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Cell Structure Chapter 4 Summary
- 7. An extension of the nuclear envelope
- 8. Site where many new polypeptide chains are modified
- 9. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes that make polypeptides that enter the ER as they are assembled
- 10. Smooth ER has no ribosomes: Enzymes assemble lipids that form cell membranes, and break down substances
- 12. Many vesicles transport substances from one organelle to another, including endocytic vesicles and exocytic vesicles
- 13. Other vesicles include peroxisomes , lysosomes , and vacuoles (including central vacuoles )
- 17. Sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles that carry them to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane
- 23. The buildup causes the ions to flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane, through membrane transport proteins that drive the formation of ATP
- 29. Have their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA
- 30. Divide independently of the cell, and have their own ribosomes
- 33. In the stroma, a highly folded stack of membrane (grana/granum ) forms a single, continuous compartment
- 34. Photosynthesis takes place at the thylakoid membrane, which incorporates pigments such as chlorophylls, which are green
- 36. ATP is used in the stroma to build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
- 48. Intermediate filaments connect to structures that lock cell membranes together in tissues
- 56. The microtubules grow from a barrel-shaped centriole , which remains below the finished array as a basal body
- 63. Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane
- 65. Supports cells and tissues
- 66. Has roles in cell signaling
- 68. Chitin covering protects arthropods
- 69. Waxy coat protects plant’s exposed surfaces
- 72. Example: Bone is mostly extracellular matrix composed of collagen, a fibrous protein, hardened by mineral deposits
- 77. Allow water, nutrients, and signaling molecules to flow quickly from cell to cell
- 80. Cells send and receive ions, molecules, or signals through some junctions
- 81. Other kinds help cells recognize and stick to each other and to extracellular matrix
- 93. They have a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed compartments
- 94. Cells differ in internal parts and surface specializations
- 97. Collectively, these properties characterize living things as different from nonliving things
- 99. They consist of one or more cells
- 100. They engage in self-sustaining biological processes such as metabolism and homeostasis
- 101. They change over their lifetime by growing, maturing, and aging
- 102. They use DNA as hereditary material
- 103. They have the collective capacity to change over successive generations by adapting to environmental pressures
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Figure 4.16 Endomembrane system, where many proteins are modified and lipids are built. These molecules are sorted and shipped to cellular destinations or to the plasma membrane for export.
- Figure 4.16 Endomembrane system, where many proteins are modified and lipids are built. These molecules are sorted and shipped to cellular destinations or to the plasma membrane for export.
- Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
- Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
- Figure 4.17 The mitochondrion. This organelle specializes in producing large quantities of ATP.
- Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
- Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
- Figure 4.18 The chloroplast, a defining character of photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Bottom , transmission electron micrograph of a chloroplast from a tobacco leaf ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The lighter patches are nucleoids where the chloroplast’s own DNA is stored.
- Figure 4.19 Cytoskeletal elements. Below , a fluorescence micrograph shows microtubules ( yellow ) and actin microfilaments ( blue ) in the growing end of a nerve cell. These cytoskeletal elements support and guide the cell’s lengthening.
- Figure 4.20 Motor proteins. Here, kinesin ( tan ) drags a pink vesicle as it inches along a microtubule.
- Figure 4.21 Examples of motile structures in cells. A Flagellum of a human sperm, which is about to penetrate an egg. B A predatory amoeba ( Chaos carolinense ) extending two pseudopods around its hapless meal: a single-celled green alga ( Pandorina ).
- Figure 4.22 Mechanism of movement of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
- Figure 4.22 Mechanism of movement of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
- Figure 4.21 Examples of motile structures in cells. A Flagellum of a human sperm, which is about to penetrate an egg. B A predatory amoeba ( Chaos carolinense ) extending two pseudopods around its hapless meal: a single-celled green alga ( Pandorina ).
- Figure 4.23 A plant ECM. Section through a plant leaf showing cuticle, a protective covering of deposits secreted by living cells.
- Figure 4.24 Some characteristics of plant cell walls.
- Figure 4.24 Some characteristics of plant cell walls.
- Figure 4.25 Three types of cell junctions in animal tissues: tight junctions, gap junctions, and adhering junctions. In the micrograph above , a profusion of tight junctions ( green ) seals abutting surfaces of kidney cell membranes and forms a waterproof tissue. The DNA in each cell nucleus appears red .
- Figure 4.26 Organelles and structures typical of A plant cells and B animal cells.
- Figure 4.26 Organelles and structures typical of A plant cells and B animal cells.