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Learning   Disabilities
LD Definition
Processes involved in understanding language
                                  NOT only Reading!
listening, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, mathing

(Includes )
perceptual disabilities
brain injury
minimal brain dysfunction
Dyslexia
developmental aphasia
LD Definition
 Auditory and Visual Processing Disabilities - sensory disability
 in which a person has difficulty understanding language
 despite normal hearing and vision.
 Dyscalculia - a mathematical disability in which a person has a
 difficult time solving arithmetic problems and grasping math
 concepts.
 Dysgraphia - a writing disability in which a person finds it hard
 to form letters or write within a defined space.

 Dyslexia - a language based disability, in which a person has
 trouble understanding words, sentences, or paragraphs




                                                Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
LD Definition
                    Title 1 vs IDEiA
    exclusionary language (NOT attributed to): mental retardation
                                          emotional disturbance
                                               cultural difference
                                                   environmental
                                        economic disadvantage

“learning disabilities reflect unexpected learning
problems in a seemingly capable child” (Zigmond)




                                               Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
LD Identification
   Discrepancy between (IQ) & achievement
      No Universally accepted assessment
             No precise definition
  No demarcation of average reading ability
          Unidentified is MUCH worse
       Most identified around 3rd grade




                                 Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
LD Identification
Reading deficit & ADD : Reading struggles more
exacerbated, severe, and resistant to intervention




Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
LD Identification

Time w/o service=difficult for improved outcomes
                  Co-morbid




                                   Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Prevalence Rate
over the past 20 years – why?

5% of all public school students
LD = ½ of   all SPED services
(2.9 million students)
                  Mostly Reading


                         Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Prevalence Rate




      Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Prevalence Rate




Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Phases of Assessment




                  Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Students Characteristics
Writing
Difficulty with sentence structure, poor grammar, omitted words.
Frequent spelling errors, inconsistent spelling, letter reversals.
Difficulty copying from board or overhead.
Poorly formed letters, difficulty with spacing, capitals, and punctuation.
Reading
Confusion of similar words, difficulty using phonics, problems reading multi-syllable words.
Slow reading rate and/or difficulty adjusting speed to the nature of the reading task.
Difficulty with comprehension and retention of material that is read, but not with material presented orally.

Math
Difficulty memorizing basic facts.
Confusion or reversal of numbers, number sequence, or operational symbols.
Difficulty reading or comprehending word problems.
Problems with reasoning and abstract concepts.




                                                                                Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Students Characteristics
Social Skills
Difficulty quot;readingquot; facial expressions, body language.
Problems interpreting subtle messages such as sarcasm.
Confusion in spatial orientation, getting lost easily, difficulty following directions.
Disorientation in time, difficulty telling time.
(Wren)
Study Skills
Poor organization and time management.
Difficulty following directions.
Poor organization of notes and other written materials.
Need more time to complete assignments.
Oral Language
Difficulty memorizing basic facts.
Difficulty expressing ideas orally which the student seems to understand.
Problems describing events or stories in proper sequence.
Residual problems with grammar, difficulty with inflectional or derivational endings.




                                                                                     Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Reading Intervention
2-3 yrs reading failure unresponsive to intervention
      Frequent and intense
      How to carry out inclusion ?

phonological awareness instruction in kindergarten
leads to positive effects during the first grade.




Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Reading Intervention
Phonological awareness
Sound-symbol relationships
Meaning and reading comprehension
EXPERT teachers in kindergarten & 1st grade

It must be done:
74% students identified @ age 9 in lowest quartile
throughout middle/high
Longer student faces failure = greater chance for
more severe (co-morbid) problems

Intervention depends on severity

Explicit and targeted interventions:
Teacher   Frustration
      Leads frustration and poor confidence.
      Great teachers leave the profession or leave Special Education.
      This cycle of events calls for honest and aggressive reform in
      higher education.
      Teachers unprepared to teach x (math, reading…) to this
      population.
      Can’t be an expert and an area that you have not been taught!
      We (colleges of Education) have
      inadequately addressed this issue


Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Things we’re doing        Wrong
Ambiguous Definitions.
Social and Political Factors
Inadequate Preparation of Teachers
Number of Professional Specialties Involved


                                 Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Things we can   Do Better
      Increased Awareness
      Identification of LD in Girls
      Better Research
      Understanding of the Impact
      Broader Definitions

Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Reading Strategies
                                   (there is no 1 way – these are ideas)
Decoding
What is decoding?
•Teach regular phonetic patterns of English
• These familiar rules / apply to new context
• Begin simple words then more complex
• Irregular patterns introduced then mastered



Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Reading Strategies
                  (there is no 1 way – these are ideas)
Comprehension Skills

•Build from fundamental to advanced
• Factual texts first. Then evaluate / analyze




                                       Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Reading Strategies
                  (there is no 1 way – these are ideas)
Approaches
•Need multiple approaches to instruction
• Research based
• Strategy should target the individual need and
learning style
      o phonics?
      o Linguistic
      o Multisensory
      o Language Experience Approach
      o Reading Comprehension Support
Conclusions
      Definition
      Individualized
      Teacher training
      Targeted Approaches
      research-based strategies



Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.

