Mode 2: Consumption abroad Service delivered outside the territory of the Member, in the territory of another Member, to a service consumer of the Member. Eg : Tourism Mode 3: Commercial presence Supplier Presence Service supplier not present within the territory of the member Service delivered within the territory of the Member, through the commercial presence of the supplier (provision of services abroad through FDI or representative offices). Service delivered within the territory of the Member, with supplier present as a natural Mode 4: Presence person (entry and temporary stay of foreign of a natural person consultants) Service supplier present within the territory of the Member
  • 13. TRIMS (Trade Related Investment Measures) • TRIMS refers to certain conditions or restrictions imposed by a government in respect of foreign investment in the country. • In the late 1980's, there was a significant increase in foreign direct investment throughout the world. • TRIMS are widely employed by developing countries. The Agreement on TRIMs provides that no contracting party shall apply any TRIM which is inconsistent with the WTO articles
  • 14. Anti Dumping Measures: • The WTO Agreement provides clarity in the method of determining that a product is dumped. • A product is regarded as dumped when its export price is less than the normal price in the exporting country or its cost of production plus a reasonable amount of administrative, selling and any other costs. • Anti-dumping duties are to be imposed on goods that are deemed to be dumped and causing injury to producers of competing products in the importing country. These duties are equal to the difference between the goods’ export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury. • Countervailing measures - Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.
  • 15. Evaluation of WTO • The WTO members now account for over 97% of the international trade indicating the potential of bringing about an orderly development of international trade. Benefits of WTO: • GATT / WTO has made significant achievements in reducing tariff and non tariff barriers to trade. Developing countries too have been benefiting significantly. • Liberalization of investments has been fostering economic growth of a number of countries. • It has a system in place to settle trade disputes between nations. • It has a mechanism to deal with violation of trade agreements.
  • 16. Drawbacks: • Negotiations and decision making in the WTO are dominated by the developed countries. • Many developing countries do not have the financial and knowledge resources to effectively participate in WTO discussions and negotiations. • Due to the dependence of developing countries on the developed ones, the developed countries are able to resort to arms twisting tactics.
  • 17. Tariff: A tariff is a tax. It adds to the cost of imported goods and is one of several trade policies that a country can enact. Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff. Some common examples of NTB's are anti- dumping measures and countervailing duties. sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS): • SPS measures refer to any measure, procedure, requirement, or regulation, taken by governments to protect human, animal, or plant life or health from the risks arising from the spread of pests, diseases, disease‑causing organisms, or from additives, toxins, or contaminants found in food, beverages, or feedstuffs.
  • 18. • Specific Tariffs : A fixed fee levied on one unit of an imported good is referred to as a specific tariff. For example, a country could levy a $15 tariff on each pair of shoes imported, but levy a $300 tariff on each computer imported. Ad Valorem Tariffs this type of tariff is levied on a good based on a percentage of that good's value. An example of an ad valorem tariff would be a 15% tariff levied by Japan on U.S. automobiles. Import Quotas : An import quota is a restriction placed on the amount of a particular good that can be imported. • free trade area : Trade within the group is duty free but members set their own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).
  • 19. WTO: Benefits for business • • • Creation of a stable, rule based, multilateral trading regime Market access translates into market opportunities The rule based system creates certain rights of access - Security of access tariff bindings and disciplines on barriers to trade whether tariff or non tariff. It also provides non discriminatory treatment of products and services. - Stability of access the application of uniform rules in key areas of the trading process e.g. customs valuation, import licenses etc. - Rights against unfair trade practices for – Domestic industry – Export industry – Import industry

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. A tariff is a tax levied on imports or exports. Tariffs are usually associated with protectionism.