Understanding the Genetic Landscape of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici From a Global to a Country Perspective

ì
Understanding
the
genetic
landscape
of
Puccinia
graminis

f.
sp.
tritici
from
a
global
to
a
country
perspective

Les
J.
Szabo

USDA
ARS

Cereal
Disease
Laboratory

St.
Paul,
Minnesota,
USA

Botma
Visser

Department
Plant
Sciences

University
of
Free
State

Bloemfontein
9300,
South
Africa

Co-‐Authors:

ChrisIna
Cuomo
&

S.
Sakthikumar

Broad
InsItute

MIT
and
Harvard

Cambridge,
MA

USA

Jerry
L.
Johnson

USDA
ARS

Cereal
Disease
Laboratory

St.
Paul,
Minnesota,
USA

Robert
F.
Park

ACRCP,
Plant
Breeding
InsItute

University
of
Sydney

Eveleigh
New
South
Wales,
Australia

Pgt
genotyping
project

ì  ObjecIves:

ì  Characterize
the
global
geneIc
landscape.

ì  Develop
molecular
diagnosIc
tools.

ì  Track
regional
and
global
movement.

ì  Elucidate
evoluIon
of
Pgt.

Pgt
genotyping
project:
Partners

Robert Park
Univ. of Syndey
USDA ARS CDL
Zak Pretorius & Botma Visser
Univ. of Free State
Tom Fetch
Agriculture & Agi - Food Sarah Hambleton
Agriculture & Agi - Food
Silvia German
Y. Anikster & H. Sela
Tel. Aviv University
Alexey Morgounov
CIMMYT
Funding:
DRRW
phase
II,
USDA

Pgt
genotyping
project:
Methods

ì  Genome-‐wide
genotyping

ì  Re-‐sequencing

ì  Illumina
paired-‐end
reads
(101
bases,
20-‐30X)

ì  70
isolates
analyzed

ì  ~
1
million
SNPs

ì  Pgt
SNP
Chip

ì  1,536
SNP
loci

ì  153
isolates
analyzed

ì  SNP
Panel

ì  Ug99
Race
Group
(Ug99
RG)

ì  25
SNP
Loci

DistribuIon
of
Pgt
isolates
genotyped

1 to 5
6 to 10
Number of isolates
11-20
>20
Total
number
=
189
Pgt
isolates

Pgt
genetic
landscape

ì  Genome-‐wide
genotyping

ì  Re-‐sequencing

ì  Pgt
SNP
Chip

ì  Combined
data
sets.

ì  1,156
SNP
loci

ì  Principle
coordinate
analysis

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

Coordinate
3

83ETH6_1

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

83KEN_7a

Ug99
RG

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

2009KEN06b
(RTRJP)

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

AFRICA

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

Ug99
RG

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

09KEN06b
(RTRJP)

60IRN_10_b

83ETH6_1

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

86PAK_1030_a
(RRRT)

06YEM34_1
(TRTTF)

ISR_2083_1
(TRRTF)

83KEN_7a

ISR_2147
(TTTTC)

ISR_2117
(TTJTC)

12TUR_6_c_1

12TUR_3_A_1

12TUR_6_B-‐2

Coordinate
3

AFRICA

ASIA

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

AFRICA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

Ug99
RG

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

09KEN06b
(RTRJP)

60IRN_10_b

ISR_2147
(TTTTC)

ISR_2117
(TTJTC)

12TUR_6_c_1

83ETH6_1

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

86PAK_1030_a
(RRRT)

06YEM34_1
(TRTTF)

ISR_2083_1
(TRRTF)

12TUR_3_A_1

12TUR_6_B-‐2

AUS_126_6711

83KEN_7a

AUS_194_12356

AUS_326_12356

AUS_21_0

Coordinate
3

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

AFRICA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

EUROPE

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

84CSK_764_3
(GHBS)

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

09KEN06b
(RTRJP)

60IRN_10_b

AUS_126_6711

ISR_2147
(TTTTC)

ISR_2117
(TTJTC)

