1. Lesson 27
Regular Comparison of Adjectives

2. Recitation
♦model verbs
6 tenses active and
passive

3. amo amare amavi amatus
Present
amo amamus
amas amatis
amat amant
Imperfect
amabam amabamus
amabas amabatis
amabat amabant
Future
amabo amabimus
amabis amabitis
amabit amabunt

4. amo amare amavi amatus
Perfect
amavi amavimus
amavisti amavistis
amavit amaverunt
Pluperfect
amaveram amaveramus
amaveras amaveratis
amaverat amaverant
Future Perfect
amavero amaverimus
amaveris amaveritis
amaverit amaverint

5. amo amare amavi amatus
Present
amor amamur
amaris amamini
amatur amantur
Imperfect
amabar amabamur
amabaris amabamini
amabatur amabantur
Future
amabor amabimur
amaberis amabimini
amabitur amabuntur

6. amo amare amavi amatus
Perfect
amatus –a –um, sum amati –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
amatus –a –um, eram amati –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
amatus –a –um, ero amati –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt

7. moneo monēre monui monitus
Present
moneo monemus
mones monetis
monet monent
Imperfect
monebam monebamus
monebas monebatis
monebat monebant
Future
monebo monebimus
monebis monebitis
monebit monebunt

8. moneo monēre monui monitus
Perfect
monui monuimus
monuisti monuistis
monuit monuerunt
Pluperfect
monueram monueramus
monueras monueratis
monuerat monuerant
Future Perfect
monuero monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint

9. moneo monēre monui monitus
Present
moneor monemur
moneris monemini
monetur monentur
Imperfect
monebar monebamur
monebaris monebamini
monebatur monebantur
Future
monebor monebimur
moneberis monebimini
monebitur monebuntur

10. moneo monēre monui monitus
Perfect
monitus –a –um, sum moniti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
monitus –a –um, eram moniti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
monitus –a –um, ero moniti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt

11. rego regere rexi rectus
Present
rego regimus
regis regitis
regit regunt
Imperfect
regebam regebamus
regebas regebatis
regebat regebant
Future
regam regemus
reges regetis
reget regent

12. rego regere rexi rectus
Perfect
rexi reximus
rexisti rexistis
rexit rexerunt
Pluperfect
rexeram rexeramus
rexeras rexeratis
rexerat rexerant
Future Perfect
rexero rexerimus
rexeris rexeritis
rexerit rexerint

13. rego regere rexi rectus
Present
regor regimur
regeris regimini
regitur reguntur
Imperfect
regebar regebamur
regebaris regebamini
regebatur regebantur
Future
regar regemur
regeris regemini
regetur regentur

14. rego regere rexi rectus
Perfect
rectus –a –um, sum recti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
rectus –a –um, eram recti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
rectus –a –um, ero recti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt

15. audio audire audivi auditus
Present
audio audimus
audis auditis
audit audiunt
Imperfect
audiebam audiebamus
audiebas audiebatis
audiebat audiebant
Future
audiam audiemus
audies audietis
audiet audient

16. audio audire audivi auditus
Perfect
audivi audivimus
audivisti audivistis
audivit audiverunt
Pluperfect
audiveram audiveramus
audiveras audiveratis
audiverat audiverant
Future Perfect
audivero audiverimus
audiveris audiveritis
audiverit audiverint

17. audio audire audivi auditus
Present
audior audimur
audiris audimini
auditur audiuntur
Imperfect
audiebar audiebamur
audiebaris audiebamini
audiebatur audiebantur
Future
audiar audiemur
audieris audiemini
audietur audientur

18. audio audire audivi auditus
Perfect
auditus –a –um, sum auditi –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
auditus –a –um, eram auditi –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
auditus –a –um, ero auditi –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt

19. capio capere cepi captus
Present
capio capimus
capis capitis
capit capiunt
Imperfect
capiebam capiebamus
capiebas capiebatis
capiebat capiebant
Future
capiam capiemus
capies capietis
capiet capient

20. capio capere cepi captus
Perfect
cepi cepimus
cepisti cepistis
cepit ceperunt
Pluperfect
ceperam ceperamus
ceperas ceperatis
ceperat ceperant
Future Perfect
cepero ceperimus
ceperis ceperitis
ceperit ceperint

21. capio capere cepi captus
Present
capior capimur
caperis capimini
capitur capiuntur
Imperfect
capiebar capiebamur
capiebaris capiebamini
capiebatur capiebantur
Future
capiar capiemur
capieris capiemini
capietur capientur

22. capio capere cepi captus
Perfect
captus –a –um, sum capti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
captus –a –um, eram capti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
captus –a –um, ero capti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt

23. Recitation
♦imperatives

24. Recitation
Verb Singular Plural Meaning
amo, amare ama amate Love!
moneo, monēre monē monete Warn!
rego, regere rege regite Rule!
capio, capere cape capite Take!
audio, audire audi audite Hear!
sum, esse es este Be!
dico, dicere dic dicite Speak!
duco, ducere duc ducite Lead!
facio, facere fac facite Make!

