1. PARKINSON'S DISEASE

2. Parkinson's disease
 Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome
characterized by tremor, rigidity, postural
instability, and hypokinesia (decreased bodily
movement).
 Parkinson's disease is the second most common
neurodegenerative disorder and the most
common movement disorder. It is characterized
by progressive loss of muscle control, which
leads to trembling of the limbs and head while at
rest, stiffness, slowness, and impaired balance.

3. Etiology
 A male has a 50% higher risk of developing
Parkinson's disease than a female
 Increases with age
 Normally occurres after 50 yrs of age
 Parkinson's disease occurs in approximately
1% of individuals aged 60 years and in
about 4% of those aged 80 years

4. Clinical manifestations
The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease
are all related to voluntary and involuntary
motor function and usually start on one side
of the body. Symptoms are mild at first and
will progress over time. Some individuals are
more affected than others. Characteristic
motor symptoms include the following

5. Contd..
 Tremors: Trembling in
fingers, hands, arms, feet, legs, jaw, or head.
 Rigidity: Stiffness of the limbs and
trunk, which may increase during movement.
Rigidity may produce muscle aches and pain
 Bradykinesia: Slowness of voluntary
movement
 Postural instability: Impaired or lost reflexes
can make it difficult to adjust posture to
maintain balance

6. Secondary symptoms of
Parkinson's disease
 anxiety, insecurity, and stress
 confusion, memory loss, and dementia (more
common in elderly individuals)
 constipation,
 depression,
 male erectile dysfunction
 Weakness
 Confusion
 Personality changes

7. Diagnostic studies
 History collection and physical examination
 Neurologic examination
 CT scan
 MRI scan
 Blood routine

8. Medical management
 Levodopa has been the most widely used
treatment for over 30 years. L-DOPA is
converted into dopamine in the
dopaminergic neurons
 Anticholinergics may be useful as
treatment of motor symptoms
 Antihistamine drugs
 Antibiotics to reduce any infection
 Antidepression drugs

9. Contd..
 There is some evidence that speech or mobility
problems can improve with rehabilitation
 Palliative care
 Palliative care is often required in the final stages
of the disease when all other treatment
strategies have become ineffective. The aim of
palliative care is to maximize the quality of life
for the person with the disease and those
surrounding him or her.

10. Nutritional management
 Give foods that are easily chewable
 Diet should include fruits to reduce
constipation
 Food should be given in an atrractive manner
 Small frequent diets

11. complications
 Infection, such as urinary tract infection and
pneumonia
 Falls and broken bones
 Loss of ability to function or care for self
 Loss of ability to interact
 Comma
 Death

12. Thank you