12TUR_6_c_1

83ETH6_1

12TUR_3_A_1

12TUR_6_B-‐2

Ug99
RG

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

86PAK_1030_a
(RRRT)

06YEM34_1
(TRTTF)

ISR_2083_1
(TRRTF)

INRA98_PGT0001

Coordinate
3

83KEN_7a

AUS_194_12356

AUS_326_12356

AUS_21_0

84CSK_75_9_C

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

AFRICA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

EUROPE

NA

Coordinate
3

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

84CSK_764_3
(GHBS)

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

09KEN06b
(RTRJP)

60IRN_10_b

Ug99
RG

ISR_2147
(TTTTC)

ISR_2117
(TTJTC)

12TUR_6_c_1

AUS_126_6711

83ETH6_1

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

86PAK_1030_a
(RRRT)

06YEM34_1
(TRTTF)

ISR_2083_1
(TRRTF)

INRA98_PGT0001

12TUR_3_A_1

12TUR_6_B-‐2

83KEN_7a

AUS_194_12356

AUS_326_12356

AUS_21_0

84CSK_75_9_C

01TX27_C
(TTTT)

01MN84A
(TTTT)

08WA130_1

74MN70_5C
(TCLK)

76MN1391
(TMLK)

56IN1970_2C
(RKRQ)

80MN518_3
(RKRQ)

91IA154_1
(QCCJ)

72MEX1370_C
(QFCQ)

59KS19
(MCCF)

75WA973B
(MCCD)

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North
America

South
America

AFRICA

ASIA

AUSTRALIA

EUROPE

NA

SA

Coordinate
3

87KEN_3016_4

85MAR_42_2

84ETH_19_A

87KEN_11_4

80MAR_33_B

09ETH_8_3
(JRCQC)

84CSK_764_3
(GHBS)

96ZIM2a

84KEN8c

86MAR185c

09KEN06b
(RTRJP)

60IRN_10_b

Ug99
RG

ISR_2147
(TTTTC)

ISR_2117
(TTJTC)

12TUR_6_c_1

AUS_126_6711

83ETH6_1

ETH2010_01a
(TRTTF)

86PAK_1030_a
(RRRT)

06YEM34_1
(TRTTF)

ISR_2083_1
(TRRTF)

INRA98_PGT0001

12TUR_3_A_1

12TUR_6_B-‐2

83KEN_7a

AUS_194_12356

AUS_326_12356

AUS_21_0

84CSK_75_9_C

59KS19
(MCCF)

75WA973B
(MCCD)

91IA154_1
(QCCJ)

72MEX1370_C
(QFCQ)

74MN70_5C
(TCLK)

76MN1391
(TMLK)

56IN1970_2C
(RKRQ)

80MN518_3
(RKRQ)

01TX27_C
(TTTT)

01MN84A
(TTTT)

08WA130_1

Pgt
geneIc
landscape:
Ug99
RG

ì  SNP
panel

ì  Ug99
RG

ì  25
SNP
loci

Race
Sample
ID
Genotype
A003
A005
A007
A010
A012
A021
A022
A031
A013
A014
A017
A020
A023
A026
A030

A001
A004
A006
A011
A016
A018
A024
A029
A033
A034

TTKSK
98UgA_1
AF-‐001aa
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GG

CC
AA
CC
CC
AA
GG
AA

AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSK
04Ken156/4
AF-‐001ab
CC
GG
GG
TG
TT
TT
CT
GG

CC
AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC

AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSK
07Ken34_1
AF-‐001ac
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GG

CC
AA
CC
CT
AA
GG
AA

AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSK
07Ken11_2
AF-‐001ad
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GG

CC
AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC

AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSK
09Tan06_2
AF-‐001af
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GG

CC
AA
TT
CT
AC
GG
AC

AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKST
06Ken19v3
AF-‐001ba
CT
GG
GA
TT
TT
TT
CT
GT
TT
AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKST
07Ken18
AF-‐001bb
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GT
TT
AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTTSK
07Ken24_4
AF-‐001ca
CC
GA
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GG
CC AA
TT
CT
AC
GG
AC
AG
GG
TC
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GA
AA