25. Recitation
♦5 declensions:
mensa, servus, bellum,
pater, flumen, portus, res

26. Recitation
♦Adjectives:
acer acris acre
brevis –e
potens potentis

27. Recitation
SIngular Plural
M F N M /F N
acer acris acre acres acria
acris acris acrium acrium
acri acri acribus acribus
acrem acre acres acria
acri acri acribus acribus

28. Recitation
SIngular Plural
M /F N M /F N
brevis breve breves brevia
brevis brevis brevium brevium
brevi brevi brevibus brevibus
brevem breve breves brevia
brevi brevi brevibus brevibus

29. Recitation
M/F N
Singular Plural Singular Plural
potens potentes potens potentia
potentis potentium potentis potentium
potenti potentibus potenti potentibus
potentem potentes potens potentia
potenti potentibus potenti potentibus

30. Recitation
♦Preposition Songs:
-ab corum cum de ex in prae
pro sine sub tenus
-ad ante apud in inter ob per
post propter sub trans
circum contra juxta

31. Recitation
♦Ordinal &
Cardinal Numbers

32. Recitation
Cardinal Ordinal
unus –a –um one primus –a –um first
duo –ae –o two secundus –a –um second
tres tria three tertius –a –um third
quattuor four quartus –a –um fourth
quinque five quintus –a –um fifth
sex six sextus –a –um sixth
septem seven septimus –a –um seventh
octo eight octavus –a –um eighth
novem nine nonus –a –um ninth
decem ten decimus –a –um tenth

33. Recitation
Roman Numeral Cardinal
XI undecim eleven
XII duodecim twelve
XIII tredecim thirteen
XIV quattuordecim fourteen
XV quindecim fifteen
XVI sedecim sixteen
XVII septendecim seventeen
XVIII duodeviginti eighteen
XIX undeviginti nineteen
XX viginti twenty

34. Recitation
3rd Person Pronouns;
Demonstrative Pronouns (1)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
is ea id ei eae ea
ejus ejus ejus eorum earum eorum
ei ei ei eis eis eis
eum eam id eos eas ea
eo eā eo eis eis eis

35. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns (Near) (2)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
hic haec hoc hi hae haec
hujus hujus hujus horum harum horum
huic huic huic his his his
hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
hoc hac hoc his his his

36. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns (Far) (3)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
ille illa illud illi illae illa
illíus illíus illíus illorum illarum illorum
illi illi illi illis illis illis
illum illam illud illos illas illa
illo illā illo illis illis illis

37. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns
(Near to Person Spoken to) (4)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
iste ista istud isti istae ista
istíus istíus istíus istorum istarum istorum
isti isti isti istis istis istis
istum istam istud istos istas ista
isto istā isto istis istis istis

38. Recitation
Intensive Pronouns
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
ipsíus ipsíus ipsíus ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipso ipsā ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

39. Recitation
3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns
Case Form Meaning
Nom ----
Gen. sui of himself, herself, itself, themselves
Dat. sibi to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves
Acc. se himself, herself, itself, themselves
Abl. se ibwf himself, herself, itself, themselves

40. Recitation
Reflexive Pronoun Adjectives
Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st meus mea meum my (own) noster nostra our (own)
nostrum
2nd tuus tua tuum your (own) vester vestra your (pl.) (own)
vestrum
3rd suus sua suum his, her, its, their (own)

41. Recitation
Present Subjunctive of Sum
Singular Plural
sim I may be simus we may be
sis you may be sitis you all may be
sit hsi may be sint they may be

42. Recitation
Imperfect Subjunctive of Sum
Singular Plural
essem I might be essemus we might be
esses you might be essetis you all might be
esset hsi might be essent they might be

43. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive of sum
Singular Plural
fúerim fuérimus
fúeris fuéritis
fúerit fúerint

44. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive of sum
Singular Plural
fuissem fuissemus
fuisses fuissetis
fuisset fuissent

45. Recitation
Present Subjunctive Active
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amem moneam regam capiam audiam
ames moneas regas capias audias
amet moneat regat capiat audiat
amemus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus
ametis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis
ament moneant regant capiant audiant

