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Feychting

  • 1. Mobile phones and health effects in children – epidemiology Maria Feychting Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Sweden
  • 2. Few epidemiological studies on children and adolescents  Well-being, cognition, behavioural problems  A few cross-sectional studies  Several cohort studies  Three cohort studies on maternal exposure  Cancer  RF-exposure from transmitters and cancer risk (one on base-stations, a few on radio and TV transmitters)  Mobile phone use and cancer risk – two international studies ongoing, CEFALO and Mobi-Kids Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 2
  • 3. Well-being, symptoms, depression etc. Methodological considerations  RF-exposure or life-style?  Need to distinguish between potential effects of radiofrequency exposure and a behavior or life-style associated with mobile phone use – reversed causality  Psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use, e.g.  demands on availability  perceived stressfulness of accessibility  being awakened at night  These are confounding factors in a study of RF exposure Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 3
  • 4. Cross-sectional studies  Limitations inherited in the cross-sectional study design  Cannot determine temporality – did exposure precede outcome (disease)?  Risk of reversed causality – outcome (disease) affects exposure  Cannot be used to draw conclusions about cause and effect Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 4
  • 5. Other limitations  Risk of recall bias – prevalent disease affects self- reported exposure  Amount of mobile phone use  Distance to base station  Disease is also self-reported  Selection bias may be a problem  Concerned persons more likely to participate  and more likely to have located the nearest base station  and probably more likely to report symptoms or lower well- being Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 5
  • 6. German study (Thomas et al. 2008) showed that 3% among participating adolescents answered ”don’t know” on question about distance to base station, compared to 17% among non-participants German study (Thomas et al. 2008) showed that among participating adolescents in personal measurement study, 12% were concerned about mobile phones, compared to 8% among non- participants Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 6
  • 7. Well-being, symptoms, depression Cross-sectional studies, self-reported  Various health outcomes more common among children and adolescents self-reporting frequent mobile phone and DECT phone use Söderqvist F, et al. 2008, Heinrich et al. 2011, 2011,  e.g. concentration problems, stress, tiredness, sleeping problems, irritation, asthma, hay fever, etc.  Generally higher effects in Swedish studies – residual confounding? German studies controlled for environmental worries  Recall bias and selection bias a problem – and confounding!  Other studies have a different aim:  Behaviors associated with mobile phone use increase health problems (tiredness, depression, sleep problems)  Thomée et al. 2011, Punamäki et al. 2007 Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 7
  • 8. Well-being, symptoms, depression Cross-sectional studies, measured exposure  Heinrich et al. 2011, 2011: 1498 children (8-12 years) and 1524 adolescents (13-17 years) participated in an interview and measurement (52% of invited)  Exposure assessment using personal dosimetry 24 h  Cross-sectional design – two types of outcomes:  Chronic well-being – measured symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, fear and sleeping problems  Acute symptoms – symptoms reported in a diary; exposure in the morning was related to symptoms at noon, exposure in afternoon to symptoms in the evening  No consistent effects found with measured RF exposure Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 8
  • 9. Well-being, symptoms, depression Cohort studies  Thomée et al. 2011: psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health symptoms  High frequency of mobile phone use at baseline was a risk factor for mental health outcomes at 1-year follow-up  Fewer and lower effects than in cross-sectional analyses  The risk for reporting mental health symptoms at follow-up was associated with other aspects of mobile phone use – e.g. being constantly accessible  Bulck et al. 2007: Calling and text messages very common during nighttime  High frequency of mobile phone use and SMS associated with tiredness Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 9
  • 10. Cognitive function – cross-sectional MoRPhEUS, Australia  Abramson MJ, et al. 2009: Mobile telephone use is associated with changes in cognitive function in young adolescents  Poorer accuracy, faster reaction time, associative learning response time shorter  Same results for calls as for SMS – unlikely to be RF Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 10
  • 11. Confounding  The exposure of interest: Radiofrequency fields  i.e. not other aspects of mobile phone use that may cause changes in the outcome  e.g. cognitive function trained by frequent sending of text messages ” …. these cognitive changes were unlikely due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure.Overall, mobile phone use was associated with faster and less accurate responding to higher level cognitive tasks. These behaviours may have been learned through frequent use of a mobile phone.” Abramson MJ, et al. Mobile telephone use is associated with changes in cognitive function in young adolescents. Bioelectromagnetics 2009;30:678-86. Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 11
  • 12. MoRPhEUS, cohort analysis Mobile phone use and cognitive function  Thomas et al, 2010, one-year follow-up of 236 7th grade students  Cognitive function tests distributed at baseline and follow-up  Measured response times and accuracy  Students with more calls and SMS at baseline showed less reductions in response times at follow-up  Students with increased number of calls and SMS showed more reduction in response times at follow-up  Increased number of calls and SMS was mainly among students with low use at baseline  Changes over time may relate to statistical regression to the mean and not be the effect of mobile phone exposure Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 12