TTTSK
09Tan07_1
AF-‐001cc
CC
GG
GG
GG
TT
TT
CT
GG
CC AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTTSK
09Tan08_2
AF-001cd CC
GG
GG
GG
TT
AT
CT
GG
CC AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSF
UvPgt55
AF-‐001da
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
AA
TT GG
CC AG
CC
CC
AA
GA
AA
AA
GA
TT
CC
GG
AG
AC
AT
GG
AG

TTKSF
09Zim01_1
AF-‐001db
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
AA
CT
GG
CC AA
CC
CC
AA
GG
AA
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSF
UvPgt61.2
AF-‐001dd
CC
GG
GG
TT
TT
AA
CT
GG
CC AA
CC
CC
AA
GA
AA
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

PTKST
UvPgt60
AF-‐001fa
CT
GG
GG
TT
TT
TT
CT
GT
TT
AA
CC
CT
AC
GG
AC
AA
GG
TT
CC
GG
GG
CC
AA
GG
AA

TTKSP
UvPgt59
AF-‐001ea
CC
GG
GG
TT
TG
AA
TT GG
CC AA
CC
CC
AA
GA
AA
AA
GG
TT
CT
AG
AG
AC
AT
GG
AA

Pgt
genetic
landscape:
Ug99
RG

KENYA
ETHIOPIA
ZIMBABWE
UGANDA
SOUTH AFRICA
TANZANIA
ERITREA
Pgt
race
TTKSK

Kenya
Uganda

1998 2007 2008 20102004 20122009
AF-001aa
AF-001ad
AF-001ac
AF-001ab
AF-001aa
AF-001af
AF-001ad
AF-001ac
AF-001ab
AF-001da
AF-001cd
AF-001cc
AF-001ca
AF-001bb
AF-001ba
AF-001ea
AF-001dd
AF-001db
AF-001fa
Genotype
TTKSK
PTKST
TTTSK
TTKSF
TTKST
TTKSP

Pgt
genetic
landscape:
Summary

ì  Ug99
RG
is
an
unique
geneIc
group.

ì  Individual
races
of
Ug99
RG
consist
of
mulIple

genotypes.

ì  Genotyping
results
clearly
demonstrates
that
Pgt

has
spread
globally.

1 to 5
6 to 10
Number of isolates
11-20
>20

Pgt
genetic
landscape:
Summary

ì  This
represents
the
ﬁrst
step
in
characterizing
the

Pgt
global
populaIon.

ì  It
will
take
parIcipaIon
by
the
global
rust

community
to
complete
this
project.

Robert Park
Univ. of Syndey
USDA ARS CDL
Zak Pretorius & Botma Visser
Univ. of Free State
Tom Fetch
Agriculture & Agi - Food Sarah Hambleton
Agriculture & Agi - Food
Silvia German
Y. Anikster & H. Sela
Tel. Aviv University
Alexey Morgounov
CIMMYT

ì
South
Africa

Pgt
genotyping
partnership

USDA-‐ARS

Prof.
Szabo

UFS

Dr.
Visser,
Prof.
Pretorius

ARC-‐SGI

Dr.
Terefe

Pgt
DNA

SNP

technology

CollecIons

Selected

collecIons

ì
South
Africa

Introduction

§  South
Africa
(http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=za&commodity=wheat&graph=production)

§  29th
ranked
wheat
producer
in
the
world

§  2013
production
reached
1700
MT

§  Annual
Pgt
surveys
started
in
South
Africa
in
1980
(Le
Roux
and
Rijkenberg,
1987)

§  Currently
conducted
by
Dr.
Terefe
at
the
Small
Grain
Institute
(ARC-‐SGI)
in
Bethlehem

(see
poster
89
for
2011
and
2012
data)

