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Perinatal Outcome Following Third Trimester
Exposure to Paroxetine
Adriana Moldovan Costei, MD; Eran Kozer, MD; Tommy Ho, MD, FRCPC;
Shinya Ito, MD; Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC




Background: Paroxetine hydrochloride is commonly                     women using paroxetine during the first or second tri-
used for maternal depression, panic disorder, and obses-             mester and 27 women using nonteratogenic drugs were
sive-compulsive disorder. The drug readily crosses the               matched for maternal age, gravity, parity, social drug use,
human placenta. Although it does not appear to in-                   and nonteratogenic drug use.
crease teratogenic risk, there have been case reports of
neonatal withdrawal. Symptoms were described soon af-                Results: Of the 55 neonates exposed to paroxetine in
ter birth and lasted up to 1 month.                                  late gestation, 12 had complications necessitating inten-
                                                                     sive treatment and prolonged hospitalization. The most
Objective: To investigate whether there is a clinically              prevalent clinical picture was respiratory distress (n=9),
important discontinuation syndrome in neonates ex-                   followed by hypoglycemia (n=2), and jaundice (n=1).
posed to paroxetine in utero.                                        The symptoms disappeared within 1 to 2 weeks. In the
                                                                     comparison group, only 3 infants experienced compli-
Methods: Prospective, controlled cohort study.                       cations (P = .03). In logistic regression, only third-
                                                                     trimester exposure to paroxetine was associated with neo-
Patients: Fifty-five pregnant women counseled pro-                   natal distress (odds ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval,
spectively by the Motherisk program in Toronto, On-                  1.14-79.3).
tario, regarding third-trimester exposure to paroxetine
and their infants were included in the study group. Preg-            Conclusion: When used near term, paroxetine is asso-
nant women who discontinued paroxetine before the third              ciated with a high rate of neonatal complications, pos-
trimester or those receiving other drugs known to cause              sibly caused by its common discontinuation syndrome.
withdrawal-type symptoms, such as opioids or benzodi-
azepines, were excluded. A comparison group of 27                    Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:1129-1132




                                   P
                                                 AROXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE             plasma ratio ranging from 0.056 to 1.3, and
                                                  (Paxil; GlaxoSmithKline,           the maximal daily dosage taken up by the
                                                  Research Triangle Park, NC)        infant is estimated at 0.34% of the mater-
                                                  is commonly used for mater-        nal dosage per kilogram of body weight.5-8
                                                  nal depression, panic disor-            The objective of the present study was
                                   der, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in         to compare the perinatal outcome of in-
                                   pregnant women. Although the drug does            fants exposed in utero to paroxetine with
                                   not appear to cause major congenital mal-         that of healthy controls and infants ex-
                                   formations,1 its perinatal safety when used       posed to the drug only during the first and
                                   in late gestation has not been estab-             second trimesters of pregnancy.
                                   lished. The drug readily crosses the hu-
                                   man placenta and has a mean elimina-                              METHODS
                                   tion half-life of 21 hours.
                                         There have been recently several neo-       The Motherisk program provides counseling
                                   natal case reports of symptoms associ-            for women and their health care providers on
                                   ated with maternal use of paroxetine,2-4 in-      the risk or safety of drugs and chemicals dur-
                                                                                     ing pregnancy and lactation. Presently, we are
                                   cluding irritability, jitteriness, constant
From the Motherisk program,                                                          counseling as many as 200 patients a day. Be-
Division of Clinical
                                   crying, shivering, eating or sleeping diffi-      tween September 1996 and September 1999,
Pharmacology/Toxicology,           culties, gastrointestinal symptoms, and sei-      we followed all pregnant women who called
the Hospital for Sick Children,    zures. These symptoms were described              the Motherisk program about paroxetine ex-
and the University of Toronto,     soon after birth and lasted up to 1 month         posure during the third trimester of preg-
Toronto, Ontario.                  after birth. Paroxetine has a reported milk-      nancy. These women were prospectively fol-


                 (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002     WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM
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between the study and control groups (P .10) or those that
  Table 1. Maternal Characteristics*                                      might confound the relationship between other variables and
                                                                          respiratory distress were included in a multivariate analysis. Vari-
                               Paroxetine Hydrochloride                   ables were retained in the multivariate analysis if they met the
                                   Exposure in the                        significance level of P .05 or if they changed the point of es-
                                   Third Trimester                        timate of another variable by more than 10%.