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Learning Disabilities Guide

  • 1. Learning Disabilities
  • 2. LD Definition Processes involved in understanding language NOT only Reading! listening, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, mathing (Includes ) perceptual disabilities brain injury minimal brain dysfunction Dyslexia developmental aphasia
  • 3. LD Definition Auditory and Visual Processing Disabilities - sensory disability in which a person has difficulty understanding language despite normal hearing and vision. Dyscalculia - a mathematical disability in which a person has a difficult time solving arithmetic problems and grasping math concepts. Dysgraphia - a writing disability in which a person finds it hard to form letters or write within a defined space. Dyslexia - a language based disability, in which a person has trouble understanding words, sentences, or paragraphs Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 4. LD Definition Title 1 vs IDEiA exclusionary language (NOT attributed to): mental retardation emotional disturbance cultural difference environmental economic disadvantage “learning disabilities reflect unexpected learning problems in a seemingly capable child” (Zigmond) Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 5. LD Identification Discrepancy between (IQ) & achievement No Universally accepted assessment No precise definition No demarcation of average reading ability Unidentified is MUCH worse Most identified around 3rd grade Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 6. LD Identification Reading deficit & ADD : Reading struggles more exacerbated, severe, and resistant to intervention Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 7. LD Identification Time w/o service=difficult for improved outcomes Co-morbid Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 8. Prevalence Rate over the past 20 years – why? 5% of all public school students LD = ½ of all SPED services (2.9 million students) Mostly Reading Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 9. Prevalence Rate Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 10. Prevalence Rate Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 11. Phases of Assessment Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 12. Students Characteristics Writing Difficulty with sentence structure, poor grammar, omitted words. Frequent spelling errors, inconsistent spelling, letter reversals. Difficulty copying from board or overhead. Poorly formed letters, difficulty with spacing, capitals, and punctuation. Reading Confusion of similar words, difficulty using phonics, problems reading multi-syllable words. Slow reading rate and/or difficulty adjusting speed to the nature of the reading task. Difficulty with comprehension and retention of material that is read, but not with material presented orally. Math Difficulty memorizing basic facts. Confusion or reversal of numbers, number sequence, or operational symbols. Difficulty reading or comprehending word problems. Problems with reasoning and abstract concepts. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 13. Students Characteristics Social Skills Difficulty quot;readingquot; facial expressions, body language. Problems interpreting subtle messages such as sarcasm. Confusion in spatial orientation, getting lost easily, difficulty following directions. Disorientation in time, difficulty telling time. (Wren) Study Skills Poor organization and time management. Difficulty following directions. Poor organization of notes and other written materials. Need more time to complete assignments. Oral Language Difficulty memorizing basic facts. Difficulty expressing ideas orally which the student seems to understand. Problems describing events or stories in proper sequence. Residual problems with grammar, difficulty with inflectional or derivational endings. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 14. Reading Intervention 2-3 yrs reading failure unresponsive to intervention Frequent and intense How to carry out inclusion ? phonological awareness instruction in kindergarten leads to positive effects during the first grade. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 15. Reading Intervention Phonological awareness Sound-symbol relationships Meaning and reading comprehension EXPERT teachers in kindergarten & 1st grade It must be done: 74% students identified @ age 9 in lowest quartile throughout middle/high Longer student faces failure = greater chance for more severe (co-morbid) problems Intervention depends on severity Explicit and targeted interventions:
  • 16. Teacher Frustration Leads frustration and poor confidence. Great teachers leave the profession or leave Special Education. This cycle of events calls for honest and aggressive reform in higher education. Teachers unprepared to teach x (math, reading…) to this population. Can’t be an expert and an area that you have not been taught! We (colleges of Education) have inadequately addressed this issue Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 17. Things we’re doing Wrong Ambiguous Definitions. Social and Political Factors Inadequate Preparation of Teachers Number of Professional Specialties Involved Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 18. Things we can Do Better Increased Awareness Identification of LD in Girls Better Research Understanding of the Impact Broader Definitions Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 19. Reading Strategies (there is no 1 way – these are ideas) Decoding What is decoding? •Teach regular phonetic patterns of English • These familiar rules / apply to new context • Begin simple words then more complex • Irregular patterns introduced then mastered Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 20. Reading Strategies (there is no 1 way – these are ideas) Comprehension Skills •Build from fundamental to advanced • Factual texts first. Then evaluate / analyze Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 21. Reading Strategies (there is no 1 way – these are ideas) Approaches •Need multiple approaches to instruction • Research based • Strategy should target the individual need and learning style o phonics? o Linguistic o Multisensory o Language Experience Approach o Reading Comprehension Support
  • 22. Conclusions Definition Individualized Teacher training Targeted Approaches research-based strategies Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.
  • 23. Presented by Brent Daigle, Ph.D.