§  Relies
on
phenotyping
viable
collections
on
standard
diﬀerentials

ì
South
Africa

Introduction

Race 81 82,83 84 85 86S 86W 87S 87W 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 07 08 09 10
2SA002
1 3 1.7 9 14 2
2SA004 0.5 20.2 20.2 9 74 50 77 28 13 3 31 1 26 67 39 1 0.8
2SA006 31.6 2.8 55
2SA010 2 9.6 3.6 1
2SA018 1
2SA020 0.5
2SA032 4.5 8.2 8 7 1
2SA033 1
2SA036 8.5 1 1 10 2
2SA039 1.5
2SA043 0.5
2SA043 1.4 2
2SA045 31.1
2SA048 14.3 100 1.4 1
2SA049 2.5
2SA051 1
2SA052 1
2SA053 0.5
2SA054 1.5
2SA055 65 3.3 3.3 4.5
2SA088
(TTKSF) 35 68.8 81 85 69.7 26.1 38.4 39 78
2SA099 5 18.8 3 1 0.8
2SA100 58.2 55 27 15 29 16 1 5 13 5 2 1 0.8
2SA101 4.5 5.7 1 1
2SA102 70 54 36 59 37 53 53 12.4 10 12 23.8 1.1 8.9 12 1
2SA103 18 46 5 60 21 33 3 6 0.8 2
2SA104 14.1 9.8 8 3
2SA105 53.2 20.5 21 15
2SA106
(TTKSP) 2.2 17.9 14 2
2SA107
(PTKST) 4 1
2SA108
(TTKSF+)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Terefe
&

Pretorius,

2011a
,
b
Le
Roux
and
Rijkenberg,

1987 Le
Roux,
1989 Boshoff
et
al .,
2000 Komen,
2007
Terefe
et
al .,

2010

ì
South
Africa

Introduction

§  SSR
analyses
identiﬁed
two
unrelated
Pgt
lineages
within
South
Africa
(Visser
et

al.,
2011)

§  Lineage
1
–
non-‐Ug99
races

§  Lineage
2
–
Ug99
race
group
members
(see
poster
88)

§  Why
is
the
South
African
situation
relevant
at
a
global
level?

§  Half
of
the
Ug99
race
group
members
occur
in
South
Africa

§  Possible
movement
of
races
from
Africa
to
Australia
was
suggested
(Watson

and
de
Sousa,
1982)

ì
South
Africa

Hypothesis

§  The
genotyping
of
South
African
Pgt
samples
collected
during
annual

surveys
will
complement,
but
not
replace,
the
current
phenotyping

strategy.

Materials
and
methods

§  Pgt
collections

§  Dr.
Tarakegn
Terefe
(ARC-‐SGI,
Bethlehem,
SA)

§  Surveys

§  2010
–
84
collections
(country-‐wide)

§  2011
–
56
collections
(country-‐wide)

§  2012
–
102
collections
(Western
Cape
Province)

§  CTAB
DNA
extraction
(Saghai-‐Maroof
et
al.,
1984)

§  Isolate
genotyping

§  Ug99
vs
non-‐Ug99
identification
–
Stage
1
qPCR

§  Ug99
race
identification
–
Stage
2
qPCR

§  Non-‐Ug99
race
identification
–
SSR
analysis
(PgSUN7,
PgSUN20,

PgSUN27,
PgSUN30,
PgSUN31,
PgSUN33,
PgSUN42,
PgSUN44

(Karaoglu
et
al.,
2013)

Materials
and
methods

b
d
Ug99
positive

P5111
P9406

P13470
P18022

Ug99
vs
non-‐Ug99
identiﬁcation

Materials
and
methods

Ug99
negative

b
d
P5111
P9406

P13470
P18022

Ug99
vs
non-‐Ug99
identiﬁcation

Results

Ug99
vs
non-‐Ug99
identiﬁcation

Year Number
of
isolates Ug99
positive Ug99
negative Failed
DNA
extraction
2010 84 64
(76%) 19
(23%) 1
(1%)
2011 56 36
(64%) 17
(30%) 3
(6%)
2012 102 51
(50%) 49
(48%) 2
(2%)