                                             Comparison
                               Cases           Group†            P                                    RESULTS
  Characteristic              (n = 55)        (n = 54)         Value
                                                                          Of 291 pregnant women who were counseled by the
  Maternal age, mean, y         32.9            32.4            .82
  Gravidity
                                                                          Motherisk program about paroxetine use, 55 met the in-
    1                         19 (35)         18 (33)                     clusion criterion, being exposed to the drug during the
                                                                .95
       1                      36 (65)         36 (67)                     third trimester. They used paroxetine for depression (31
  Parity‡                                                                 women [56%]), anxiety (17 women [31%]), anxiety and
    0                         24 (44)         23 (43)                     depression (7 women [13%]), and panic attacks (5 women
    1                         22 (40)         19 (35)           .94       [9%]) (some patients had more than 1 indication). The
    2                          7 (13)          9 (17)
  Social drug use
                                                                          daily dosage ranged from 10 mg to 60 mg (mean, 23 mg;
    Alcohol                    4 (7)           9 (17)           .12       median, 20 mg).
    Smoking                   14 (26)          5 (9)            .05             The maternal characteristics of the 2 groups are sum-
                                                                          marized in Table 1. The infants in the 2 comparison sub-
   *Data are presented as the number (percentage) of subjects unless      groups did not differ in any characteristic and therefore
otherwise indicated.                                                      were combined for the sake of comparison with the study
   †Comparison group included 27 women who used paroxetine only during
the first and/or second trimesters and 27 women who used nonteratogenic   group.
drugs.                                                                          Of the 55 infants exposed to paroxetine during the
   ‡Some women had parity higher than 2.                                  third trimester of pregnancy, 12 experienced neonatal
                                                                          complications that necessitated prolonged hospitaliza-
lowed up by telephone calls after delivery. The interview
                                                                          tions (Table 2). The most prevalent clinical picture was
addressed the course of pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal             respiratory distress (n = 9), followed by hypoglycemia
period, including malformations, developmental milestones, nu-            (n=2) and jaundice (n=1). None of the infants had pneu-
trition, etc. Interviewers did not make any suggestions about             monia, cardiac malformation, respiratory distress syn-
potential adverse outcomes. The protocol of the interview has             drome, sepsis, or other causes of respiratory distress. In
been previously outlined in detail.9                                      contrast, only 3 infants in the comparison group had neo-
      The inclusion criterion was exposure to paroxetine                  natal complications (2 infants with paroxetine expo-
throughout the third trimester. Pregnant women who discon-                sure in trimesters 1 and 2 had respiratory distress and
tinued paroxetine before the third trimester or those receiving           meconium aspiration, respectively; 1 of the nonterato-
other drugs known to cause withdrawal-type symptoms, such                 genic controls had jaundice). The rate of neonatal com-
as opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or heavy use of etha-
nol, were excluded from the study. At the time of counseling,
                                                                          plications among neonates exposed to paroxetine in the
we collected data on reproductive and medical history, de-                third trimester (22%) was significantly higher than among
tailed exposure data, and information on all other drugs used             controls (6%) (P=.03). In the study group, there was a
concomitantly. Details about cigarette, alcohol, and recre-               significantly higher rate of prematurity (20% vs 3.7%;
ational drug use were also collected. After delivery, partici-            P =.02) (Table 3).
pants were contacted again to record the pregnancy outcome                      In the third-trimester paroxetine exposure group,
and neonatal complications, including withdrawal symptoms                 36 women breastfed and continued taking paroxetine af-
and breastfeeding.                                                        ter delivery. During breastfeeding, 8 women reported
      For each case, we chose a control mother-child pair from            symptoms in their infants, including alertness (n=6), con-
the same prospective cohort and matched them for maternal                 stipation (n=3), sleepiness (n=1), and irritability (n=1).
age, gravity, parity, social drug use (alcohol and smoking), and
nonteratogenic drug use (eg, acetaminophen, vitamins, and cal-
                                                                          In the comparison group, 44 babies were breastfed, and
cium supplements). Two comparison groups were chosen. The                 none of the mothers reported adverse neonatal effects,
first group included women counseled by Motherisk about ges-              (P=.001).
