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MODULE- V


Drought Management and
   Water Harvesting

                Prepared by
           Bibhabasu Mohanty
         Dept. of Civil Engineering
          SALITER, Ahmedabad
Contents
Definition of drought, Causes of drought,
measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency
planning.

Water harvesting: rainwater collection,
small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff
collection, ponds, tanks.
Introduction
Normal, recurrent feature of climate
Occurs everywhere, vary from region to region.
Originates from deficiency of precipitation.
Impact on ecosystem and agricultural of affected
 region.
Drought leads to food insecurity, famine,
 malnutrition, epidemics and displacement of
 populations.
Types of drought

Meteorological drought

Agricultural drought

Hydrological drought

Socioeconomic drought
Causes of drought
Reduced rainfall results in drought.
Occurs because water vapour not brought by air
 currents to right areas at right times.
Unusual currents of cold and warm water in
 oceans creates high pressure. El Nino causes
 drought in Asia.
Mountain prevent wind from blowing moisture
 to needy region.
In India when water vapour moves from east to
 west, water vapour does not leave Indian ocean
 causes drought.

Human activity directly trigger over farming,
 excessive irrigation, deforestation.

Global warming result in rainfall in some areas
 and drought in some areas.
Drought contingency planning

To provide contingency plans to manage
 drought and emergency conditions.
To continue to deliver a cost effective, adequate,
 safe and reliable supply of water.
The provision of credit or cash/food for work
Maintaining water supply for animals and
 humans
Maintaining cereal availability
Human and livestock health service provision
Support for private sector
Provide fodder for affected stock
Flexible taxation systems for affected people
Drought contingency planning allow for
 implementation of :

Mitigation

Relief

Rehabilitation
Drought contingency planning for
 implementation:
Overall drought policy, setting out plans
 objectives of minimizing the impact of drought
Set plans for specific mitigation, relief and
 rehabilitation measures
Construction of dams and additional reservoirs
 for supply of water.
Cloud seeding- artificial rain
Desalination of sea water for irrigation or
 consumption.
Drought monitoring by total rainfall levels and
 total usage levels
Land use by carefully planned crop rotation
Outdoor water use restriction
Rainwater harvesting
Recycled water
Relief works
Disease prevention and control
• Contingency planning done by Govt.
 Policy issues, national, regional and district level
 rural development infrastructure
 input supply, marketing and farm advisory
  services
• Non- Govt.
NGO’S
Rural institutions
Private sectors
Augmentation of water
It includes methods for providing an entirely
 new supply of fresh water and techniques for
 increasing utility of available supplies of water.
New supply of water include weather
 modification.
Weather modification done to increase
 precipitation and decrease Evapotranspiration.
Cloud seeding done to increase precipitation.
Drought management and water harvesting m5
Available water supplies increased by conservation
 of available water supplies.

Agricultural water requirements can be reduced
 by reducing conveyance losses, and discouraging
 wasteful irrigation techniques.
Technique should be developed to reduce water
 consumption in home and industry.
Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be
 reduced by providing roofs.
Reclamation and reuse of waste water can be
 encouraged.
Evaporation loss in ground water is less. Use of
 ground water storage reservoir in conjunction
 with surface storage reservoirs.
Infiltration losses can be reduced by sealing the
 soil surface useful in arid regions.
Water harvesting done by collecting from roof
 top, pavements, constructing small storage.
Measures for water conservation
Goals of water conservation efforts include:

Sustainability- ensure availability for future
 generations
Energy conservation- world 15% energy
 production dependent on water management.
Habitat conservation- preserve fresh water
 habitat, migrating waterfowl.
Benefits of water conservation:

Save water save money.
Reduction in excess water use reduce waste
 water generation, reduce overflowing of gutter.
Ecosystem and habitat protection.
Helps in improving quality of drinking water.
Water conservation measures by:

