Color is a perceptual phenomenon that can be explored through psychometrics and modeling of attribute correlates. Color is also a cognitive phenomenon that can be researched through color naming and categorization. We begin with a review of previous research, with an emphasis on the challenges and applications of this work. Building on a large unconstrained color naming corpus collected online from over 4,000 volunteers we demonstrate the long-tail of color naming and derive an online color tool based on the thesaurus model of synonyms and antonyms.
To further improve the quality and quantity of the underlying naming corpus, we introduce two novel feedback mechanisms to the Italian version of the online color thesaurus: instance based harvesting of missing names and optional user ranking of included names. This allows a more efficient creation of a higher quality color naming corpus.
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
Cognitive Aspects of Color
1. Introduction
Previous Work
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Cognitive Aspects of Color
Aspetti cognitivi del colore
G. Beretta N. Moroney
Print Production Automation Lab
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
Palo Alto, California
IVa Conferenza Nazionale del Gruppo del Colore
¯
Como, 18 settembre 2008
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
2. Introduction
Previous Work
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
3. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
4. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Emerging Display Technologies
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
5. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Today’s Nomadic Road Warrior Works Wherever
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
6. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Color Management Is Just Expected to Work
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
7. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Color Integrity
At the 1997 panel discussion on color fidelity vs. color integrity
at the Color Imaging Conference in Scottsdale we had argued:
Color fidelity cannot be achieved in consumer applications
like Internet shopping
A color never comes alone: it is part of a palette
Color fidelity is not necessary if color integrity is
maintained
1 Foveal colors should not cross name boundaries
2 The error vectors should have a uniform flux
Distortions are unavoidable, we need to control them
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
8. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Naming of Colors
In real life, the names of colors are often less important than
the names of colors of objects
Example
Delk & Fillenbaum experiment (1965)
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
9. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
More Applications of Color Naming
Once we have facilities for processing color by name, we can
find more applications:
Better user experience in GUIs
Automatic nudging of text and logo colors for readibility in
variable data printing
Gamut mapping for HDR and wide gamut displays
Culture-independent preferred color rendering
Thematic rendering
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
10. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
11. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Metric Color Discrimination
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
12. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Color Communication
stimulus detectors early mechanisms pictorial register
color
edges
contour
motion
depth
…
context parameters
chroma
etc.
hue
Color lexicon lightness
chroma internal
etc.
color space
amber hue
lightness
action color name apparent color
representation
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
13. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Color Naming Constraints
1 Physiological basis of color perception
2 General color cognition
basic vs. derived color categories
role of prototypes
formatting of internal representation
3 Color communication
sharable knowledge about the world
metaphorical names
semantic and syntactic constraints
Result: an observer can discriminate more efficiently between a
pair of colors straddling a category boundary than between a
pair in the same category
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
14. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Categorical Color Discrimination
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
15. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
16. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Development of Color Naming
Color naming is acquired, not genetic
socio-economic status (SES)
Occurs late in child’s development, but age is decreasing
with increase of technology
1900: basic four colors @ 8 years
1950: @ 5 years of age
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
17. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
Color Ontogeny of Languages
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, University of Berkeley, 1969
The physiology underlying even the unique hues is
unknown
There is no natural categorization
orange
and/or
green yellow
white pink
and red blue brown and/or
black purple
and/or
yellow green
gray
I II III IV V VI VII
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
18. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
The Structure of Color Naming Spaces
1 What is the set of color names?
2 Where are the boundaries for synonyms?
Without a natural categorization, it is not clear where the
boundary for synonyms are
An important problem in avionics
3 How are the color names categorized algorithmically?
v’
white yellow
1. 1. 1.