tational use of paroxetine only during the first and second tri-                The following variables were initially included in a
mesters (1-week to 6-months gestational age; median age,                  backward logistic stepwise regression model: prematu-
6 weeks). Daily dosage of paroxetine hydrochloride ranged from            rity, maternal smoking, cesarean delivery, and exposure
10 mg to 40 mg, with a median of 20 mg. The second group                  to paroxetine in the third trimester (Table 4). The only
included women counseled by Motherisk about first-                        factor retained in the model and found to be associated
trimester exposure to nonteratogenic agents (eg, acetamino-               with respiratory distress in the newborn was exposure
phen or dental x-rays).                                                   to paroxetine in the third trimester (odds ratio, 9.53; 95%
      Data were analyzed with Statistical Product and Service
Solutions software for Windows, version 10 (SPSS Inc, Chi-
                                                                          confidence interval, 1.14-79.30).
cago, Ill). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demo-
graphic data. The 2 test was used to compare categorical vari-                                        COMMENT
ables, and the t test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate, was
used for continuous variables. Backward stepwise logistic re-             Paroxetine discontinuation symptoms have been re-
gression was used to identify factors that could affect the rates         ported at a rate of 0.3 per 1000 perscriptions.10 This may
of respiratory distress. Variables found to differ significantly          be partly due to the relatively high potency of parox-

                   (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002        WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM
                                                                 1130
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Table 2. Complications Among Neonates Exposed to Paroxetine in the Third Trimester and the Comparison Groups*

   Patient No.                            Complication                                                          Relevant Details
                                                       Paroxetine Hydrochloride Third Trimester Group (n = 55)
         4                     Bradycardia                                     Term, septic workup was negative, echocardiogram, computed tomographic
                                                                                 scan, 4-d hospitalization, no diagnosis
        5                      Respiratory distress                            Term, no sepsis, 1-wk hospitalization
        9                      Hypoglycemia                                    Term, no sepsis
       15                      Respiratory distress, jaundice                  Preterm, intubation, phototherapy, 10-d hospitalization
       20                      Respiratory distress                            Term, placenta previa, bleeding, cesarean delivery, 2-wk hospitalization
       21                      Suckling problems                               Term, 2-wk hospitalization, no diagnosis
       25                      Respiratory distress                            Term, intubation
       33                      Respiratory distress, hypoglycemia              Preterm, problems resolved in first few hours
       35                      Respiratory distress, tachycardia               Preterm, 1 day in intensive care unit for respiratory distress
       36                      Respiratory distress                            Term
       41                      Respiratory distress                            Term
       52                      Respiratory distress                            Term
                                                        Paroxetine First and Second Trimesters Group (n = 27)
       18                      Respiratory distress first few hours                                                   ...
       29                      Meconium aspiration, intubation                                                        ...
                                                                  Nonteratogenic Drugs Group (n = 27)
       56                      Jaundice                                                                               ...

  *Ellipses indicate not applicable.



   Table 3. Pregnancy Outcome*                                                           Table 4. Univariate Analysis of the Association
                                                                                         Between Risk Determinants for Respiratory Distress
                                       Paroxetine Hydrochloride                          in the Study Group
                                           Exposure in the
                                           Third Trimester                                                                                Odds Ratio
                                                                                         Variable                                   (95% Confidence Interval)
                                                      Comparison
                                        Cases           Group†           P               Maternal smoking
   Variable                            (n = 55)        (n = 54)        Value               No smoking                                   1.00 (Reference)
                                                                                           Smoking                                      2.22 (0.52-9.52)
   Gestational age
                                                                                         Maternal use of paroxetine hydrochloride
      Term                            42 (76)           35 (65)         .33
                                                                                           in the third trimester
      Preterm                         11 (20)            2 (4)          .02
                                                                                              Did not use paroxetine                    1.00 (Reference)
      Postterm                         2 (4)            17 (32)         .001
                                                                                              Used paroxetine                          10.35 (1.27-84.67)
   Birth weight, mean ±SD, g        3394 ± 650        3578 ± 464        .09
                                                                                         Gestational age, wk
   Sex
                                                                                             37                                         1.00 (Reference)
      Female                           24 (44)          28 (52)
                                                                        .45                  37                                         3.81 (0.85-17.13)
      Male                             31 (56)          26 (48)
                                                                                         Mode of delivery
   Major malformation                   0                0
                                                                                           Vaginal                                      1.00 (Reference)
   Breastfed                           36 (65)          44 (81)         .85
                                                                                           Cesarean                                     0.92 (0.18-4.65)

   *Data are presented as the number (percentage) of subjects unless otherwise
indicated.
   †Comparison group included 27 women who used paroxetine only during the             and their conditions improved without further interven-
first and/or second trimesters and 27 women who used nonteratogenic drugs.             tion or emergence of other underlying diagnoses.
