Redesign Health Care Delivery
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Introduction to Redesigning of health care delivery. How CPOE changed the delivery of care ?
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Redesign Health Care Delivery
- 1. Redesigning Health Care System: CPOE what it does? Abdellatif Marini, BSN, MS Health Care Informatics University of Colorado, Denver
- 2. IOM Reports
- 3. ï§ ï§ To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System Placed quality on the national agenda Need well designed and managed âsystems of careâ
- 4. IOM report: the problem A fragmented system characterized by unnecessary duplication, long waits, and delays. ï„ Poor information systems: Healthcare is a âknowledge based businessâ but information is poorly delivered ï„ Doctors now suffer from the âinformation paradoxâ--drowning in information but cannot find the information they need ï„ Patient information is often neither evidence based nor easily accessible ï„
- 5. IOM report: the problem ï„ A system designed for episodic care when most disease is chronic ï„ Health care providers operate in silos
- 6. IOM report: 10 rules for redesigning health care 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Care based on continuous healing relationships--care whenever its needed, not just through face to face visits Customization based on patient needs and values Patient as the source of control Shared knowledge and free flow of information Evidence based decision making Safety as a system property The need for transparency--all information available, including the systemâs performance on safety, evidence based practice, and patient satisfaction Anticipation of needs Continuous decrease in waste Cooperation among clinicians
- 7. In Canada, ï„ ï„ ï„ There are 9,200 to 23,750 preventable deaths each year. Almost equivalent to 1 jumbo jet crashing each week with 300 lives lost. Medical errors are now the 4th leading cause of death in Canada. ï„ Numerous multi-million $ projects have been launched in an attempt to identify solutions with varying degrees of success and failure. ï„ One transformative initiative has been neglected. That is, providing practitioners with robust, evidence-based order sets with the essential up-to-date knowledge and tools to properly treat patients at the actual point-of-care.
- 8. To appreciate the significance of this transformative change, one needs to understand how care is typically delivered in hospitals today?
- 9. âEvery system is perfectly designed to get the results it consistently achievesâ âDr. Donald Berwick
- 10. Workflow Design Concepts Think healthcare delivery as a âsystemâ with a large number of components ï„ Focus efforts on reducing non-value added activities ï„ Reduce backlogs or wait times & consider parallel execution. ï„
- 11. Workflow Redesign ï„ Focus on total value stream improvements, not on localized improvements
- 12. Lean Six Sigma Process ï„ Current Lean Six Sigma Project Methodology Focus on âPeopleâ and âProcessâ ï„ * Lean â eliminate waste (speed) ï„ * Six Sigma â standardize (variation) ï„
- 13. Why Workflow Redesign? Improve quality Reduce costs & Eliminate waste Reduce variation Ease any IT implementation
- 14. Key Steps to Optimize Workflow Redesign ï±Document ï± Your Processes Survey and assess your practice system: Staff? Patients? External Services? Suppliers? Others? ASK : How do we do it better? ï± Involve representatives of your practice system: MDs, Nurses, ancillary services, etc. Prioritize (Strategic goals) ï± Select a process ï± Workflow design tools (Flowchart the process: Microsoft Visio; modeling software) ï± Select a Solution: PDCA, Lean, 6 sigma. ï±
- 16. Documenting Workflow START/END: Indicates where the workflow starts and where it terminates, for the purpose of the map OPERATION: A specific task or activity that takes place from an expenditure of labor, a processing activity, or a combination of both. DECISION POINT: A point within the flow of work in which a question must be answered to determine the next path or direction for the work. DELAY: Indicates the work or product goes into a wait line or delay. DIRECTION: Arrows indicate the direction of the flow of information DOCUMENT: Data that can be read by people, such as printed output CONNECTOR: Use this to create a cross-reference and hyperlink from a process on one page to a process on another page ON-PAGE REFERENCE: Use this to create a cross-reference to another point on the same page
- 17. Patient Pa ti ent Check-in Paper Process Patient Arrives Signs in at Front Desk Marks Patient Arrival Patient Completes Forms Yes New Patient? Give Pt. Forms to fill out, collect & copy insurance card No Collect and file forms in newly created chart Front Desk Receptionist Pull Paper Chart (from staging area) Does Pt Info need to be updated? Yes Yes Record updates in paper chart, collect & copy insurance card if needed No Collect Payment & generate record of payment for billing department Yes Does copay need to be collected? No Generate Flowsheet Put chart & flowsheet in bin indicating patient is ready for rooming
- 18. Examining Areas for Improvement ï„ After mapping existing workflows, the staff should ask themselves the following questions: ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ What are the best steps in the process? What makes those the best steps? What are we doing right? (Best can be defined by practice goals and vision, such as efficiency, client satisfying, etc.) What steps could use improvement? What are the least effective? What makes those steps the least effective? How could we improve those steps? Use the answers to these questions to aid in planning a future workflow with the new process. Health Information Technology Research Center (HITRC)
