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First of all, unlike earlier satellite communications which relied on a motorized dish to chase the
mobile satellites across the sky, modern satellites are placed into a geosynchronous orbit about
37,000 km (22,300 miles) up. This means that they always remain above the same point on the
earth's surface. That way, all dishes on the earth can be pointed at a fixed location, and the
satellite will always be there.
The signal to be broadcast originates at an "uplink center", which collects nationwide programming
from cable television networks and local programming from broadcast networks and encrypts it so
that the programming cannot be intercepted by non-paying users. The uplink facility uses a huge
dish, 9 to 12 meters (or 30 to 40 feet) wide, to accurately send a high-strength signal to the
orbiting satellite.
The satellite, in turn, converts the signal to a different microwave frequency band, so that the
downlink doesn't cause interference with the uplink. The two most common frequencies used in
United States satellite tv broadcasts are the "C-band" (4 to 6 GHz) and the "Ku band" (12 to 18
GHz).
After traveling more than 50,000 miles, and being converted in between, the signal that arrives at
the receiving dish on the outside of the consumer's home is fairly weak. It is focused by a bowl-
shaped parabolic dish onto a device in the center called a "feed horn", which channels the signal
to a "low-noise block downconverter" (LNB) which filters out unwanted interference, and
sometimes converts it to yet another frequency before amplifying it and sending it to the satellite
receiver box inside the house through a coaxial cable.
The satellite receiver box converts the signal to an analog television, audio or data signal. The
receiver may be equipped to decrypt the coded signal itself, or it may require a separate box or a
"smart card" plug-in (either to the receiver box or to the television to perform the decoding. A
single receiver can serve only one television or computer; multiple receivers must be purchased to
provide signal to multiple devices, including watching one channel and recording on another.
Many receivers also include integrated digital video recorders (DVR), allowing them to rewind and
pause live television, and to record and store their favorite shows on a built-in hard drive. There
are also increasing numbers of high-definition television (HDTV) satellite receivers and DVRs
available.
Newer technologies being integrated into the system include pay-per-view functionality, interactive
television channels, and video-on-demand (COD) channels.
The competition for between satellite tv providers, and between satellite and cable providers, is
2. quite fierce. The advantages of being the first to provide new features are driving the pace of
invention among satellite technology providers, so we can expect to see many more
breakthroughs in the near future.
Troy Degarnham [http://www.troydegarnham.com] is the author and webmaster of
http://www.directv-direct-tv.info, an informative website about Direct TV. Extensive help and
comparisons on Direct TV vs Dish network, receivers, DVR, Channels, Internet, Packages,
Installation and High Definition TV.
Article Source:
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Troy_Degarnham
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