Presentation covers the history of the ancient Greek world from the rise of Minoan Civilization to the death of Alexander the Great.

1. Ancient Greece
Mr. Hoke

2. Introduction
Ways to look at history:
P – Political/Military
E – Economic
R – Religion
S – Social (The family unit)
I – Intellectual (Greeks invented history, philosophy and drama)
A – Artistic

3. Coast of attica

4. The Thermopylae pass

6. What will this class cover?
This class will cover Greek history from 3000 to 323 BC
Chronology:
6000-3000 – Neolithic
3000-2000 – Early Bronze Age (EBA)
2000-1500 – Middle Bronze Age (MBA)
1500-1100 – Late Bronze Age (LBA)
1100-800 – Greek Dark Ages
800-500 – Archaic Age
500-323 – Classical Age
323-30 – Hellenistic Age
The Rise of Rome - 8th C. BCE
The Roman Republic 509 BCE – 44 CE
The Roman Empire 44 – 476 CE
The Fall of Rome – 476 CE

7. Neolithic (6000-3000 BC)
Around 6000 people settled into small communities
Farming was introduced
No idea on what language they spoke

8. Early Bronze Age (3000-2000)
New people arrived
Used bronze to create tools and weapons
Bronze spread from Near East (Egypt) to Greece
No writing

9. Middle Bronze Age (2000-
1500)
Around 2000 the first Greek people arrived
Architecture looks different
New pottery
Horses introduced

10. Late Bronze Age (1500-
1100)
Huge changes
No ‘new’ people
Acceleration of MBA technology
Mycenae (MY SEE NEE) – largest city with fortified walls
(meant war existed)
Destruction of Troy by invaders around 1200
Aggressive warlike people
Clay tablets found show evidence of language – Linear A

11. Late Bronze Age – Mycenae

12. The Lions Gate - Mycenae

13. Late Bronze Age - Mycenae

14. Heinrich Schliemann

15. Dark Ages (1100-800)
 Bronze Age system collapses
Coming of the sea people occurred all over the Eastern Mediterranean
Bronze age sites abandoned
 Many theories – climate, war, economics?
 Lost ¾ of the population
 Dorians arrived around 1100
 No writing
 Architecture takes a hit
 Pottery is boring
 Big Setback for civilization

16. Archaic (800-500)
Given the name ‘Archaic’ simply because it comes
before the classical period
Exciting period in history
Emergence of new civilization
Olympics (776 BC)
Alphabet introduced
Democracy (508 BC)
First works of Western Lit – Homer (Iliad & Odyssey)

17. Michael Ventris

18. Classical (500-323)
Persian Wars (500-479)
Rome founded (476)
Persian Empire – huge and aggressive
3 to 4 times the size of Greece
Ends with Alexander the Great (323)

19. Hellenistic (323-30)
After Alexander
Macedonian Empire breaks into Hellenistic
Kingdoms
Rome is rising
When Cleopatra dies, Egypt falls to Rome (30)

20. Resources/Geography
of Greece
Greece is arid and semi-tropical
Difficult to grow crops
Sea was the ‘GREAT CONNECTOR’ allowing
vast trade
Wars were fought over three things: Food, timber
and mining (gold and silver)

21. Bronze Age: Troy in Fact & Fiction
Reality of Troy
10,000 – 20,000 population
Heavily fortified
Center of trade/textile manufacturing
Place of interest to superpowers (Hittites/Greeks)
Trojans were Hittites or vassals of the Hittite state
Trojans charged a tariff to pass though the Hellespont

22. Canakkale, Turkey

23. Istanbul Archaeological museum

24. The whirling dervishes

25. Troy – Level 9 – Roman Era

26. After visiting Troy!

28. Beginning of Archaeology
Sir Arthur Evans discovered the Minoan
civilization on the island of Crete
Michael Ventris deciphered Linear B in 1952
Heinrich Schliemann – Excavated both Mycenae
and Troy