.98 .92 .65 .53
.73 87 .91 orange
.55 green 1. .99 .98
.97 .88 .62
.87 .71.53
.75.88.96
.59.73 .74.57 .98 .98.96
.97 .91 .94 .33 .45 .93
.84 .66 .5 .46 A .51 .58.54 .63
.59.52 .5
.44 .31.49.63
.71 .71 .68 .78.81 .63
.7 .44 .47.52
.41.35.56
.47 .33.39.61 red
.57.56 .44 .61.61.52
B
.33 .45.56 .56 .53.53
.47.47
.43.32.46.56
aqua .77.63.38.39.56C E D
.64.53.35
.68 .76 .74.75
.58 peach
.45 .53 .7 .8
.82.65.36.45 .85.87.82.74
.45.48 .3
.52.74.81
.69.42 .36 .87 .91.89.86
.47.48.28
.33.57.69
.53.64 .5 .83.92.88 .87
.38.37.48.44
gray .62.75 .57 .7 .82.86
.53.35.56.56
.47 .56.68
.88 pink
.74.82 .53 .54 .72.74
.67 .77.59
.35 .48.51.63
.9 .84 .48
.7 .83 .8
.72.65 .5
.92.89.53
.82.92 .9 .75.69
.98 .9 .52
.83.93 .89.81
purple
blue .98 .9 .53 .83.94.92
.97 .9 .52.91
.95
.25 A = CIE Standard Illuminant A
.96.91 .6 .84
B = CIE Standard Illuminant B
.97.92.63
C = CIE Standard Illuminant C
.97.94 D = CIE Standard Illuminant D65
E = equal-energy point
.97
u’
.15
.05 .15 .25 .35 .45
David L. Post, 1988
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
19. Introduction
Broad Problem Description
Previous Work
Specific Problem Description
Our Results & Contribution
Categorical Perception
Summary
What is A Color Thesaurus?
Definition
A thesaurus is a compilation of synonyms (and antonyms) with
etymological and semantical information as well as examples to
disambiguate the synonyms
There is a number of dictionaries of color names
In 1955 Kelly and Judd produced an early color thesaurus
In 2007 Nathan Moroney created an online thesaurus of
color names
based on an earlier online color naming experiment
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
20. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
21. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
The ISCC–NBS Method of Designating Colors and A
Dictionary of Color Names
Kenneth L. Kelly & Deane B. Judd, 1955
Names from over a dozen compilations in use in the USA;
uniformity in Munsell space
1933 recommendations by I.H. Godlove + scheme of hue
modifiers + heuristics
Munsell Value
black dark gray medium gray light gray white
–ish black dark –ish gray –ish gray light –ish gray –ish white
pale
dark
blackish grayish or very pale
grayish
light grayish
very dark dark moderate light very light
Munsell Chroma
very deep deep strong brilliant
vivid
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
22. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Coloroid Color Names
Antal Nemcsics, 1993
Historical pigment names; process and structure not
documented; 70’000 observers
Structure hierarchy: 7 domains, 76 primary colors
Several errors and inconsistencies
broken warm white A = 20
cement grey Roman ochre Pompeian yellow
100
90
80
70
60
50 Indian orange
V
40 orange ochre
30 Arsigont
20 brown beige
10
Anatolian brown
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
23. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
24. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Color Names for Avionics
David L. Post and collaborators, 1985–1989
Start with 12-name vocabulary (basic terms + peach)
Psychophysics; present 210 stimuli (uniform in UCS) on
various backgrounds under various illuminants
Boundaries enclose areas within which the modal
color-name response corresponds with the color name
Probability of obtaining the modal color-name response
v’
white yellow
1. 1. 1.
.98 .92 .65 .53
.73 87 .91.87 orange
.55 green1. .99 .98
.97 .88 .62
.71.53 .75.88
.59.73 .74.57 .96.98 .98.96
.97 .91 .94 .33 .45.51 .93
.84 .66 .5 .46.44 A .58.54 .63.59
.52 .5
.31.49.63
.71 .71 .68 .78.81 .63
.7 .44 .47.52
.41.35.56
.47.33.39.61 red
.57.56 .44 .61.61.52
B
.33 .45.56 .56 .53.53
.47.47
.43.32.46.56
aqua .77.63.38.39.56C E D
.64.53.35
.68 .76 .74.75
.58 peach
.45 .53 .7 .8
.82.65.36.45 .85.87.82.74
.45.48 .3
.52.74.81.87
.69.42 .36 .91.89.86
.47.48.28
.33.57.69.83
.53.64 .5 .92.88 .87
.38.37.48.44
gray .62.75 .57 .7 .82.86
.53.35.56.56
.47 .56.68
.88 pink
.74.82 .53 .54.67 .72.74
.77.59 .48
.35 .9 .84 .48
.51.63
.7 .83 .8
.72.65 .5
.92.89.53
.82.92 .9 .75.69
.98 .9 .52
.83.93 .89.81
purple
blue .98 .9 .53 .83.94.92
.97 .9 .52.91
.95
.25 A = CIE Standard Illuminant A
.96.91 .6
.84
B = CIE Standard Illuminant B
.97.92.63
C = CIE Standard Illuminant C
.97.94 D = CIE Standard Illuminant D65
E = equal-energy point
.97
u’
.15
.05 .15 .25 .35 .45
David L. Post, 1988
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
25. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Influence of Culture on Color Naming
Heinrich Zollinger, ca. 1975
What is the link between the neurobiology of color vision
and color naming (embodyment)?