Domestic conservation

Industrial conservation

Agricultural conservation
Domestic conservation

Repair all leaks quickly
Turn off water when not in use
Use conserving appliance which use low volume
 water for domestic use
Local bodies should install water meter and
 encourage water pricing.
Industrial conservation

Use cooling system which use less water.
Reuse of cooling water for irrigation or other
 purposes.
Install in plant treatment measures for treating
 the waste water or effluent.
Agricultural (irrigation) conservation

Improved irrigation methods such as sprinklers
 or drip irrigation.
Water required for agricultural considerably
 reduced by reducing conveyance loss.
Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be
 reduced by providing roofs over them.
Use of lined canals which reduce seepage and
 evaporation.
Use of ground water storage reservoir in
 conjunction with modern surface storage
 reservoirs to reduce evaporation loss, in arid
 regions.
Price agricultural water to encourage
 conservation.
Infiltration losses reduced by sealing soil surface.
Water harvesting in arid regions.
For conservation of water the following
 structures can be constructed:

Earthen bund
Gully plugging
Check dam
Khet talawadi
Earthen bund
Gully plugging
Check dam
Khet Talawadi
Water harvesting
Collection of rain water called water harvesting.
Rainwater harvesting is accumulation and
 storing of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches
 aquifer.
Water collected from roofs of houses, schools,
 local institutions make important contribution.
Water collected from ground, called storm water
 harvesting.
Benefits of rainwater harvesting

Increase water availability
Checks declining water table
Environmental friendly
Improves water quality of ground water
Surface water runoff conservation
Prevents soil erosion and flooding in urban area
Rainwater harvesting technique

Rainwater collection – Roof top rainwater
 harvesting
Runoff collection – Surface runoff harvesting
Recharge to ground water
Runoff enhancement
Roof top rain water harvesting
Rainwater captured from roof catchments and
 stored in sub surface ground water reservoir.
Objective is to make water available for future
 use.
Useful in dry land, hilly, urban and costal areas.
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting

 a collection area
 a conveyance system
 storage facility
 a delivery system

Storage reservoir expensive part, careful design
 and construction required.
First rainwater should be flushed or diverted.
Drought management and water harvesting m5
Drought management and water harvesting m5
Surface runoff harvesting

Surface runoff harvesting is traditional
 technique.

Small dams, ponds, tanks are used.

Used for irrigation, domestic, livestock use.
Small dams
Small dams/check dams constructed in natural
 channel to impound the runoff water up to
 certain depth.
Impounded water slowly infiltrate into soil and
 recharge ground water.
Ponds and reservoirs
Impounding type and dug-cut type ponds
 constructed.
In impounding type, a retaining wall or dam is
 constructed to block the flow of water in a
 natural storm.
In dug-cut type area is excavated to store the
 runoff.
Reservoirs requires water storage area, spillways
 and earth embankment.
Storage tank
Surface or above ground tank
Subsurface or underground tank
Storage tanks require
Solid secure cover
Coarse inlet filter
Overflow pipe
Manhole, sump and drain to facilitate cleaning
Outlet system, tap or pump
Recharge to ground water
The structures generally used:
Pits
Trenches
Dug well
Hand pumps
Recharge well
Spreading techniques
Underground reservoirs
Runoff enhancement
Can be done by increase precipitation.
Seeding generally done to increase precipitation.
Precipitation can be increased by 10% by cloud
 seeding.
Lumb demonstrated that increase in annual
 runoff (∆R) due to small increase in precipitation
 (∆P) is given by
 ∆R= ∆P (0.29+1.2 R/P)
R= mean runoff, P= mean precipitation
Methods for runoff enhancement:
Cloud seeding
Enhancement by paved surfaces.
Surface of drainage basin effect on runoff. Bare
 surface give more runoff.
Drainage basin located on windward side of
 mountain produce more runoff.
Runoff affected by geology of drainage basin.
 Pervious soil yield less runoff.
Drainage basin has larger no of natural
 depressions, which deposited by other material
 then runoff at basin increases.
More Human activity, more load on soil, reduce
 infiltration, hence increase runoff.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss various causes of drought
2. Discuss drought contingency planning and its
   importance.
3. Explain augmentation of water and its various
   methods.
4. Explain water conservation and its various
   methods.
5. Discuss importance of rainwater harvesting and
   explain various techniques used for it.
Drought management and water harvesting m5

