for community development students

1. Programmes of Ministry of Urban Development
at national and state levels . Urban housing
schemes in Kerala . Programmes of urban
cooperative banks in Kerala.
Bheemraj Ponnappan
2nd year MSW
RCSS

2. Ministry of Urban Development at national
and state levels
100 Days Agenda of Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation
Rajiv Awas Yojana
The Ministry will formulate Rajiv Awas Yojana for the slum
dwellers and the urban poor in an effort to promote a slum-free
India in five years. The scheme will focus on according property
rights to slum dwellers/urban poor by States/UTs, providing
basic
amenities
such
as
water
supply, sewerage, drainage, internal and approach roads, street
lighting and social infrastructure facilities in slums and low
income settlements adopting a „whole city‟ approach and
enabling the construction of houses by the slum-dweller/urban
poor through access to subsidized credit.

3. Inclusion of more cities under JNNURM
When JNNURM was launched on 3rd
December 2005, emphasis was laid on
cities with population of 10 lakhs and
more as per 2001 Census. Now an effort
will be made to include cities with
population of 5 lakhs and more under
JNNURM.

4. Social Audit of JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated
Housing & Slum Development Programmed (IHSDP) deal with
the human face of JNNURM. Under these, more than 14.5 lakh
houses have been sanctioned for the poor all over the country
under about 1300 projects. These projects involve an outlay of
more than Rs 33,706 cores and Additional Central Assistance
(Grant) commitment of Rs.18,384 cores. To ensure that the
benefits of projects under JNNURM reach the 3 intended poor
beneficiaries and that the projects are implemented in a
participatory manner involving the poor, independent social audit
will be launched for BSUP and IHSDP projects.

5. Affordable Housing for All
Following the National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007
and
Repot of the High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing for
All, headed by Shri Deepak Parekh, the Ministry will set up two
committees for i. working out the parameters for estimating the
number of households under three categories of „affordability‟ –
Economically Weaker Section (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG)
and Lower Middle Income Group (LMIG)
ii. promotion of housing micro finance company which may be
permitted to take household savings as deposits.
A dialogue will be initiated with all stakeholders to prepare
model bill for regulating the real estate sector.

6. Skill Development of the Urban Poor
Skill development programme for employment promotion
for the urban poor will be launched to enable them to access
wage employment offered by the market or undertake selfemployment. The target will be 10 lakhs over the next 5
years, starting with 2 lakhs in 2009-10. Focus will be on
imparting quality training and skill certification through
reputed institutions or skills training providers so that the
urban poor 4 youth will be enabled to enhance their income
and improve their living conditions. At least 30% of the
trainees shall be women.

7. Capacity Building to Address Issues of
Slums & Poverty
States/UTs would be supported to catalyze State and City
Resource Centers (covering cities with population of 1 lakh or
more) to serve as resources for the urban poor for employmentrelated
information,
market
assessment,
skill
development, training, placement, etc. These centers will also
promote measures to improve transparency, Right to
information, accountability, responsiveness, community
participation and sensitivity to the issues faced by the poor
including slum-dwellers. The objective is to create/enhance
human resource and institutional capacity to implement
programmes for the urban poor who need support of the
Government the most.

8. KERALA STATE HOUSING POLICY 2011
Introduction
Safe and secure shelter is one of the basic needs of human being
and right to shelter has been recognized as a fundamental human
right in international covenants. The International Covenant of
United Nations on economic, social and cultural rights, to which
India is a signatory, upholds the right to adequate housing as a
human right. Article 21 of the Constitution of India which
defines the protection of life and personal property encompasses
the right to shelter and right to livelihood also which are integral
to the dignified living of the individual.

