1. HTML Basics
HTML, Text, Images, Tables, Forms
Svetlin Nakov
Telerik Corporation
www.telerik.com
2. Table of Contents
1. Introduction to HTML
How the Web Works?
What is a Web Page?
My First HTML Page
Basic Tags: Hyperlinks, Images, Formatting
Headings and Paragraphs
2. HTML in Details
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <head> Section: Title, Meta, Script, Style
2
3. Table of Contents (2)
The <body> Section
Text Styling and Formatting Tags
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
Hyperlinks and Sections
Images: <img> tag
Lists: <ol> and <ul> Tag
HTML Special Characters
3. The <div> and <span> Tags
3
4. How the Web Works?
WWW use classical client / server architecture
HTTP is text-based request-response protocol
HTTP
Page request
HTTP
Server response
Server running Web
Client running a
Server Software
Web Browser
(IIS Apache, etc.)
4
5. What is a Web Page?
Web pages are text files containing HTML
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
A notation for describing
document structure (semantic markup)
formatting (presentation markup)
Looks like:
A Microsoft Word document
The markup tags tell the Web browser how to
display the page
5
6. Creating HTML Pages
An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file
extension
HTML files can be created with text editors:
NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad
Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):
Microsoft FrontPage
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Netscape Composer
Microsoft Word
6
8. First HTML Page
test.html
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is some text that will
appear on the web page.
</body>
</html>
8
9. First HTML Page: Tags
<html>
Opening tag
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body> Closing tag
This is some text that will
appear on the web page.
</body>
</html>
9
10. First HTML Page: Header
HTML header
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is some text that will
appear on the web page.
</body>
</html>
10
11. First HTML Page: Body
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is some text that will
appear on the web page.
</body>
</html>
HTML body
11
12. Some Simple Tags
Hyperlink Tags
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>
Image Tags
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
Formatting tags
<b>This text is bold</b>
And this is <u>underlined</u>
<center>Some centered text</center>
12
13. Some Simple Tags – Example
some-tags.html
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/" title=
"BASD">This is a link to some URL</a>
<br />
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
<br />
<b>This text is bold</b>
<br />
And this is <u>underlined</u>
<br />
<center>Some centered text</center>
</body>
</html>
13
14. Some Simple Tags – Example (2)
some-tags.html
<html>
<body>
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/" title=
"BASD">This is a link to some URL</a>
<br />
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
<br />
<b>This text is bold</b>
<br />
And this is <u>underlined</u>
<br />
<center>Some centered text</center>
</body>
</html>
14
16. Tags Attributes
Tags could have attributes
Attributes specify their properties and behavior
Example: Attribute alt with value "logo"
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
Few attributes that apply to every element:
id, style, class, title
The id is unique in the document
Content of title attribute is displayed as hint
when element is hovered with mouse
Some elements have obligatory attributes
16
17. Headings and Paragraphs
Heading Tags
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
Paragraph Tags
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
Sections: div and span
<div align="center" style=
"background: skyblue">This is a div</div>
17
18. Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
headings.html
<html>
<head><title>Headings and
paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<div align="center"
style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
18
19. Headings and Paragraphs –
Example (2)
headings.html
<html>
<head><title>Headings and
paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<div align="center"
style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
19
22. The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
At their beginning HTML documents must have a
document type declaration
It tells the Web browsers how to handle the HTML
data
Possible versions: HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2, HTML 4.01,
XHTML 1.0, XHTML 1.1, …
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
See http://www.w3.org/QA/2002/04/Web-Quality for a list
of possible doctypes
22
23. HTML vs. XHTML
XHTML is more strict then HTML
All tags must be properly nested (HTML allows
<b><i>text</b></i>)
Tags and attribute names must be in lowercase
Attribute values must be in " " (HTML allows ' ')
All tags must be closed (<br/>, <img/>) while
HTML allows <br> and <img>
XHTML allows only one root <html> element
(HTML allows more than one)
23
24. XHTML vs. HTML (2)
Many element attributes
are deprecated in
XHTML, most are moved to CSS
Attribute minimization is forbidden, e.g.
<input type="checkbox" checked>
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked" />
Note: Web browsers load XHTML faster than
HTML and valid code faster than invalid!
24
25. HTML Structure
HTML is comprised of elements called “tags”
Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
When writing XHTML, must define a namespace
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
Tags are nested one inside another:
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
Tags have attributes:
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
HTML describes structure using two main sections:
<head> and <body>
25
26. The <head> Section
Contains information that doesn’t show
directly on the viewable page
Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
Contains mandatory single <title> tag
Can contain multiple nested tags, e. g.:
<meta>
<script>
<style>
<!– comments -->
26
27. <head> Section: <title> tag
Title should be placed between <head> and
</head> tags
<title>Telerik Academy – Winter Season 2009/2010
</title>
Used to specify a title to the Web page window
Search engines and people rely on titles
27
28. <head> Section: <meta>
Meta tags additionally
describe the content
contained within the page
<meta name="description" content="HTML
tutorial">
<meta name="keywords" content="html, web
design, styles">
<meta name="author" content="Chris Brewer">
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5;
url=http://www.telerik.com">
28
29. <head> Section: <script>
The <script> </script> tag is used to
embed scripts into an HTML document
Script are executed in the client's Web browser
Scripts can live in the <head> and in the <body>
sections
Supported client-side scripting languages:
JavaScript (it is not Java!)
