1. paper review 전상귀
Objective : demonstrated the use of lauryl alcohol as a potential lipidic feed
stock for sophorolipid production using C. bombicola.

2. Introduction
Biosurfactants, alternatives to chemically
synthesized surfactants, have garnered
increasing attention. biodegradability, low
toxicity and resistance to temperature and
pH variations
Sophorolipids exhibit surface-active and
emulsification properties, antimicrobial
activities.
Sophorolipid show anticancer activity, and
are recommended for the treatment of skin
diseases.

3. Material and method
Chemicals - Lauryl alcohol (C12–-14)
Stain – Candida bombicola ATCC 22214
Effect of Glucose Concentration, Temperature
Separation - centrifugation at 5000 rpm, 20min, Etyhl acetate
Structural Characterization - Fourier transform infrared
Surface tension
Emulsification Activity
Wetting Property
Antibacterial Study

4. Result
Effect of Time
Incubation period in the range of 24–
144 h at 30 C at 180 rpm.
Increase in sophorolipid yield was
observed with varying time intervals
, Maximum production was obtained at
96 h.

5. Result
Effect of Carbon Source
Range of 5–12 %
Maximum production of SL was
obtained when 10 % glucose
concentration

6. Result
Effect of initial pH
Maximum production of SL was
obtained when the initial pH of the
medium was 6.0.

7. Result
Effect of Temperature
Range 25–35
30 C resulting in good yield of the
product
Metal ions is hamper the stationary
phase of the organism

8. Results
Effect of Metal ions
Range of 10–30 mM.
Maximum ceoncentration 20 mM of Fe2+
and Zn2+ Ions

9. Results
Structural Characterization of the Produced SLLA by FTIR
From the following FTIR data it could be concluded that alkylsophorosides/ sophorolipid must
have formed and hence showing good surface activities.

10. Results
Emulsification Activity
SLLA showed good emulsifying
activity
Emulsification activity was stable for
the above-mentioned emulsions for
more than 2 weeks.
As per the formula mentioned, the
emulsification index was calculated
for different surfactants

11. Results
Surface Tension
Surface tension of the crude
sophorolipid was investigated in
comparison with that of SDS, laureth
4 and SLOA.
.
SLLA reduced the surface tension of
distilled water to 24 mN/m with a
CMC value of 0.68 mg/L.

12. Results
Wetting Property
Concentration increases, the wetting
time decreases wetting power of the
surfactants increases with increasing
concentration.

13. Results
Contact Angle
Waterproofing or water repellency is
an important industrial process,
which depends on contact angle
values.
A high contact angle indicates a low
solid surface energy or chemical
affinity

14. Results
Antibacterial Activity
Sophorolipids have a good inhibition
property against gram positive bacteria but
so far a very few reports show a satisfactory
inhibition against gram negative bacteria.
It was observed that E. coli showed zero
percent cell survival when sophorolipid
concentration was 3 mg with an incubation
time of 2 h.

15. Results
Antibacterial Activity
In the case of S. aureus, a sophorolipid
concentration of 0.6 mg and incubation
time of 4 h resulted in zero percent cell
survival
SLLA showed better antibacterial ability
than lauryl alcohol.

16. Conclusions
Modification of the lipophilic portion of the sophorolipid structure has shown
to alter the physicochemical properties.
These sophorolipids were found to have higher hydrophobicity and good
emulsification activity.
Surface tension reduction ability was very high compared to synthetic
surfactants along with low CMC values.
Sophorolipids using lauryl alcohol have potent antimicrobial activity on both
gram negative bacteria, E. coli and gram positive bacteria, S. aureus.