Materials
and
methods

Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

Ug99
race A003 A005 A007 A010 A012 A021 A022 A031
TTKSF C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) A
(H) T
(F) G
(H)
C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) A
(H) T
(F) G
(H)
TTKSP C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) A
(H) T
(F) G
(H)
C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) G
(F) A
(H) T
(F) G
(H)
PTKST C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) T
(F) C
(H) G
(H)
T
(F) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) T
(F) T
(F) T
(F)
TTKSF+ C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) A
(H) C
(H) G
(H)
C
(H) G
(H) G
(H) T
(H) T
(H) A
(H) T
(F) G
(H)

Results

Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

-‐
2011
survey

A003 A005 A007 A010 A012 A021 A022 A031
Phenotype TTKSF CC GG GG TT TT AA TT GG
TTKSP CC GG GG TT TG AA TT GG
PTKST CT GG GG TT TT TT CT GT
TTKSF+ CC GG GG TT TT AA CT GG
Isolates S004-‐11 CC GG GG TT TT AA TC GG TTKSF+
S005-‐11 CC GG GG TT TT AA TC GG TTKSF+
S015-‐11 CC GG GG TT TG AA TT GG TTKSP
S017-‐11 CC GG GG TT TT AA TT GG TTKSF
TTKSF
TTKSF+

(see
poster
45)

Results

2SA107

2SA88

2SA102

2SA88

2SA88/104

Non-‐Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

-‐
2010
survey

Results

2SA105/88

2SA105

2SA105

2SA88

2SA105

2SA106

Non-‐Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

-‐
2010
survey

Results

2SA105/104
2SA105/88
2SA105
Non-‐Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

-‐
2011
survey

Results

Non-‐Ug99
race
identiﬁcation

-‐
2012
survey

Results

Race
data
summary

Race 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 07 08 09 10 10 11 12
2SA055 65 3.3 3.3 4.5
2SA088
(TTKSF) 35 68.8 81 85 69.7 26.1 38.4 39 78 53.7 35.9 37
2SA099 5 18.8 3 1 0.8
2SA100 1 0.8
2SA101
2SA102 53 12.4 10 12 23.8 1.1 8.9 12 1 1.9 1
2SA103 33 3 6 0.8 2
2SA104 14.1 9.8 8 3 1.2
2SA105 53.2 20.5 21 15 14.6 24.5 39
2SA106
(TTKSP) 2.2 17.9 14 2 1.2 1.9
2SA107
(PTKST) 4 1
2SA108
(TTKSF+) 22 30.1 14
2SA105
(?) 7.3 5.7 8
Unknown 1
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Current

genotyping
studyKomen,
2007
Terefe
et

al .,
2010
Terefe
&

Pretorius,

2011a
,
b

ì
South
Africa

Discussion

-‐  Genotyping
of
Pgt
collections

-‐  Indicated
significant
genetic
variation
within
the
population

-‐  Forced
changes
in
the
survey
protocol

-‐  Confirmed
the
wide
distribution
of
TTKSF+
before
it
was
detected
on

phenotype
level

-‐  Confirmed
possible
multiple
genotypes
for
a
single
phenotype
(2SA105)

-‐  Indicated
the
presence
of
an
unknown
genotype

-‐  Help
with
planning
of
future
surveys

-‐  Confirmed
the
continued
need
for
phenotyping

-‐  Partnership
led
to
the
establishment
of
Pgt
genotyping
capacity
at
UFS

with
the
hope
of
expanding
both
in
the
future

Acknowledgements

§  Prof.
Les
Szabo
(USDA-‐ARS,
St
Paul,
USA)
for
genotyping
partnership

§  BGRI
for
invitation
and
ﬁnancial
support
to
report
on
partnership

§  Dr.
Tarakegn
Terefe
(ARC-‐SGI,
Bethlehem,
SA)
for
Pgt
collections

§  Mr.
Tonny
Selinga
(UFS)
for
technical
assistance

§  Prof.
Liezel
Herselman
(UFS)

§  Prof.
Zakkie
Pretorius
(UFS)

Literature
cited

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-‐  Karaoglu
H,
Lee
CMY
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Park
R,
2013.
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-‐  Komen
JS,
2007.
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-‐  Le
Roux,
1989.
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-‐  Le
Roux
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-‐  Visser
B,
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