9. Need for New Policy
Taking stock of experiences from the housing programmes as well as focusing on the
growth trends of the socio-economic fabric of the society, the following aspects
necessitate a new policy in
1) Recognizing the housing needs as a rights based demand of the citizen;
2) Intensifying efforts for meeting the housing needs of the marginalized sections of
the society especially SCs and STs, fishermen, the landless, destitute, women-headed
households and the poorest of the poor;
3) Intervening effectively in meeting the housing stock gap of 12 lakhs during the 12th
Five Year Plan;
4) Realizing the specific features of the rural urban continuum pattern development of
Kerala, coupled with the shift of the population to the urban areas and expansion of
informal labor market;
5) Demand for regional development plan, taking care of supply of quality basic
services and creation of the social infrastructure;
6) Design of development plan integrating the concerns for ecology, environment,
climatic change etc in a habitat mode approach;

10. Conti….
7) Integration of livelihood support
mechanism with the housing programmes;
8) Creation of regulatory structure to arrest
the unhealthy trends and resolve issues of
dispute in the housing sector;
9) Redefining the role of the State in the
capacity as a Facilitator, Catalyst, Builder
and Regulator.

11. VISION
In short, the policy envisages the promotion of
sustainable development of the habitat with the
objective to ensure adequate and affordable
housing for all, ensuring supply of quality basic
services with integrated livelihood mechanisms
and special focus on the needs of the poor,
marginalized and disadvantaged on a rights based
framework for the accomplishment of “Adequate
and Affordable Housing for All” in sustainable
habitat mode, facilitating inclusive growth.

12. Housing Scenario in the State
Population and Urban Scenario
As per census 2011 the population of Kerala is 3,33,87,677, the
rural and urban population split up being 1,74,55,506 and
15932171, respectively. In other words, the rural population
constitutes 52.28%, and urban 47.72% of the entire population.
The decadal percentage of urban population has increased from
29.96% in 2001 to 47.72% in 2011. This shows the high rate of
urbanization taking place in Kerala which is the third among the
States in India having the highest share of urban population.

13. Housing Profile in Kerala
As per 2001 census, the numerical shortage of housing in
2001 was estimated as 63,000 units, excluding the
number of dilapidated houses. The total number of
dilapidated houses as per the 2001 census was 5.38 lakhs
and another 4.5 lakh residential units were required for
accommodating the newly formed households.
According to the census figures of 2001, while 51.8% of
households lived in permanent houses and 30% in semipermanent houses at the all India level, corresponding
figures in the State were 68% and 21.60% respectively.
The projected requirement for the next five years was 10
lakhs.

14. Housing Programmes and Implementing Agencies
At present, the major State government aided housing schemes for the
economically weaker sections are the EMS Total Housing Scheme, Tribal
Housing Scheme, New Suraksha Housing Scheme, schemes of SC & ST
departments, Fishermen Housing Scheme, Bhavanasree, Asraya and MN
Lakshamveedu Punar Nirmana Padhathi. Centrally sponsored housing
schemes such as Indira Awas Yojana, Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana
(VAMBAY), Integrated Housing and Slum Development Project
(IHSDP), Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), National Fishermen Welfare
Fund (NFWF), Interest Subsidy scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
(ISHUP), Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) etc. are also aimed at
providing financial assistance for constructing houses to the poor and
Economically Weaker Sections in the State. Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission targets, acceleration of supply of land, shelter and
infrastructure with special attention to provision of basic service to urban
poor and upgradation of slums. The newly introduced scheme of Rajiv Awas
Yojana (RAY) also focuses on resolving the emerging needs of poor people
in slums due to urbanization.

15. The aims of the Kerala State Housing Policy
2011
(i) Creation of adequate and affordable housing stock on ownership and
rental basis on a right based framework.
(ii) Meeting the special needs of SC/ST/disabled/fishermen/traditionally
employ slum dwellers, elderly women, street vendors and other weaker and
vulnerable sections of the society.
(iii) Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land and housing with
particular focus to EWS and LIG categories
(iv) Facilitating up gradation of existing decaying housing stock and
extending the shelf life of the house.
(v) Facilitating all dwelling units to have easy accessibility to basic services
of sanitation, drinking water, power, waste disposal and social infrastructural
facilities like education, health and transport.