VBScript
JScript
29
30. The <script> Tag – Example
<html> scripts-example.html
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write(
"<p><b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type=
"text/javascript">
sayHello();
</script>
</body>
</html>
30
34. Comments: <!-- --> Tag
Comments can exist anywhere between the
<html></html> tags
Comments start with <!-- and end with -->
<!–- BASD Logo (it is a GIF file with
transparent background) -->
<img src="logo.gif" alt="BASD Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to BASD official Web site -->
<a href="http://www.devbg.org/">BASD Home</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...
34
35. <body> Section: Introduction
The <body> section describes the viewable
portion of the page
Starts after the <head> </head> section
Begins with <body> and ends with </body>
<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>
This is the Web page body!
</body>
</html>
35
36. <body> Section: Attributes
The <body> tag has the following attributes:
background Background image file ="URL"
bgcolor Background color ="color"
text Default text color ="color"
link Hyperlink color ="color"
vlink Visited hyperlink color ="color"
Example:
<body background="texture.gif" text="#238E23">
* For color codes, see www.webreference.com/html/tools/colorizer/
36
37. Text Styling without CSS
Text can be formatted Different styles of
as headings or regular heading are
paragraph text available:
Use these consistently! <h1></h1> Heading 1
<p></p> by default <h2></h2> Heading 2
doubles the spaces <h3></h3> Heading 3
after each paragraph <h4></h4> Heading 4
<h5></h5> Heading 5
<br /> is weird: the <h6></h6> Heading 6
trailing “/” makes it <p></p> Paragraph
XHTML compliant <br /> Line break
37
38. Text Formatting
Text formatting tags modify the text between
the opening tag and the closing tag
Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
38
39. Text Formatting – Example
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Svetlin Nakov</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="black" text="white" link="red" vlink="blue">
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br>
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
39
40. Text Formatting – Example (2)
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Svetlin Nakov</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="black" text="white" link="red" vlink="blue">
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br>
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
40
42. Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
Link to a document calledform.html on the
same server in the same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
Link to a document calledparent.html on
the same server in the parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>
Link to a document calledcat.html on the
same server in the subdirectory stuff:
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
42
43. Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)
Link to an external Web site:
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
Always use a full URL, including "http://", not
just "www.somesite.com"
Using the target="_blank" attribute opens
the link in a new window
Link to an e-mail address:
<a href="mailto:bugs@example.com?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
43
44. Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (3)
Link to a document called apply-now.html
On the same server, in same directory
Using an image as a link button:
<a href="apply-now.html"><img
src="apply-now-button.jpg" /></a>
Link to a document called index.html
On the same server, in the subdirectory english of
the parent directory:
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to
English version</a>
44
45. Hyperlinks and Sections
Link to another location in the same document:
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<a name="section1">Introduction</a>
Link to a specific location in another document:
<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<a name="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</a>
45
49. Links to the Same Document –
Example
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br/>
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br/>
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br/>
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2><a name="section1">Introduction</a></h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2><a name="section2">Some background</a></h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3><a name="section2.1">Project History</a></h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
49
50. Links to the Same Document –
Example (2)
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br/>
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br/>
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br/>
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2><a name="section1">Introduction</a></h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2><a name="section2">Some background</a></h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3><a name="section2.1">Project History</a></h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
50
52. Images: <img> tag
Inserting an image with <img> tag:
<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">
Image attributes:
src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
align Text alignment: bottom, middle, top
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border
Example:
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" border="0">
52
53. Miscellaneous Tags
<hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center></center>: Deprecated!
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font>: Changes font style
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
With CSS, there is no reason to use this tag
53
56. Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
1. Apple i. Apple
2. Orange ii. Orange
3. Grapefruit iii. Grapefruit
a. Apple
A. Apple b. Orange I. Apple
B. Orange c. Grapefruit II. Orange
C. Grapefruit III. Grapefruit
56
57. Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
Attribute values for type are:
disc, circle or square
• Apple o Apple Apple
• Orange o Orange Orange
• Pear o Pear Pear
57
58. Definition lists: <dl> tag
Create definition lists using <dl>
Pairs of text and associated definition; text is in
<dt> tag, definition in <dd> tag
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup language …</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Language used to …</dd>
</dl>
Renders without bullets
Definition is indented
58
66. Block and Inline Elements
Block elements act as if there is a break before
and after them
<div> is a block element
Other block elements are <table>, <hr>,
headings, lists, <center>, <p> and etc.
Inline elements don’t break the text before
and after them
<span> is inline element
Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
66
67. The <div> Tag
<div> creates logical divisions within a page
Block style element
Used with CSS
Example:
div-and-span.html
<div align="center" style="font-size:24;
color:red">DIV example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
67
69. The <span> Tag
Inline style element
Useful for modifying a specific portion of text
Don't create a separate area
(paragraph) in the document
Very useful with CSS
span.html
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
<p>This one is another <span style="font-size:32;
font-weight:bold">TEST</span>.</p>
69
