2. H Human: This particular virus can only infect
human beings .
I immunodeficiency: HIV weakens your immune
system by destroying important cells that fight disease
and infection. A "deficient" immune system can't
protect you.
V Virus: A virus can only reproduce itself by taking
over a cell in the body of its host.

3. A Acquired: AIDS is not something you inherit from your
parents. You acquire AIDS after birth.
I immuno: Your body's immune system includes all the
organs and cells that work to fight off infection or disease.
D deficiency: You get AIDS when your immune system is
"deficient," or isn't working the way it should.
S Syndrome: A syndrome is a collection of symptoms
and signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome, rather than a single
disease, because it is a complex illness with a wide range of
complications and symptoms.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is the final stage of HIV infection.
People at this stage of HIV disease have badly damaged immune systems,
which put them at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs).
You will be diagnosed with AIDS if you have one or more specific OIs,
certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells. If you have AIDS, you will
need medical intervention and treatment to prevent death.

4. HIV/AIDS
HIV can hide for long periods of time in the cells of your body
and that it attacks a key part of your immune system – your T-
cells or CD4 cells. Your body has to have these cells to fight
infections and disease, but HIV invades them, uses them to make
more copies of itself, and then destroys them.
Over time, HIV can destroy so many of your CD4 cells that your
body can't fight infections and diseases anymore. When that
happens, HIV infection can lead to AIDS.

5. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus
(a member of the retrovirus family) that causes
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a
condition in humans in which progressive failure
of the immune system allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
The most common way to spread HIV is
through sexual contact.

6. HIV was discovered in the early 1980’s. A group of gay
men suddenly started to develop rare infections and
cancer that didn’t seem to be curing with any type of
medication.
Scientist believe that HIV is the descendant of the
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). SIV is a lent virus
that is found in animals like monkeys.
?
How is it possible
for a disease from
monkeys get
diagnosed to a
human being

8. This graph
shows how
much people
Over 38,000,000 people around the world are diagnosed with would be
affected with
HIV. HIV in 2010.
This graph
shows the
percentage
Top 5 countries: of the
causes of
1. South Africa – 5,700,000 HIV.
2. Nigeria – 2,600,000
3. India – 2,400,000
4. Kenya – 1,900,000
5. Zimbabwe – 1,800,00

9. HIV Transmission
HIV enters the blood stream through:
•Open Cuts
•Breaks in the Skin
•Mucus Membranes
•Direct Injection

10. HIV Transmission
Common fluids that are a means of
transmission:
•Blood
•Semen
•Vaginal Secretions
•Breast Milk

11. Particles in 1ml
18,000
11,000
7,000
4,000
1
Blood Semen Vaginal Amniotic Saliva
Fluid Fluid
Average number of HIV particles in1ml of these body fluids

12. Sexual Contact •Male-to-Male
•Male-to-Female or vice versa
•Female-to-female
Blood Exposure •Injecting drugs use needle/sharing
•Occupational Exposure
•Transfusion of Blood Products
Perinatal: •Transmission from mom to baby
•Breast Feeding

13. Entry to the cell
HIV enters macrophages and CD4+ T cells by the
adsorption of glycoproteinson its surface to
receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of
the viral envelope with the cell membrane and
the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

14. Replication and transcription
Shortly after the viral capsid enters
the cell, an enzyme called reverse
transcriptase liberates the single-
stranded (+)RNA genome from the
attached viral proteins and copies
it into a complementary DNA
(cDNA) molecule. The process of
reverse transcription is extremely
error-prone, and the resulting
mutations may cause drug
resistance or allow the virus to
evade the body's immune system.

16. This is the period of time after becoming infected when an
HIV test is negative infected when an HIV test is negative
90 percent of cases test positive within three months of
exposure three months of exposure
10 percent o fcases test positive within three to six months
of exposure three to six months of exposure

17. Importance of Early Testing
and Diagnosis
•Allows for early treatment to maintain
and stabilize the immune system
response stabilize the immune system
response
•Decreases risk of HIV transmission from
mother to newborn baby mother to new
born baby
•Allows for risk reduction education to
reduce or eliminate high-risk behavior

18. 'HIV requires a couple of different molecules(receptors) on the
surface of cells to gain entrance and infect the cells. It has
recently been found that some people have mutations in one of
these receptors. This alters the molecule in such a way that HIV
cannot get in or has great difficulty in getting in. This finding has
created a new body of research that is finding compounds
which mimic the blocking of HIV entrance into the cell. There are
also other individuals who are heavily exposed, but do not have
this receptor mutation.
They may have other genetic determinants (such as human
leukocyte antigen,HLA differences)among others which prevent
HIV infection. Lastly, some exposed, but uninfected people are
able to demonstrate immune reactions to HIV in the test tube. All
of these observations are the subject of intense research.

20. •Once a person is infected they are always
infected
•Medications are available to prolong life but they
do not cure the disease
•Those who are infected are capable of infecting
others without having symptoms or knowing of the
infections (as incubation period may be up to 10
years or more)

21. Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a lot like other
viruses, including those that cause the "flu" or the
common cold. But there is an important difference –
over time, your immune system can clear most
viruses out of your body. That isn't the case with HIV –
the human immune system can't seem to get rid of
it. Scientists are still trying to figure out why.