16. Cont….
(vi) Adopting participatory approach in the design of
public housing programmes taking into account enduser concerns.
(vii) Promotion of larger flow of funds to meet the
revenue requirements of housing and infrastructure
(viii) Forging strong partnerships between private,
public and cooperative sectors to enhance the capacity
of the construction industry to participate in every
sphere of housing and infrastructure
(ix) Promoting cost effective, environment friendly
technologies for modernizing the housing sector to
increase efficiency, productivity, energy efficiency and
quality

17. CONT…
xii) Skill up gradation programmes enabling the workers to move
up the wage chain in
employment.
(xiii) Removing legal, financial and administrative barriers for
facilitating access to
tenure, land, finance and technology.
(xiv) Facilitating, restructuring and empowering the Institutions
at State and Local
Governments to mobilize land, planning and financing for
housing and basic
amenities.
(xv) Providing disaster resistant technology, protecting housing
and habitat

18. CONCLUSION
The Government will promote and foster activities towards the
creation of an environment, enabling all stakeholders in the
housing sector to contribute for the growth of the sector. The
State Government targets to launch housing schemes to ensure
adequate and affordable housing to all, on a sustainable habitat
development mode, integrated with livelihood support systems
and special focus on the needs of the poor and economically
weaker sections of the society on rights based approach. The
Government will attempt to overhaul the legal, financial and
institutional framework so that the development is facilitated
with contributions from public, private, co-operatives, NGOs etc.
The ultimate objective of the policy is to ensure “adequate and
affordable housing for all leading to sustainable development of
human settlement, providing livelihood support programmes

19. CO- OPERATIVE BANKS IN KERALA –AN OVERVIEW In Kerala
The Co-operative movement has spread its wings in
almost all walks of life. The spread and growth of cooperatives in different sectors were nurtured under
development plans with government initiative and
government finance.
The word “Co-Operation” is derived from the Latin
word „Co-operaie‟, which means „work together‟. In
the ordinary sense, co-operation means „working
together jointly‟. The term co-operation implies a
common endeavor with a common end.

20. Cont….
The Indian Co-operative Societies Act of 1912
Section 4(c) considers a co-operative society as “a
society which has the object, the promotion of the
economic interests of its members in accordance
with co-operative principles
 Co-operative Movement in Kerala
Co-operative Movement in Kerala started even
before the formation of Kerala state. There were three
administrative units in the erstwhile KeralaTravancore, Cochin and Malabar. In
1949, Travancore and Cochin merged in to a single
state known as Travancore- Cochin State. Kerala
state was formed in 1956 by merging all the three
units.

21. Co-operative Movement in Travancore
In Travancore the first co-operative society
registered under the Travancoe Co-operative
Societies Act, 1914 was Trivandrum Central Cooperative Bank. Then it was formed as the
present Kerala State Co-operative Bank
Then the liability of the societies was changed in
to „limited‟ from 1918 onwards. Land Mortgage
Bank was formed in 1932 to provide long-term
loans for a period of 10 to 20 years on the
security of land. In 1963 it was renamed as Land
Development Bank.

22. Co-operative Movement in Cochin
The Cochin Co-operative Societies Act was
enacted in 1913. The first co-operative society
registered under this Act was „Advanced Cooperative Society‟. It was a credit society with
unlimited liability. The Cochin Central Cooperative Bank was formed in 1918; it was
based on British co-operative movement. The
long term loans were supplied by Cochin
Central Co-operative and Mortgage Bank. The
area of operation was limited to Cochin.