46. Recitation
Present Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amer monear regar capiar audiar
ameris monearis regaris capiaris audiaris
ametur moneatur regatur capiatur audiatur
amemur moneamur regamur capiamur audiamur
amemini moneamini regamini capiamini audiamini
amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur

47. Recitation
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amarem monerem regerem caperem audirem
amares moneres regeres caperes audires
amaret moneret regeret caperet audiret
amaremus moneremus regeremus caperemus audiremus
amaretis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis
amarent monerent regerent caperent audirent

48. Recitation
Imperfect Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amarer monerer regerer caperer audirer
amareris monereris regereris capereris audireris
amaretur moneretur regeretur caperetur audiretur
amaremur moneremur regeremur caperemur audiremur
amaremini moneremini regeremini caperemini audiremini
amarentur monerentur regerentur caperentur audirentur

49. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive Active
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amaverim monuerim rexerim ceperim audiverim
amaveris monueris rexeris ceperis audiveris
amaverit monuerit rexerit ceperit audiverit
amaverimus monuerimus rexerimus ceperimus audiverimus
amaveritis monueritis rexeritis ceperitis audiveritis
amaverint monuerint rexerint ceperint audiverint

50. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amatus sim monitus, sim rectus, sim captus, sim auditus sim
a, um sis a, um sis a, um sis a, um sis , a, um sis
sit sit sit sit sit
amati simus moniti, simus recti, simus capti, simus auditi, simus
ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis
sint sint sint sint sint

51. Recitation
Pluperfect Subjunctive Active
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amavissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audivissem
amavisses monuisses rexisses cepisses audivisses
amavisset monuisset rexisset cepisset audivisset
amavissemus monuissemus rexissemus cepissemus audivissemus
amavissetis monuissetis rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis
amavissent monuissent rexissent cepissent audivissent

52. Recitation
Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amatus essem monitus, a, essem rectus, a, essem captus, a, essem auditus, essem
a, um esses um esses um esses um esses a, um esses
esset esset esset esset esset
amati essemus moniti, ae, essemu recti, ae, essemus capti, ae, essemus auditi, essem
ae, a essetis a s a essetis a essetis ae, a essetis
essent essetis essent essent essent
essent

53. Latin Saying
Cítius, Áltius, Fórtius

54. Latin Saying
Cítius, Áltius, Fórtius
citus –a –um; quick
cítius; quicker
altus –a –um; high
áltius; higher
fortis e; strong
fórtius; stronger

55. Latin Sayings
Faster, Higher,
Stronger.

56. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.

57. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.
The positive degree is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.

58. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, degree and superlative.
The positive is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.
The comparative degree implies a comparison
between two persons or things, either stated or
implied.

59. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, degree and superlative.
The positive is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.
The comparative degree implies a comparison
between two persons or things, either stated or
implied.
The superlative degree implies a comparison
among more than two persons or things.

60. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.
positive
This lesson is hard.
comparative
This lesson is harder than Lesson 13.
superlative
This lesson is the hardest lesson in the book.

61. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.

62. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.
certus
fortis

63. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.
cert us
fort is

64. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.
cert us cért ior
fort is fórt ior

65. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.
cert us cért ior cért ius
fort is fórt ior fórt ius

66. Grammar
In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding
ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.
cert us cért ior cért ius
fort is fórt ior fórt ius
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

67. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cért ior cért ius
fort is fórt ior fórt ius
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

68. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

69. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

70. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

71. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

72. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius
certain more certain

73. Grammar
In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding
issimus –a –um to the stem.
cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimum
fort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum
certus –a –um cértior cértius certíssimus –a –um
certain more certain most certain

74. Grammar
Comparative forms are adjectives and must be
declined in order to agree with the words they
modify in gender, number, and case.

75. Grammar
The superlative forms are declined like the regular
1st/2nd – declension adjective bonus –a –um.

76. Grammar
The comparative adjective is declined like regular 3rd
–declension nouns, lex and nomen.

77. Grammar
The comparative adjective is declined like regular 3rd
–declension nouns, lex and nomen.
M/F N
fortior fortiores fortius fortiora
fortioris fortiorum fortioris fortiorum
fortiori fortioribus fortiori fortioribus
fortiorem fortiores fortiorus fortiora
fortiore fortioribus fortiore fortioribus

78. Grammar Questions
How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses
are missing?

79. Grammar Questions
How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses
are missing?
Four tenses. The future and future perfect are
missing.