                                                                                             It may be argued that the high rate of adverse neo-
                                                                                       natal events, especially during breastfeeding, among in-
etine at the serotonin uptake site. In adults, discontinu-                             fants exposed to paroxetine during the third trimester may,
ation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)                               at least in part, be associated with maternal psychiatric
leads to nonspecific symptoms such as dizziness, pares-                                morbidity or disorders associated with it. However, half
thesia, tremor, anxiety, nausea, and emesis, which typi-                               of our comparison group was composed of mothers who
cally occur 2 days after the last dose and continue for an                             had similar conditions and who received the drug only
average of 10 days.10 In a large British study, withdrawal                             during the first and second trimesters. Infants exposed
reactions with paroxetine were 10-fold more common                                     to the drug only during the first and second trimesters
than with fluvoxamine maleate, which has a similarly short                             did not exhibit neonatal complications or higher rates
half-life (fluvoxamine, 15 h; paroxetine, 17 h), and 15-                               of prematurity, as did those exposed in the third trimes-
fold more common than with fluoxetine hydrochloride.                                   ter. This strongly suggests that paroxetine exposure near
      In the present study, we detected a high rate of new-                            term may compromise fetal and neonatal health. The fact
borns who developed neonatal complications at birth af-                                that the adverse events were brief and without other un-
ter exposure to paroxetine in the third trimester. They                                derlying abnormalities further supports drug exposure
all required intensive treatment for a short period of time,                           as the mechanism for the adverse effects. Logistic regres-


                   (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002                      WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM
                                                                 1131
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                                                   ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
What This Study Adds                             Accepted for publication June 27, 2002.
                                                                          This study was supported in part by a grant from the Ca-
                                                                    nadian Institutes of Health, Ottawa, Ontario. Dr Kozer has a
   Paroxetine, an SSRI, is commonly used for depression,            fellowship from the Research Training Center and Dr Koren
   panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dis-          holds the Research Leadership for Better Pharmacology Dur-
   continuation symptoms have been frequently de-
                                                                    ing Pregnancy and Lactation, Hospital for Sick Children,
   scribed in adults. Several case reports suggest that in-
   fants exposed in utero to paroxetine during the third            Toronto, Ontario. Dr Ito is a scholar and Dr Koren is a senior
   trimester may have poor neonatal adaptation. The pres-           scientist of the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
   ent study is the first to compare the perinatal outcome                Corresponding author: Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC, Di-
   of women exposed to paroxetine during the third tri-             vision of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital for Sick Chil-
   mester of pregnancy with women who took paroxetine               dren, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8,
   in early pregnancy and women who took nonterato-                 Canada (e-mail: gkoren@sickkids.ca).
   genic drugs. The incidence of complications (mainly res-
   piratory distress) was significantly higher in neonates
   exposed to paroxetine in late pregnancy.                                                         REFERENCES

                                                                     1. Kulin NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use
                                                                        of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. JAMA. 1998;279:609-610.
                                                                     2. Nordeng H, Lindeman R, Perminov KV, Reikvam A. Neonatal withdrawal syn-
sion analysis confirms that paroxetine exposure in the                  drome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Pae-
third trimester, and not prematurity, maternal smok-                    diatr. 2001;90:288-291.
ing, or other confounders, was associated with neonatal              3. Stiskal JA, Kulin N, Koren G, Ho T, Ito S. Neonatal paroxetine withdrawal syn-
                                                                        drome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84:F134-F135.
respiratory distress.                                                4. Dahl ML, Olhager E, Ahlner J. Paroxetine withdrawal syndrome in a neonate.
      Chambers et al11 reported poor neonatal adapta-                   Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:391-392.
tion in nearly one third of the neonates exposed to fluox-           5. Hale T. Medications and Mothers’ Milk. 9th ed. Amarillo, Tex: Pharmasoft Pub-
etine. We have recently completed a study comparing                     lishing; 2000:514-515.
                                                                     6. Spigset O, Carleborg L, Norstrom A, Sandlund M. Paroxetine level in breast milk
pregnancy outcome and child development among chil-
                                                                        [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:39.
dren exposed to fluoxetine or tricyclic antidepressants              7. Begg EJ, Duffull SB, Saunders DA, et al. Paroxetine in human milk. Brit J Clin
throughout gestation, and they did not exhibit an in-                   Pharmacol. 1999;48:142-147.
crease in prenatal complications, compared with unex-                8. Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Ritchie JC, et al. Paroxetine in human milk and nursing
posed controls.12 Whether other SSRIs have neonatal tox-                infants. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:185-189.