23. Co-operative Movement in Malabar
Malabar district and Kasrgod Taluk was
governed by Madras Co-operative
Societies Act of 1932. In Malabar, there
were producers and consumers cooperative societies having large share
capital. The Malabar Co-operative Central
83 Bank registered in 1917 at Calicut
rendered much service in providing loans
to primary co-operatives

24. Primary Credit Societies
The organization of primary agricultural credit societies
dates back to 1904 when the Indian Co-operative society‟s
Act was passed. These societies were formed to provide
cheap credit to the agriculturists with a view to make them
free from the clutches of moneylenders
Central cooperative banks
All India Rural Credit Survey Committee recommended that
there should be only one Central Bank in a district, so it is also
called District Co-operative Banks (DCB).At the end of March
2005 there were 365 Central Co-operative Banks in India
whereas in Kerala there were 14 Central Co-operatives Banks.
Membership of a Central Co-operative Bank generally consists
of primary co-operative credit societies and other types of
primary societies working in the area of its operation.

25. Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural
Development Banks. (PCARDB) (Land Development
Banks)
A Primary Agricultural and Rural Development Bank is a cooperative institution advancing long term loans to the
agriculturists who were members, on the security of landed
assets. Before 1963 they were known as Land mortgage banks.
It has a two-tier structure - Primary Land Development Banks in
each subdivision and State Co-operative Land Development
Bank at the State level. In Kerala, they are called Primary Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (PCARDB)
and State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development
Bank (SCARDB) respectively.

26. Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and
Rural Development Bank (SCARDB).
(Central Land Development Bank
The Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural
Development Bank is a federation of agricultural development
banks in the state. It is an Apex Bank and also the financing
bank of the Primary Development Banks. The main aim of the
bank is to raise long term funds by the issue of debentures and
to finance Primary Agricultural Development Banks affiliated
to it .The policy of the government is to 88 establish one State
Agricultural Development Bank for every state. The area of
operation of the bank extends to the whole of the state. The
membership of the bank is open to all Primary Agricultural
Development Banks in the state. Apart from these, the State
Government and the Kerala State Electricity Board have also
become members in the bank.

27. Non-Agricultural Credit Societies
Credit is needed not only by rural
agriculturists, but also by all urban poor
also. They may be labourers or workers
having fixed income. For meeting their
financial requirements, Co-operative Nonagricultural Credit Societies are formed.
Co-operative Urban Banks and
Employee‟s Credit Societies come under
non-agricultural credit societies

28. Urban Co-operative Banks
Urban Co-operative Banks are primary credit societies
working in the urban areas. Non-agriculturists such as
small merchants, traders, artisans, wage earners and
professionals are admitted as members. An Urban Bank
provides short term and medium term loans to its
members for non-agricultural purposes. They also
accept deposits of various types and work in the style of
commercial banks. The Reserve Bank has the right to
inspect and supervise these banks as they come under
the purview of the Banking Regulation Act of 1949

29. Self Help Groups (SHGs)
An important development in the state under peoples planning
programme is the rapid growth of Self Help Groups. (SHGs)
SHG is defined as “a small, economically homogeneous and
cohesive group of poor people who voluntarily come together
to save small amounts, mutually agreeing to contribute to a
common fund, to meet their emergency needs on mutual help
basis, to have collective decision making, to provide collateral
free loans and get collective bank loans for productive and
profitable work”. They have been promoted by “Ayalkootams”
and “Gramasabhas”, the products of local level planning

30. Kudumbasree Projects
Kudumbasree is a poverty eradication project officially launched
in the state in May 1988. The state Government and NABARD
jointly implemented this project through local bodies. The
project emphasizes the empowerment of women through their
co-operation and mobilization of their small savings and
utilization of their savings for starting micro enterprises. The
Neighbor Hood Groups (NHG) will collect small savings from
its members and act as an informal rural bank. It also acts as a
rural marketing network for marketing their own products and
products of other NHGs. There is a three-tier system for the
implementation of the project at the bottom level there are NHGs
formed by 15-40 adult women,

31. Micro Credit
Micro Credit can be defined as provision of
thrift, credit and other financial services and
products of very small amount to the poor in
rural, semi-urban and urban areas with the sole
aim to enable them to raise their income level
and standard of living through Self Help
Groups