29. Heinrich Schliemann
1870s – Excavated Mycenae and Troy
Not a scholar
Brilliant, wealthy businessman
His passion was to prove that Troy existed
Smuggled treasures out of Turkey (to Germany)
After Troy he went to Mycenae in Greece
The Greeks supervised the excavation to make sure
that the treasure was not stolen

30. Heinrich Schliemann

32. Homer
First author of Western Civilization
Passed stories down through songs
Oral dictated text
Iliad
Odyssey
Both poems published around 725 BC

33. Greek Gods
The Greeks were Henotheistic
Henotheism – Belief in one supreme god among
many
Zeus – Most powerful god, son of Kronos and
grandson of Ouranos
Married to his sister – Hera
Hyperactive sex-drive
Less moral than most gods
Sidebar – Hesiod - Poet

34. Greek Gods
Kronos, father of Zeus overthrows Ouranos
Kronos fearing that one of his children will overthrow
him eats all of his children except one (Zeus)
Zeus’ mother Rheina deceives Kronos and smuggles
Zeus to Crete
Zeus overthrows Kronos
Zeus has many offspring who could become a threat

35. Greek Gods
Thetis – Sea-goddess who was destined to bear a
great child
Zeus was afraid so he arranged from Thetis to marry
a human (Peleus) so the child would be a less
powerful Demi-god – Achilles
Eris – Goddess of Discord/Divorce – When she finds
out that she is not invited to the Thetis’ wedding, she
sends a package – a golden apple with the inscription
‘To the most beautiful women’

36. Greek Gods
When Zeus’ wife, Hera and his two daughters, Athena
and Aphrodite all claim the apple, Zeus refused to
select one of the three
Hermes takes the three ladies to Troy to see Paris,
prince of Troy
The three ladies all attempt to bride Paris
Hera offers political control of Asia
Athena offers great military power
Aphrodite offers the love of the most beautiful women
in the world - Helen

37. Helen
Helen had many suitors from all over Greece
Her father allows her to select her husband –
Menelaus, King of Sparta
All other suitors agree to protect Helen if she is
ever harmed or abducted – origin of the Trojan
War

38. Paris, Prince of Troy
Travels to Sparta where he is treated in alignment
with the Greek-Host Code (Treat strangers well)
Menelaus leaves town and while he is away Paris
either elopes with or abducts Helen along with
treasures from the Spartan palace
Menelaus calls on his brother Agamemnon to gather
the troops and retrieve Helen
All the great Greek heroes fight in this war (Culture
of Shame)

39. Odysseus, King of Ithaca
Happily married
Attempted to dodge the draft
Pretends to be mentally ill
Officials took his son – Odysseus decided to fight
The war cost Odysseus 20 years of his life – the
ten year war and another 10 to get home

41. The Trojan War
1225 BC – Date of the Trojan War
1184 BC – Greek date of the Trojan War
Every educated Greco-Roman person knew
Homer and it promoted moral values and allowed
the Greeks to understand their worldview.
The Iliad and the Odyssey were taken in like
mother’s milk

42. The Trojan War
SHAME vs. GUILT (Culture)
10 year saga
All of Helen’s suitors had taken an oath to
retrieve her
Upon the arrival on the shores of Troy, the
Greeks needed food and women
The raided the villages on the Troad (outside of
Troy)

43. The Trojan War
They shared the booty by class
Kings got first dibs
Agamemnon, King of Mycenae and the ruling
king of the Greeks went to the island of gold,
Chryse and took Chryseis as his trophy
concubine
Her father, Chryses, a priest of Apollo came to
Agamemnon and asked for his daughter back

44. The Trojan War
Reading from Book One of the Iliad
Agamemnon to Chryses “Never let me find you again old
man”
Agamemnon added that the girl would be his slave and
then the king sent Chryses on his way
Not long after the Greeks came down with the plague
Nothing in the ancient world happened by change –
EVERYTHING WAS ATRIBUTED TO THE GODS