                                                                     9. Koren G, ed. Maternal-Fetal Toxicology: A Clinician’s Guide. 3rd ed. New York,
icity profiles similar to paroxetine’s remains to be explored.          NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2001.
The unexpected high rates of neonatal complications with            10. Price JS, Waller PC, Wood SM, MacKay AV. A comparison of the postmarketing
paroxetine are biologically consistent with the high rate               safety of 4 SSRI, including investigation of symptoms occurring on withdrawal.
of discontinuation syndrome with this particular SSRI and               Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42:757-763.
also with its being the most pharmacologically specific             11. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL. Birth outcomes in preg-
                                                                        nant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1010-1015.
of the SSRIs. More studies are needed to verify our ob-             12. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Child development following exposure to
servations and to better characterize pregnancy out-                    tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective con-
comes and neonatal response.                                            trolled study. Am J Psychiatry. In press.




               (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002        WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM
                                                             1132
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                                     ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

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Perinatal Outcome Following Third Trimester Exposure To Paroxetine

  • 1. ARTICLE Perinatal Outcome Following Third Trimester Exposure to Paroxetine Adriana Moldovan Costei, MD; Eran Kozer, MD; Tommy Ho, MD, FRCPC; Shinya Ito, MD; Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC Background: Paroxetine hydrochloride is commonly women using paroxetine during the first or second tri- used for maternal depression, panic disorder, and obses- mester and 27 women using nonteratogenic drugs were sive-compulsive disorder. The drug readily crosses the matched for maternal age, gravity, parity, social drug use, human placenta. Although it does not appear to in- and nonteratogenic drug use. crease teratogenic risk, there have been case reports of neonatal withdrawal. Symptoms were described soon af- Results: Of the 55 neonates exposed to paroxetine in ter birth and lasted up to 1 month. late gestation, 12 had complications necessitating inten- sive treatment and prolonged hospitalization. The most Objective: To investigate whether there is a clinically prevalent clinical picture was respiratory distress (n=9), important discontinuation syndrome in neonates ex- followed by hypoglycemia (n=2), and jaundice (n=1). posed to paroxetine in utero. The symptoms disappeared within 1 to 2 weeks. In the comparison group, only 3 infants experienced compli- Methods: Prospective, controlled cohort study. cations (P = .03). In logistic regression, only third- trimester exposure to paroxetine was associated with neo- Patients: Fifty-five pregnant women counseled pro- natal distress (odds ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval, spectively by the Motherisk program in Toronto, On- 1.14-79.3). tario, regarding third-trimester exposure to paroxetine and their infants were included in the study group. Preg- Conclusion: When used near term, paroxetine is asso- nant women who discontinued paroxetine before the third ciated with a high rate of neonatal complications, pos- trimester or those receiving other drugs known to cause sibly caused by its common discontinuation syndrome. withdrawal-type symptoms, such as opioids or benzodi- azepines, were excluded. A comparison group of 27 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:1129-1132 P AROXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE plasma ratio ranging from 0.056 to 1.3, and (Paxil; GlaxoSmithKline, the maximal daily dosage taken up by the Research Triangle Park, NC) infant is estimated at 0.34% of the mater- is commonly used for mater- nal dosage per kilogram of body weight.5-8 nal depression, panic disor- The objective of the present study was der, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in to compare the perinatal outcome of in- pregnant women. Although the drug does fants exposed in utero to paroxetine with not appear to cause major congenital mal- that of healthy controls and infants ex- formations,1 its perinatal safety when used posed to the drug only during the first and in late gestation has not been estab- second trimesters of pregnancy. lished. The drug readily crosses the hu- man placenta and has a mean elimina- METHODS tion half-life of 21 hours. There have been recently several neo- The Motherisk program provides counseling natal case reports of symptoms associ- for women and their health care providers on ated with maternal use of paroxetine,2-4 in- the risk or safety of drugs and chemicals dur- ing pregnancy and lactation. Presently, we are cluding