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Drought management and water harvesting m5

  • 1. MODULE- V Drought Management and Water Harvesting Prepared by Bibhabasu Mohanty Dept. of Civil Engineering SALITER, Ahmedabad
  • 2. Contents Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
  • 3. Introduction Normal, recurrent feature of climate Occurs everywhere, vary from region to region. Originates from deficiency of precipitation. Impact on ecosystem and agricultural of affected region. Drought leads to food insecurity, famine, malnutrition, epidemics and displacement of populations.
  • 4. Types of drought Meteorological drought Agricultural drought Hydrological drought Socioeconomic drought
  • 5. Causes of drought Reduced rainfall results in drought. Occurs because water vapour not brought by air currents to right areas at right times. Unusual currents of cold and warm water in oceans creates high pressure. El Nino causes drought in Asia. Mountain prevent wind from blowing moisture to needy region.
  • 6. In India when water vapour moves from east to west, water vapour does not leave Indian ocean causes drought. Human activity directly trigger over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation. Global warming result in rainfall in some areas and drought in some areas.
  • 7. Drought contingency planning To provide contingency plans to manage drought and emergency conditions. To continue to deliver a cost effective, adequate, safe and reliable supply of water. The provision of credit or cash/food for work Maintaining water supply for animals and humans
  • 8. Maintaining cereal availability Human and livestock health service provision Support for private sector Provide fodder for affected stock Flexible taxation systems for affected people
  • 9. Drought contingency planning allow for implementation of : Mitigation Relief Rehabilitation
  • 10. Drought contingency planning for implementation: Overall drought policy, setting out plans objectives of minimizing the impact of drought Set plans for specific mitigation, relief and rehabilitation measures Construction of dams and additional reservoirs for supply of water. Cloud seeding- artificial rain
  • 11. Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption. Drought monitoring by total rainfall levels and total usage levels Land use by carefully planned crop rotation Outdoor water use restriction Rainwater harvesting Recycled water Relief works Disease prevention and control
  • 12. • Contingency planning done by Govt.  Policy issues, national, regional and district level  rural development infrastructure  input supply, marketing and farm advisory services • Non- Govt. NGO’S Rural institutions Private sectors
  • 13. Augmentation of water It includes methods for providing an entirely new supply of fresh water and techniques for increasing utility of available supplies of water. New supply of water include weather modification. Weather modification done to increase precipitation and decrease Evapotranspiration. Cloud seeding done to increase precipitation.
  • 15. Available water supplies increased by conservation of available water supplies. Agricultural water requirements can be reduced by reducing conveyance losses, and discouraging wasteful irrigation techniques. Technique should be developed to reduce water consumption in home and industry. Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be reduced by providing roofs.
  • 16. Reclamation and reuse of waste water can be encouraged. Evaporation loss in ground water is less. Use of ground water storage reservoir in conjunction with surface storage reservoirs. Infiltration losses can be reduced by sealing the soil surface useful in arid regions. Water harvesting done by collecting from roof top, pavements, constructing small storage.
  • 17. Measures for water conservation Goals of water conservation efforts include: Sustainability- ensure availability for future generations Energy conservation- world 15% energy production dependent on water management. Habitat conservation- preserve fresh water habitat, migrating waterfowl.
  • 18. Benefits of water conservation: Save water save money. Reduction in excess water use reduce waste water generation, reduce overflowing of gutter. Ecosystem and habitat protection. Helps in improving quality of drinking water.
  • 19. Water conservation measures by: Domestic conservation Industrial conservation Agricultural conservation