45. The Death Mask of
Agamemnon

46. The Trojan War
Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis called a meeting to
discuss the plague and how the Greeks could get
back into good graces with the gods
Kalchus, a priest – sidebar (Agamemnon’s daughter)
Kalchus told Agamemnon to give back Chryseis to her
father
Agamemnon returned the girl and then took Achilles
concubine, Briseis
Achilles decided to return home and he took his
Myrmidons with him

47. Trojan War
There are 24 Books in the Iliad and
Achilles does not return until Book 19 –
Culture of Shame
Achilles returns when his best friend,
Patroklos was killed by Hecktor and
Agamemnon agreed to return Chyseis to
her father (Sidebar – Religion)

48. Heroic Code – Homer – Book 6 – Iliad
Hektor goes back to Troy to see his wife,
Andromache and son, Astyanax.
Andromache’s entire family was wiped out by
Greek raids in the Troad.
Andromache asks Hektor to fight defensively
and stay inside the walls of Troy.

49. Heroic Code – Homer – Book 6 – Iliad
Hektor says he would feel deep shame if he did
not fight for his father, King Priam and the people
of Troy.
Hektor knew that the Trojans would eventually be
defeated, his wife enslaved and still he fought.
This was the last time that the family would be
together.
Hektor lived and died by the Heroic Code to avoid
SHAME.

50. Heroic Code
Sarpedon and his sidekick Glauckos were nobles
from Lykia.
At the time the Trojans were winning the war and
the Greeks were forced to build walls to protect
the ships.
Glauckos catches Sarpedon hanging back from
the battle and then asks him why they have such
great things at home?
Glauckos them says we earn them here on the
battlefield.

51. Heroic Code
Noblesse Obliqe – Nobility Obligates
The theory was that you may die anyway so one
should achieve glory while going to their death.
Glory is compensation in a culture of SHAME
and allows men to live on in the minds of men.

52. Helen – Book 3 – Iliad
Description of Helen
Old men – advisors of King Priam
These men feel the beauty of Helen without
describing her
The reader is allowed to visualize their own Helen

53. The Iliad
The Iliad ends when the Greeks deceive the Trojans
Greek soldiers hide inside the large wooden horse and
seemingly return to Greece
The horse, an offering to the Gods is brought inside the
Walls of Troy
The Trojans celebrate, get dunk and go to bed

54. The Iliad
As the Trojans slept, the Greeks emerged from
the horse, swung over the gates and let in their
comrades
Troy was sacked, burned to the ground, its men
killed to the man, the women and children
enslaved

55. End of Unit #1
What did you learn?
Chronological history of Greek history from 6000 BC to 30 BC
& Location of prominent locations in Greece and Asia Minor
The story of the Trojan War
A basic understanding of the Greek Gods
There will be two quizzes this week
Quiz #1 will cover the Chronology/Map – Wednesday
Quiz #2 will cover the Trojan War and Greek Gods - Friday
Exam #1 – Next Wednesday (Review on Tuesday)

56. Unit #2: Archaic I
The Polis – ‘City-centered state’
Controls region or territory
Plural – Poleis
Politeia – Constitution;
The Greeks had no written constitution.
It worked on precedence. This is the system of governance
of the city-state.

57. Greece - Hellas
Modern greece is about the size of michigan
700’s – Greece had around 600 city-states.
Each one an independent country.
The average size of the city-state was 80 square
miles.

59. Branches of government
Executive/Leaders
Athens Sparta
Archons/Leaders Kings & Ephors/
Overseers

60. Branches of government
Advisory – Elders from prominent families
Athens (2 Advisory Boards) Sparta
Areopagus Gerousia
Elders (30 members – 2 Kings
and 28 others 60 or older)
Boule

61. Branches of government
Ratification
Assembly – everybody else that counted as a
citizen.
Athens Sparta
Ekklesia Apellai

62. athens
Located in Attica (Peninsula)
4 miles from the sea
About the size of Rhode Island or 1,000 square
miles
Synoikismos – Living together/Allegiance to
Athens
The larger territory of Athens gave them an
advantage in manpower and Athens was on its
way to becoming a great naval power