irritability, jitteriness, constant From the Motherisk program, counseling as many as 200 patients a day. Be- Division of Clinical crying, shivering, eating or sleeping diffi- tween September 1996 and September 1999, Pharmacology/Toxicology, culties, gastrointestinal symptoms, and sei- we followed all pregnant women who called the Hospital for Sick Children, zures. These symptoms were described the Motherisk program about paroxetine ex- and the University of Toronto, soon after birth and lasted up to 1 month posure during the third trimester of preg- Toronto, Ontario. after birth. Paroxetine has a reported milk- nancy. These women were prospectively fol- (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002 WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM 1129 Downloaded from www.archpediatrics.com on August 20, 2009 ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
  • 2. between the study and control groups (P .10) or those that Table 1. Maternal Characteristics* might confound the relationship between other variables and respiratory distress were included in a multivariate analysis. Vari- Paroxetine Hydrochloride ables were retained in the multivariate analysis if they met the Exposure in the significance level of P .05 or if they changed the point of es- Third Trimester timate of another variable by more than 10%. Comparison Cases Group† P RESULTS Characteristic (n = 55) (n = 54) Value Of 291 pregnant women who were counseled by the Maternal age, mean, y 32.9 32.4 .82 Gravidity Motherisk program about paroxetine use, 55 met the in- 1 19 (35) 18 (33) clusion criterion, being exposed to the drug during the .95 1 36 (65) 36 (67) third trimester. They used paroxetine for depression (31 Parity‡ women [56%]), anxiety (17 women [31%]), anxiety and 0 24 (44) 23 (43) depression (7 women [13%]), and panic attacks (5 women 1 22 (40) 19 (35) .94 [9%]) (some patients had more than 1 indication). The 2 7 (13) 9 (17) Social drug use daily dosage ranged from 10 mg to 60 mg (mean, 23 mg; Alcohol 4 (7) 9 (17) .12 median, 20 mg). Smoking 14 (26) 5 (9) .05 The maternal characteristics of the 2 groups are sum- marized in Table 1. The infants in the 2 comparison sub- *Data are presented as the number (percentage) of subjects unless groups did not differ in any characteristic and therefore otherwise indicated. were combined for the sake of comparison with the study †Comparison group included 27 women who used paroxetine only during the first and/or second trimesters and 27 women who used nonteratogenic group. drugs. Of the 55 infants exposed to paroxetine during the ‡Some women had parity higher than 2. third trimester of pregnancy, 12 experienced neonatal complications that necessitated prolonged hospitaliza- lowed up by telephone calls after delivery. The interview tions (Table 2). The most prevalent clinical picture was addressed the course of pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal respiratory distress (n = 9), followed by hypoglycemia period, including malformations, developmental milestones, nu- (n=2) and jaundice (n=1). None of the infants had pneu- trition, etc. Interviewers did not make any suggestions about monia, cardiac malformation, respiratory distress syn- potential adverse outcomes. The protocol of the interview has drome, sepsis, or other causes of respiratory distress. In been previously outlined in detail.9 contrast, only 3 infants in the comparison group had neo- The inclusion criterion was exposure to paroxetine natal complications (2 infants with paroxetine expo- throughout the third trimester. Pregnant women who discon- sure in trimesters 1 and 2 had respiratory distress and tinued paroxetine before the third trimester or those receiving meconium aspiration, respectively; 1 of the nonterato- other drugs known to cause withdrawal-type symptoms, such genic controls had jaundice). The rate of neonatal com- as opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or heavy use of etha- nol, were excluded from the study. At the time of counseling, plications among neonates exposed to paroxetine in the we collected data on reproductive and medical history, de- third trimester (22%) was significantly higher than among tailed exposure data, and information on all other drugs used controls (6%) (P=.03). In the study group, there was a concomitantly. Details about cigarette, alcohol, and recre- significantly higher rate of prematurity (20% vs 3.7%; ational drug use were also collected. After delivery, partici- P =.02) (Table 3). pants were contacted again to record the pregnancy outcome In the third-trimester paroxetine exposure group, and neonatal complications, including withdrawal symptoms 36 women breastfed and continued taking paroxetine af- and breastfeeding. ter delivery. During breastfeeding, 8 women reported For each case, we chose a control mother-child pair from symptoms in their infants, including alertness (n=6), con- the same prospective cohort and matched them for maternal stipation (n=3), sleepiness (n=1), and irritability (n=1). age, gravity, parity, social drug use (alcohol and smoking), and nonteratogenic drug use (eg, acetaminophen, vitamins, and cal- In the comparison group, 44 babies were breastfed, and cium supplements). Two comparison groups were chosen. The none of the mothers reported adverse neonatal