1. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS

3. By Foot

4. Pigeons NO HACKING

5. Smoke Signals

6. Water Channels

7. Horses

8. Rail

9. Postal System

10. Telephone

12. DIGITAL EXCHANGE

14. Analogue or Digital Data Communications

16. Collapsing Information Lag huge quantities of information transmitted in a fraction of a second. telegraph Information took days or weeks to be transmitted Information transmitted in minutes or hours Electronic communications sped up the rate of transmission of information, growth of telecommunications and especially computer networks globalization phenomenon (WWW) 1900 1950 2004-9 1850

19. EXAMPLE OF A NETWORK NMS Karachi STM1 via SMW3 (Singtel) Redundant PIX Firewall Existing Catalyst 4003 Switch Catalyst 6506 Switch NMS E3 via Satellite (Concert) BPX 8680 ATM Switch Redundant PIX Firewall Distribution Router Distribution Router Distribution Router 2xE3 (PDH) + 3xE1(SDH) 3xE3 (PDH) + 3xE1(SDH) 2xE3 SUN E450 SUN E450 SUN E450 E3 SMW3 (EMIX) Distribution Router Distribution Router Core Router E3 Satellite (Simplex) Rawalpindi Lahore Core Router BPX 8680 ATM Switch Core Router E3 Link Fast Ethernet STM1 Link Gigabit Ethernet Legend: S D H E W L E T T P A C K A R D S u r e S t o r e A u t o l o a d e r D L T 7 1 8 S D H E W L E T T P A C K A R D S u r e S t o r e A u t o l o a d e r D L T 7 1 8 BPX 8680 ATM Switch

20. Protocols