  • 13. Behavioral problems – cross-sectional  Self-reported mobile phone use at age 7 increased risk of behavioral problems in Danish children  Divan, et al. 2008, 2011  Measured environmental RF increased risk of behavioral problems in children (conduct problems) and adolescents (conduct problems, hyperactivity)  Thomas, et al. 2010 Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 13
  • 14. Potential for reversed causality – behavioral problems  Behavioral problems may be associated with a lifestyle  Likely to increase own mobile phone use  Likely to increase time spent in environments where mobile phone use is more common, e.g. cafés, clubs, public transportation – higher environmental exposure  Truancy more common – more time to spend on the phone  May lead to false positive results – the outcome may increase exposure  Difficult to determine when the condition started  Reversed causality potential problem also in cohort and case-control studies with insufficient latency period Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 14
  • 15. Maternal exposure during pregnancy  Effects on behavioral problems at age 7, in two publications on Danish cohort study  Divan et el. 2010, Divan et al. 2011  Retrospective self-reported assessment of mobile phone use  Both publications report increased risk  Highest risk with both prenatal and postnatal phone use – combined OR=1.5 (95% CI 1.4-1.7)  Strong hereditary component, over 80% heritability – mothers who were early mobile phone users possibly different  Extensive confounding control  Lower risks in more recent birth cohorts – residual confounding? Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 15
  • 16. Example of confounding Maternal smoking during pregnancy  Lambe et al., 2006: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and school performance at age 15:  Increased risk of poor school performance related to maternal smoking, with dose-response  However, if mother smoked in her first pregnancy but not in her second, the sibling was also at increased risk  Cnattingius et al., 2011: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and suicidal acts in young offspring  Increased risk of suicidal acts related to maternal smoking, with dose-response  With sibling controls discordant for the outcome – no association was found with maternal smoking during pregnancy Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 16
  • 17. Maternal exposure during pregnancy and child development  Divan et al. 2011, in press, cohort study of 41,000 Danish children  No effect on developmental milestones at age 6 and 18 months  Vrijheid et al. 2010, cohort study of 530 Spanish children  Little evidence of adverse effects on neurobehavioral development at age 14 months Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 17
  • 18. Transmitters and cancer risk  Studies with individually predicted RF field strength from radio- and TV towers have not found increased risk of childhood leukemia (reviewed in Schuz J, Ahlbom A. Rad Prot Dosim, 2008)  UK case-control study of exposure from mobile phone base stations during pregnancy and childhood cancer  Distance from nearest base station  Total power output  Modelled power density  No associations were found for any cancer type Elliot et al. 2010 Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 18
  • 19. Mobile phone use and childhood brain tumour risk Two ongoing international case-control studies:  CEFALO  MOBI-KIDS Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 19
  • 20. CEFALO - An international case-control study on brain tumours in children and adolescents and mobile phone use  Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland  All cases of brain tumours in children aged 7-19 are identified during a 4 year period  Close collaboration with paediatric oncology and neurosurgery clinics  Regular search in population based Cancer registries  Study period: April/May 2004 to 2008  2 controls per case selected randomly from the general population Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 20
  • 21. Data collection Personal interviews with child and parent(s)  Exposure information:  Detailed questions about mobile phone use: frequency, duration, laterality and type (voice or messaging), handsfree, and use of cordless phones  Questions about other potential risk factors  Information from registries (mobile phone operators, medical birth registries)  Collection of saliva samples  Stored at Karolinska Biobank, Stockholm Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 21
  • 22. CEFALO  In total, >400 cases of brain tumours and >900 population based controls are eligible for inclusion  Participation rates are high, >80% among cases and >70% among controls  Analyses have been finalized, manuscript submitted Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 22
  • 23. Brain tumour incidence in Sweden 1970-2008 Age 10-24 years, per 100 000, age standardized 6 5 4 Men 3 Women 2 1 0 Source: Swedish 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 Cancer Registry National Board of Health and Welfare Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 23
  • 24. Research strategies  Prospectively collected exposure information  To avoid recall bias  Sufficient latency periods to avoid reversed causality  Cross-sectional observational studies not recommended  Large, well-designed, well-controlled human experimental studies probably more informative for acute effects  Cohort studies with prospective data for long-term effects  For behavioral outcomes frequent follow-up needed  Monitor brain tumour incidence time trends  Information from high quality cancer registers, international collaborations to minimize random fluctuations Maria Feychting 18 maj 2011 24