effects, first group included women counseled by Motherisk about ges- (P=.001). tational use of paroxetine only during the first and second tri- The following variables were initially included in a mesters (1-week to 6-months gestational age; median age, backward logistic stepwise regression model: prematu- 6 weeks). Daily dosage of paroxetine hydrochloride ranged from rity, maternal smoking, cesarean delivery, and exposure 10 mg to 40 mg, with a median of 20 mg. The second group to paroxetine in the third trimester (Table 4). The only included women counseled by Motherisk about first- factor retained in the model and found to be associated trimester exposure to nonteratogenic agents (eg, acetamino- with respiratory distress in the newborn was exposure phen or dental x-rays). to paroxetine in the third trimester (odds ratio, 9.53; 95% Data were analyzed with Statistical Product and Service Solutions software for Windows, version 10 (SPSS Inc, Chi- confidence interval, 1.14-79.30). cago, Ill). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demo- graphic data. The 2 test was used to compare categorical vari- COMMENT ables, and the t test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate, was used for continuous variables. Backward stepwise logistic re- Paroxetine discontinuation symptoms have been re- gression was used to identify factors that could affect the rates ported at a rate of 0.3 per 1000 perscriptions.10 This may of respiratory distress. Variables found to differ significantly be partly due to the relatively high potency of parox- (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002 WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM 1130 Downloaded from www.archpediatrics.com on August 20, 2009 ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
  • 3. Table 2. Complications Among Neonates Exposed to Paroxetine in the Third Trimester and the Comparison Groups* Patient No. Complication Relevant Details Paroxetine Hydrochloride Third Trimester Group (n = 55) 4 Bradycardia Term, septic workup was negative, echocardiogram, computed tomographic scan, 4-d hospitalization, no diagnosis 5 Respiratory distress Term, no sepsis, 1-wk hospitalization 9 Hypoglycemia Term, no sepsis 15 Respiratory distress, jaundice Preterm, intubation, phototherapy, 10-d hospitalization 20 Respiratory distress Term, placenta previa, bleeding, cesarean delivery, 2-wk hospitalization 21 Suckling problems Term, 2-wk hospitalization, no diagnosis 25 Respiratory distress Term, intubation 33 Respiratory distress, hypoglycemia Preterm, problems resolved in first few hours 35 Respiratory distress, tachycardia Preterm, 1 day in intensive care unit for respiratory distress 36 Respiratory distress Term 41 Respiratory distress Term 52 Respiratory distress Term Paroxetine First and Second Trimesters Group (n = 27) 18 Respiratory distress first few hours ... 29 Meconium aspiration, intubation ... Nonteratogenic Drugs Group (n = 27) 56 Jaundice ... *Ellipses indicate not applicable. Table 3. Pregnancy Outcome* Table 4. Univariate Analysis of the Association Between Risk Determinants for Respiratory Distress Paroxetine Hydrochloride in the Study Group Exposure in the Third Trimester Odds Ratio Variable (95% Confidence Interval) Comparison Cases Group† P Maternal smoking Variable (n = 55) (n = 54) Value No smoking 1.00 (Reference) Smoking 2.22 (0.52-9.52) Gestational age Maternal use of paroxetine hydrochloride Term 42 (76) 35 (65) .33 in the third trimester Preterm 11 (20) 2 (4) .02 Did not use paroxetine 1.00 (Reference) Postterm 2 (4) 17 (32) .001 Used paroxetine 10.35 (1.27-84.67) Birth weight, mean ±SD, g 3394 ± 650 3578 ± 464 .09 Gestational age, wk Sex 37 1.00 (Reference) Female 24 (44) 28 (52) .45 37 3.81 (0.85-17.13) Male 31 (56) 26 (48) Mode of delivery Major malformation 0 0 Vaginal 1.00 (Reference) Breastfed 36 (65) 44 (81) .85 Cesarean 0.92 (0.18-4.65) *Data are presented as the number (percentage) of subjects unless otherwise indicated. †Comparison group included 27 women who used paroxetine only during the and their conditions improved without further interven- first and/or second trimesters and 27 women who used nonteratogenic drugs. tion or emergence of other underlying diagnoses. It may be argued that the high rate of adverse neo- natal events, especially during breastfeeding, among in- etine at the serotonin uptake site. In adults, discontinu- fants exposed to paroxetine during the third trimester may, ation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) at least in part, be associated with maternal psychiatric leads to nonspecific symptoms such as dizziness, pares- morbidity or disorders associated with it. However, half thesia, tremor, anxiety, nausea, and emesis, which typi- of our comparison group was composed of mothers who cally occur 2 days after the last dose and continue for an had similar conditions and who received the drug only average of 10 days.10 In a large British study, withdrawal during the first and second trimesters. Infants exposed reactions with paroxetine were 10-fold more common to the drug only during the first and second trimesters than with fluvoxamine maleate, which has a similarly short did not exhibit neonatal complications or higher rates half-life (fluvoxamine, 15 h; paroxetine, 17 h), and 