63. Map of athens

64. The Acropolis

65. The Theatre of Dionysus

67. Athens – Archon system
Replaces monarchs at the end of the dark ages
(except Sparta & macedonia)
We do not know how the kings fell

68. Athens – Archon system
Term limit – 1 year (typically)
Could run once for archon
Power is compartmentalized
Nine archons elected each year
Must be at least 30 years old to serve as an
archon (usually older)

69. Athens - Nine archons
One – Eponymous Archon – Leading archon
Six - thesmothetae – Law Givers/Enforcement
One - king Archon – Head of state religion
Kept gods on their side
Organized festivals
One - polemarchos – Head of military

70. Areopagus – Athenian Council
Once a man spent one year as an archon he
then moved into the areopagus for life
Archons used the areopagus as an advisory
board

71. Athens – 7th c. BC
Total population – estimated 120,000
60,000 women
30,000 children
30,000 – 40,000 adult male citizens

72. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
1.) Hippeis
Millionaires
Blue bloods – family name was important
Wealthiest class
Raised horses
Income came from fertile land
2-5% of total population (1,000)
Thought of as genetically different
Used the word ‘demos’ (vulgar or scum of the earth) to
describe the other classes

73. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
2.) Zeugitae
Owned land (not good land)
Just getting by – there is no middle class
Small farmers
40-60% of total population
Became important when men were needed to create
hoplite (infantry) armies
Sometimes starving and in need of help

74. Social Economic system
7th century – athens – three classes
3.) Thetes
Below poverty line
No land
Laborers
Some homeless
40-60% of the population
Slaves

75. Athens – who gets to Vote?
Land owners – Hippeis and zuegitae
Had personal stake in government as landowners
In 594 BC Solon gives the thetes the right to vote

76. Hoplite revolution
in 675 BC pheidon of argos – created the hoplite
army
Prior to 675 bc cavalry was primary and in 675
BC a revolution shifts emphasis from cavalry to
infantry

77. Hoplite warrior
Hoplite – greek infantry warrior
Hoploi – set of armor (panoply)
Hoplite warrior description
Armed in bronze and iron
Greaves (shin guards)
Helmet with felt/leather for cushion
Shield – circular – 20-25 pounds

78. Hoplite warrior weaponry
Hoplite warrior – weapons
Spear – primary
Short sword
All weapons made of bronze or iron
Total pack weight was approx. 70 pounds

79. Hoplite tactics
Phalanx – Block of men – 8 men – 8 rows deep
In blocks of 500 men
Moved in unison
Men must hold rank to be effective
The right side – toughest
When the argives defeated the spartans, the spartans
adopted the hoplite system
Within a generation the hoplite system spread

80. Hoplite tactics
The hoplite was based on force
The men in the middle and in the rear would
push – like a rugby scrum
When the battle was decided, the losers would
turn and run
The victors would mark ‘Troph’ on the spot where
the defeated turned and ran

81. The zeugitae as hoplite
675 bc – right when the zeugitae were having a
difficult time surviving there services were in high
demand to serve as hoplite warriors

82. Hektemoroi – 1/6
Zeugitae became impoverished to the point where the
started to take loans from the hippeis class and later the
zeugitae were forced to pay 1/6 of their crops.
If the debt went unpaid the Hippeis could take the farmer
and or his son(s) as slaves
A member of the zeugitae class could go off to war and
come back and forced into slavery
Potential for revolution

83. Tyranny
Tyrant – (not like hitler or stalin)
Tyranny – In greek it means to come to power illegitimately or unconstitutionally –
not elected/coup de tat
A segment of the hippeis class was disgruntled and led an uprising of Zeugitae
This happened in many city-states in the 7th c BC (AKA – period of tyrants)
There were approximately 600 city-states and most were oligarchies