  • 20. Domestic conservation Repair all leaks quickly Turn off water when not in use Use conserving appliance which use low volume water for domestic use Local bodies should install water meter and encourage water pricing.
  • 21. Industrial conservation Use cooling system which use less water. Reuse of cooling water for irrigation or other purposes. Install in plant treatment measures for treating the waste water or effluent.
  • 22. Agricultural (irrigation) conservation Improved irrigation methods such as sprinklers or drip irrigation. Water required for agricultural considerably reduced by reducing conveyance loss. Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be reduced by providing roofs over them. Use of lined canals which reduce seepage and evaporation.
  • 23. Use of ground water storage reservoir in conjunction with modern surface storage reservoirs to reduce evaporation loss, in arid regions. Price agricultural water to encourage conservation. Infiltration losses reduced by sealing soil surface. Water harvesting in arid regions.
  • 24. For conservation of water the following structures can be constructed: Earthen bund Gully plugging Check dam Khet talawadi
  • 29. Water harvesting Collection of rain water called water harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is accumulation and storing of rainwater for reuse, before it reaches aquifer. Water collected from roofs of houses, schools, local institutions make important contribution. Water collected from ground, called storm water harvesting.
  • 30. Benefits of rainwater harvesting Increase water availability Checks declining water table Environmental friendly Improves water quality of ground water Surface water runoff conservation Prevents soil erosion and flooding in urban area
  • 31. Rainwater harvesting technique Rainwater collection – Roof top rainwater harvesting Runoff collection – Surface runoff harvesting Recharge to ground water Runoff enhancement
  • 32. Roof top rain water harvesting Rainwater captured from roof catchments and stored in sub surface ground water reservoir. Objective is to make water available for future use. Useful in dry land, hilly, urban and costal areas.
  • 33. Components of roof top rainwater harvesting  a collection area  a conveyance system  storage facility  a delivery system Storage reservoir expensive part, careful design and construction required. First rainwater should be flushed or diverted.
  • 36. Surface runoff harvesting Surface runoff harvesting is traditional technique. Small dams, ponds, tanks are used. Used for irrigation, domestic, livestock use.
  • 37. Small dams Small dams/check dams constructed in natural channel to impound the runoff water up to certain depth. Impounded water slowly infiltrate into soil and recharge ground water.
  • 38. Ponds and reservoirs Impounding type and dug-cut type ponds constructed. In impounding type, a retaining wall or dam is constructed to block the flow of water in a natural storm. In dug-cut type area is excavated to store the runoff. Reservoirs requires water storage area, spillways and earth embankment.
  • 39. Storage tank Surface or above ground tank Subsurface or underground tank Storage tanks require Solid secure cover Coarse inlet filter Overflow pipe Manhole, sump and drain to facilitate cleaning Outlet system, tap or pump
  • 40. Recharge to ground water The structures generally used: Pits Trenches Dug well Hand pumps Recharge well Spreading techniques Underground reservoirs
  • 41. Runoff enhancement Can be done by increase precipitation. Seeding generally done to increase precipitation. Precipitation can be increased by 10% by cloud seeding. Lumb demonstrated that increase in annual runoff (∆R) due to small increase in precipitation (∆P) is given by ∆R= ∆P (0.29+1.2 R/P) R= mean runoff, P= mean precipitation
  • 42. Methods for runoff enhancement: Cloud seeding Enhancement by paved surfaces. Surface of drainage basin effect on runoff. Bare surface give more runoff. Drainage basin located on windward side of mountain produce more runoff. Runoff affected by geology of drainage basin. Pervious soil yield less runoff.
  • 43. Drainage basin has larger no of natural depressions, which deposited by other material then runoff at basin increases. More Human activity, more load on soil, reduce infiltration, hence increase runoff.
  • 45. 1. Discuss various causes of drought 2. Discuss drought contingency planning and its importance. 3. Explain augmentation of water and its various methods. 4. Explain water conservation and its various methods. 5. Discuss importance of rainwater harvesting and explain various techniques used for it.