15- of prematurity, as did those exposed in the third trimes- fold more common than with fluoxetine hydrochloride. ter. This strongly suggests that paroxetine exposure near In the present study, we detected a high rate of new- term may compromise fetal and neonatal health. The fact borns who developed neonatal complications at birth af- that the adverse events were brief and without other un- ter exposure to paroxetine in the third trimester. They derlying abnormalities further supports drug exposure all required intensive treatment for a short period of time, as the mechanism for the adverse effects. Logistic regres- (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002 WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM 1131 Downloaded from www.archpediatrics.com on August 20, 2009 ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
  • 4. What This Study Adds Accepted for publication June 27, 2002. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Ca- nadian Institutes of Health, Ottawa, Ontario. Dr Kozer has a Paroxetine, an SSRI, is commonly used for depression, fellowship from the Research Training Center and Dr Koren panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dis- holds the Research Leadership for Better Pharmacology Dur- continuation symptoms have been frequently de- ing Pregnancy and Lactation, Hospital for Sick Children, scribed in adults. Several case reports suggest that in- fants exposed in utero to paroxetine during the third Toronto, Ontario. Dr Ito is a scholar and Dr Koren is a senior trimester may have poor neonatal adaptation. The pres- scientist of the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. ent study is the first to compare the perinatal outcome Corresponding author: Gideon Koren, MD, FRCPC, Di- of women exposed to paroxetine during the third tri- vision of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital for Sick Chil- mester of pregnancy with women who took paroxetine dren, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, in early pregnancy and women who took nonterato- Canada (e-mail: gkoren@sickkids.ca). genic drugs. The incidence of complications (mainly res- piratory distress) was significantly higher in neonates exposed to paroxetine in late pregnancy. REFERENCES 1. Kulin NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. JAMA. 1998;279:609-610. 2. Nordeng H, Lindeman R, Perminov KV, Reikvam A. Neonatal withdrawal syn- sion analysis confirms that paroxetine exposure in the drome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Pae- third trimester, and not prematurity, maternal smok- diatr. 2001;90:288-291. ing, or other confounders, was associated with neonatal 3. Stiskal JA, Kulin N, Koren G, Ho T, Ito S. Neonatal paroxetine withdrawal syn- drome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84:F134-F135. respiratory distress. 4. Dahl ML, Olhager E, Ahlner J. Paroxetine withdrawal syndrome in a neonate. Chambers et al11 reported poor neonatal adapta- Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:391-392. tion in nearly one third of the neonates exposed to fluox- 5. Hale T. Medications and Mothers’ Milk. 9th ed. Amarillo, Tex: Pharmasoft Pub- etine. We have recently completed a study comparing lishing; 2000:514-515. 6. Spigset O, Carleborg L, Norstrom A, Sandlund M. Paroxetine level in breast milk pregnancy outcome and child development among chil- [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:39. dren exposed to fluoxetine or tricyclic antidepressants 7. Begg EJ, Duffull SB, Saunders DA, et al. Paroxetine in human milk. Brit J Clin throughout gestation, and they did not exhibit an in- Pharmacol. 1999;48:142-147. crease in prenatal complications, compared with unex- 8. Stowe ZN, Cohen LS, Ritchie JC, et al. Paroxetine in human milk and nursing posed controls.12 Whether other SSRIs have neonatal tox- infants. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:185-189. 9. Koren G, ed. Maternal-Fetal Toxicology: A Clinician’s Guide. 3rd ed. New York, icity profiles similar to paroxetine’s remains to be explored. NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2001. The unexpected high rates of neonatal complications with 10. Price JS, Waller PC, Wood SM, MacKay AV. A comparison of the postmarketing paroxetine are biologically consistent with the high rate safety of 4 SSRI, including investigation of symptoms occurring on withdrawal. of discontinuation syndrome with this particular SSRI and Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;42:757-763. also with its being the most pharmacologically specific 11. Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL. Birth outcomes in preg- nant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1010-1015. of the SSRIs. More studies are needed to verify our ob- 12. Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE, et al. Child development following exposure to servations and to better characterize pregnancy out- tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective con- comes and neonatal response. trolled study. Am J Psychiatry. In press. (REPRINTED) ARCH PEDIATR ADOLESC MED/ VOL 156, NOV 2002 WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM 1132 Downloaded from www.archpediatrics.com on August 20, 2009 ©2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.