- 19. Patient Patient Check-in Process â EHR is Fully Integrated/Interfaced with Practice Management System (PMS) Patient Arrives Signs in at Front Desk Marks Patient Arrival on EHR Patient Completes Forms Yes New Patient? Give Pt. Forms to fill out, collect & scan insurance card No Collect and enter information in EHR Front Desk Receptionist Select Patient from EHR Does Pt Info need to be updated? No Collect Payment & record into EHR Yes Yes Yes Record EHR, scan card updates in collect & insurance if needed MU Objective: Record Pt Demographics as Structured Data Does copay need to be collected? No Mark âpt is readyâ for rooming into EHR
- 20. Improve Workflow: Find and Remove Bottlenecks Move Steps in the Process Close Together Use Synchronization Use Automation
- 21. Automation Surprises! adding automation is like adding another team member, but one who may not speak the same language or share the same cultural assumptions. When automation is implemented that does not speak the same language as the user or share the same mental models, it results in what is called âautomation surprises.â Clinical Practice Improvement and Redesign: How Change in Workflow Can Be Supported by Clinical Decision Support, AHRQ Publication No. 09-0054-EF, June 2009
- 22. Testing Test the new workflow using different clinical and patient encounter scenarios with the staff. This will increase the likelihood that youâve accounted for all possible required steps. ï„ Once implemented, conduct time-motion studies to determine if the new workflow is optimal or if there could be improvements made to the number of included steps. ï„ Use of CPOE system may not necessarily save time, however, improve outcomes and safety. ï„
- 23. Problems Ordering Treatments for Patients For each patient, the practitioner has to remember: ï„ All of the appropriate tests, medications and treatment options ï„ The right sequence of steps ï„ The right drug among many similarly named options ï„ To write legibly (if on paper) ï„ This process of practitioners writing by hand all the treatments required from memory poses a real challenge to the practitioner as: ï„ Each patient typically has many conditions that need to be addressed ï„ There are thousands of medical conditions the doctor must remember ï„ Patients can often need 60 or more orders to receive all the care required ï„ Modern medical knowledge is constantly evolving
- 24. This haphazard process understandably results in: Wasting of a practitionerâs time by having to handwrite from scratch each order (if using paper) ï„ Medical errors ï„ Reduced patient safety and quality of care ï„ Ordering of unnecessary treatments ï„ Forgetting to order necessary treatments ï„ Longer hospital stays ï„ Higher rate of patients returning to hospital ï„ Lawsuits ï„
- 26. None of this knowledge is delivered to the clinician when needed at the patient bedside!
- 27. The five ârightsâ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The right information The right person The right intervention format Through the right channel At the right time in the workflow
- 28. Problem of Health Records Current health records are: ï„ Paper based ï„ Disorganised ï„ Often illegible ï„ Lost ï„ Scattered ï„ Poorly linked
- 29. How do you think future Health Records will be? Electronic, lifelong, perhaps recording all food and drink consumption, exercise, etc Accessible from anywhere Linked to other records, like social care Able to show Multimedia Results Collect information from sensors in the body or home
- 30. Traditional CPOE Automates Physician Order Writing ï„ Focuses on Reduction of Medication Errors as Primary Benefit ï„ Mostly Manual Handoffs Downstream from Electronic Order ï„ In-house Development Resulting in a Proprietary System ï„
- 31. How can we improve implementation of EBM through CPOE?
- 32. Building a CPOE implementation One effective first step in the planning process is for the team to segment tasks into three categories: ï„ What new work tasks/process are we going to start doing? ï„ What work tasks/process are we going to stop doing? ï„ What work tasks/process are we going to sustain?
- 33. Contemporary CPOE ï Electronic transmission of physician orders directly to targeted pharmacy, lab, radiology, dietary and nursing subsystems. ï Re-engineering of complete service delivery workflow Decision Support tools including: ï§ Allergy Checking ï§ Drug Interaction ï§ Order Duplicate Checking ï§ Corollary Order Checking ï§ Weight-Based Dosing ï§ Drug Route Restriction ï§ Evidence-Based Order Sets
- 34. Corollary orders are trigger and response pairs that cause DSSs to suggest consequent orders in response to an antecedent order. (An example is Warfarin, prothrombin time each morning, or, âSince you ordered warfarin, you might also be interested in ordering prothrombin time each morning.â) A Recommendation Algorithm for Automating Corollary Order Generation- AMIA 2009 Symposium Proceedings Page - 333
- 35. âCorollary Ordersâ ï„ Randomized Trial of âCorollary Ordersâ demonstrated that physician workstations, linked to a comprehensive CPOE, can be an efficient means for decreasing errors of omissions and improving adherence to practice guidelines.