80. Grammar Questions
What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive
in English?

81. Grammar Questions
What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive
in English?
let, might, could, may, should, would

82. Grammar Questions
What is the difference between indicative and
subjunctive?
indicative:
subjunctive:

83. Grammar Questions
What is the difference between indicative and
subjunctive?
indicative: actual events or actions
subjunctive: potential events or actions
My children go to school. actual/indicative
I want my children to go to school. – potential/subjunctive

84. Grammar Questions
A __________ question is asked in doubt or indignation,
uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the
verbal helper ______.

85. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question is asked in doubt or indignation,
uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the
verbal helper should.

86. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question uses the _______ subjunctive
for present time and the _________ subjunctive for
past time.

87. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question uses the present subjunctive
for present time and the imperfect subjunctive for
past time.

88. Grammar Questions
The hortatory subjunctive expresses __________, _______
_________, ______ ____, and uses the verbal helpers __
and ___.

89. Grammar Questions
The hortatory subjunctive expresses exhortation, indirect
command, strong wish, and uses the verbal helpers let
and may.

90. Grammar Questions
The subjunctive is used primarily in __________ clauses,
but also has some uses in __________ clauses.

91. Grammar Questions
The subjunctive is used primarily in subordinate clauses,
but also has some uses in independent clauses.

92. Grammar
To form the negative of a subjunctive verb,
use ?

93. Grammar
To form the negative of a subjunctive verb,
use ne.
Ne cedamus. Let us not yield.

94. Grammar
To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main
clause is in the _________, and the subordinate
clause is in the __________.

95. Grammar
To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main
clause is in the indicative, and the subordinate
clause is in the subjunctive.

96. Grammar
The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the
________.

97. Grammar
The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the
infinitive.

98. Grammar
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on
the ______ stem by adding ___and ___, respectively.

99. Grammar
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on
the perfect stem by adding eri and isse, respectively.

100. Grammar
What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have
learned in this unit?

101. Grammar
What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have
learned in this unit?
hortatory subjunctive, deliberative questions,
and purpose (ut) clause

102. Grammar
How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?

103. Grammar
How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?
the 4th principal part + the present subjunctive of sum

104. Grammar
A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ___.

105. Grammar
A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ne.

106. Grammar
The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the _____
_______ _____ indicative, except for the 1st person
singular.

107. Grammar
The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the future
perfect active indicative, except for the 1st person
singular.

108. Grammar
The two common feminine nouns of the 4th
declension are: ________ and ________.

109. Grammar
The two common feminine nouns of the 4th
declension are: domus and manus.

110. Grammar
The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension
are: ______and _____.

111. Grammar
The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension
are: cornu and genu.

112. Grammar Questions
The three degrees of comparison are ________,
_____________, and ___________.

113. Grammar Questions
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.

114. Grammar Questions
The _______ is descriptive only.

115. Grammar Questions
The positive is descriptive only.

116. Grammar Questions
The ___________ implies a comparison
between two persons or things.

117. Grammar Questions
The comparative implies a comparison
between two persons or things.

118. Grammar Questions
The ___________ implies a comparison among
more than two persons or things.

119. Grammar Questions
The superlative implies a comparison among
more than two persons or things.

120. Grammar Questions
In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed
from the positive by adding ____and _____to
the stem.

121. Grammar Questions
In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed
from the positive by adding –ior and –ius to
the stem.

122. Grammar Questions
In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed
by adding _________________to the stem.

123. Grammar Questions
In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed
by adding –issimus –a –um to the stem.

124. Grammar Questions
The comparative adjective is declined like the
regular ______________ noun.

125. Grammar Questions
The comparative adjective is declined like the
regular 3rd declension noun.

126. Grammar Questions
The comparative adjective _____ _____follow
the i-stem pattern of the regular adjective,
brevis –e.

127. Grammar Questions
The comparative adjective does not follow the
i-stem pattern of the regular adjective,
brevis –e.

128. Grammar Questions
The superlative adjective is declined like the
regular ___________________ adjective.

129. Grammar Questions
The superlative adjective is declined like the
regular 1st/2nd – declension adjective.

130. Practice
♦Translate
This rock is the hardest.

131. Practice
♦Translate
Hoc saxum est durissimum

132. Practice
♦Translate
Pone saxum gravius in fossam.

133. Practice
♦Translate
Place the heavier rock in the
ditch.

134. Practice
♦Translate
Exercitum potentissimum habemus.

135. Practice
♦Translate
We have the most powerful
army.

136. Practice
♦Translate
Citius, Altius, Fortius.

137. Practice
♦Translate
Faster, Higher, Stronger.

138. Practice
♦Conjugate paro in the active
and passive indicative.