84. 632 BC - Cylon’s Attempted Tyranny
Cylon – Tyrant
Seized the Athenian Acropolis, 632 BC
Eponymous Archon at the time was Megacles
When Cylon seized the Acropolis his troops did not show up to
support him
Cylon Escapes leaving his small army on their own
Megacles offers the rebels a deal – lay down your arms and
surrender and then into exile
On their way out of Athens, Megacles orders them to be
massacred – the revolt was put down violently

85. 621 BC – Draco & the Law
First written code of law in Athens
Draconian Law – very harsh
Capital punishment for many crimes
Instituted homicide law
Intentional vs. unintentional
Shame-retaliation-vendetta
One could offer compensation to the victim
Lower class benefits – law applied to all

86. 594 BC – Solon – “Seisachteia”
Seis – Seismic
Achth – weight
Eia – off
Solon
Truly wise man
Non-partisan – trusted by both sides
Fair
Selected by hippeis & Zeugatae to reform athens as the
arbitrator
Solon was allowed to fix the system – radical changes

87. Reforms of solon
Canceled debt
Abolished debt slavery
Established the people’s court – trial by jury
Expands citizenship – opens immigration
Created jobs

88. Economic Reforms of solon
Solon forbids sale of grain outside of attica
Shift to olive oil (expensive) production
Wine exported
Three big crops were: Olives, Grapes and Grain
Entrepreneur class entered athens
Solon created jobs – we need another solon!!!!!!

89. Four part social class system - solon
1.) Pentekosiomedimnoi – 500 bushels
2.) Hippeis – 300-499
3.) Zeugitae – 200-299
4.) Thetes - < 200
Allowed for social and economic mobility

90. Solon’s new government
Archons – From first (pente) or second class (Hippeis)
Boule of 400 – from first, second or third classes
All four classes were members of the ekklesia (assembly – all
could vote)
Solon is the grandfather of democracy
Solon goes into exile for 10 years

91. 560 – tyranny in Athens
Peisistratus
First coup failed in 560
Two sons – hipparchus & hippias
546 – Peisistratus brings army to athens and becomes tyrant
Good man
Took financial pressure off the poor
Used personal wealth to help the poor
Vigorous foreign policy
Added public amenities
Patronage of religion and arts

92. Peisistratus - continued
Panatheniac festival to honor athena
Athletic competition
Great prizes
Poetry readings
Religious events
Homer recited
Meat available
Made people feel good to be ‘athenian’
Sense of patriotism

93. Hipparchus
527-514 – When Peisistratus died, his son hipparchus took
power as tyrant in athens
Hipparchus was assassinated in 514 by Harmodius &
Aristogeiton
Homosexual love triangle gone bad
Both assassins are executed
Hipparchus’ brother hippias takes power

94. Assassination of hipparchus

95. Hippias 514-510
After hipparchus was assassinated his brother,
hippias took control as tyrant
In 510, with help from the spartans, hippias was
overthrown by the family of megacles – the
alcmaeonids
Hippias was evil and the athenians once again
athens were in need of a new governmental
system

96. Athenians adopt democracy 508
Cleisthenes – father of democracy
Revamp social/economic system into 10 tribes/administrative
districts
10 Archons – 1 from each tribe
Council of 500 – 50 from each tribe
Ten strategos – 1 military general from each tribe
Strategos held the real power over archons

97. 508 – 417 ostracism
Method to head off tyranny
Many popular athenians were ostracized
Ostrakon – pottery shard – used to vote
Assembly met 40 times per year
6,000 votes needed to ostracize
Honorable exile – 1o years

98. Sparta
Spartiates
Aristocrats with special privledges
Blood related
Prideful
High expectations
20% of population

99. Perioikoi
Perioikoi
Those dwelling about in Laconia
Not Spartans
Served as infantry
Allowed to vote
Owned farms
Not allowed to hold public office
25-30% of the population

100. Helots
To Capture (helen)
POWs – Messenia
Owned by the state
Worked the land
Largest % of the population
Posed a threat of revolt