- 36. Prescribing errors classification Prescribing errors occur in 1.5-9.2% of medication orders written for hospital inpatient. Adverse drug events (Level 1) ï„ Potential ADEâs (Level 2) ï„ Deviations from best practice (Level 3) ï„ â Failure to deliver optimal dosing schedule â Failure to monitor drug levels or electrolytes according to established protocols â Failure to adhere to local formulary Vincent C, Barber N, Franklin BD, Burnett S.The contribution of pharmacy to making Britain a safer place to take medicines. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain: London; 2009.
- 39. Trigger Orders Heparin infusion IV fluids Insulin (all kinds) Oral hypoglycemic agents Narcotics (class II) Nonsteroidals Aminoglycosides Vancomycin intravenously Warfarin Amphotericin B Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitions Chloramphenicol Air contrast barium enema, IVP, UGI Isoniazid Potassium supplements Pulmonary artery catheter Ventilator orders Vasopressin drip Response Orders (1) Platelet count once before heparin started, then once in 24 hours (2) APTT at start, again after 6 hours of a dosage change (3) Protime once before heparin started (4) Hemoglobin at start of therapy, then QAM (5) Test stools for occult blood while on heparin (1) Place a saline lock when IV fluids are discontinued (1) Capillary glucoses (four times a day) (2) Glycosylated HGB (once if not done in preceding 180 days) (1) Capillary glucose (twice per day) (2) Glycosylated HGB (once if not done in preceding 180 days) (1) Docusate (stool softener) if not on any other form of stool softener or laxative (1) Creatinine (if not done in previous 10 days: SMA12, BUN counted as equivalent) (1) Peak and troughs levels after dosage changes, and q week if no change (2) Creatinine twice per week (q Monday and Thursday) (1) Measures of serum levels pre and post 4th dose (2) Audiometry (3) Baseline creatinine for dose adjustment (1) Prothrombin time each morning (1) Creatinine twice per week (q Monday and Thursday) (2) Magnesium level (twice per week while on therapy) (3) Electrolytes (twice per week while on therapy) (4) Acetaminophen (650 mg po 30 min before each amphotericin dose) (5) Benadryl (50 mg 30 min before each amphotericin dose) (1) Creatinine at baseline then 2 weeks after dosage changes (2) Potassium (q Monday and Thursday) (1) CBC (twice per week) (2) Retic count (twice per week) (1) Pregnancy test (if patient is female, in childbearing years, had no hysterectomy, and no pregnancy tests within 3 days) (1) SGOT, SGPT (as baseline when drug started) (1) Electrolytes once each morning (1) Portable AP chest x-ray (when first placed to check for placement) (1) Arterial blood gas after changes (1) Nitroglycerin drip or nitroglycerin paste (if patient having chest pain or known CAD) J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1997 Sep-Oct; 4(5): 364â375.
- 40. Working with âNewâ People Written orders - talked to nurses and unit clerks who talked to the ordered service ï„ CPOE - âtalkâ to a computer which relays questions back fromï„ Pharmacy ï„ Lab ï„ Every other ordered service ï„
- 42. Investigating Side Effects of Change âAdopt a proactive approach: examine new technologies âŠfor threats to safety and redesign them before accidents occur.â IOM report âTo err is humanâ p. 150
- 43. The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency. ~Bill Gates
Hinweis der Redaktion
- What ? Workflow processes must be re-engineered, including clinic policies and procedures, job descriptions, and scheduling and billing workflows.Who?Involve stakeholders from the beginning. Physician involvement is key to successFind and Remove BottlenecksIdentify constraints, exploited if possible, and removed if necessaryMove Steps in the Process Close TogetherPhysical location of people and facilities can affect processing time and cause communication problems.Use SynchronizationBy focusing on the flow of the patient through the process, each of the step can maximize efficiency.Use AutomationProcesses can be improved by the intelligent use of automation (EHR).
- Health records might beElectronic, lifelong, perhaps recording all food and drink consumption, exercise, etcAccessible from anywhereLinked to other records, like social careMultimediaCollect information from sensors in the body or homeData mined
- ADE1 e.g. rash when penicillin is administered to a known allergic patient