Subjects native speakers in:
chemistry students in German, French, English, Hebrew,
Japanese
art students in German, Hebrew
Japanese children
analphabets in Kekchi, Misquito
Tasks:
1 list minimally necessary color names
2 list supplementary color names
3 total must be 12
4 name 117 Munsell chips
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
26. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Frequency of Occurrence
Chemistry students
Häufigkeit
ETH-Zürich grün
60% blau violett
gelb
40% rotorange
rot
20% rosa
braun
purpur
5R 5YR 5Y 5GY 5G 5BG 5B 5PB 5P 5RP
80% TKD-
60%
40%
20%
5R 5YR 5Y 5GY 5G 5BG 5B 5PB 5P 5RP
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
27. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Robotic Agent Naming Colors
Johan Lammens, 1994
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
28. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
29. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Number of Color Categories
Berlin & Kay: 11 basic terms
white, black, red green yellow, blue, brown, orange, pink,
purple, grey
ISCC–NBS: 267 categories
Nemcsics: 76 primary colors
Boynton & Olson: 15 nonbasic terms are frequently used
tan, peach, olive, lavender, violet, lime, salmon, indigo,
cyan, cream, magenta, turquoise, chartreuse, rust, maroon
11 + 15 = 26
2 uninformed subjects were presented twice the 424 OSA
patches and asked how many colors they saw
one subject estimated 30, the other 80
11 is too low a number to categorize colors
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
30. Introduction
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Previous Work
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
Limitations of These Solutions
Only ISCC–NBS has a bona fide thesaurus
266 color categories with annotated synonyms
Even with 7,500 color names, the dictionary is very limited
a snapshot in time (1955)
mostly government and industry related
only in English
It is not clear how many categories there are
These limitations make it less useful
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
31. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
32. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Research Constraints
We are interested in the names of color patches
Not in free lists of color names
Not in color object names
Not in the evolution of color names
carta zucchero
102, 140, 204; #668ccc; very rare.
azzurro, indaco
azzurro scuro, ciano.
ant. maroone chiaro, ocra.
celeste orange
and/or
54, 176, 239; #36b0ef; rare.
green yellow
white pink
and red blue brown and/or
ciano, azzurro
black purple
and/or
yellow green
cyan, carta zucchero.
gray
ant. arancio, arancione. I II III IV V VI VII
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
33. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Goal
1 Large dictionary
extensive, through crowd-sourcing
evolves through time
not limited to one language
2 Number of synonym categories 12
decided though crowd-sourcing
not 266 like in ISCC–NBS thesaurus
. . . or 26, or 30, or 80. . .
3 Algorithm for determining categories
explicitly ask user for a specific and a general name
construct separate categorizations for each
explore boundary-finding algorithms
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
34. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Color Naming Experiment
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
35. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
36. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
The Color Thesaurus in English
The ephemerality is built in!
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Nathan_Moroney/
color-thesaurus.html
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
37. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Color Zeitgeist
Can easily derive secondary tools
Tag cloud visualization of the color name queries
Example
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
38. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Italian Color Thesaurus
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
39. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Qualifying the Corpus
Problems:
we observed about
5% disruptive
participants in the
experiment
variability of rarely
used names
Solution is to collect
explicit feedback on the
global statistics from
each participant
More efficient than
recruiting domain
specialists
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
40. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Expanding the Corpus
Problem: Insufficient data in non-English corpora
Solutions:
1 brute force: adding a hundred names require tens of
thousands of participants
because of redundancy (long tail distribution) this is very
inefficient
when a name is missing, the cost for completing the corpus
is high
2 targeted harvesting: get participants to find sparse
regions. . .
3 . . . and submit relevant data
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
41. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Contributed Name Distribution
2000 green
blue
light blue
lavender
grass green
tan
khaki
dark brown
cornflower
cream
purple gray yellow green dark purple red orange
pink navy blue navy moss green dark red
red maroon peach burnt orange chocolate
1600 black
lime green
lime
dark blue
burgundy
salmon
spring green
pea green
crimson
coral
brown dark green light purple baby blue apple green
magenta lilac rose kelly green eggplant
violet olive gold dark pink goldenrod
sky blue olive green plum rust medium blue
1200 orange
yellow
cyan
periwinkle
brick red
beige
blue green
fluorescent green
ocean blue
leaf green
teal mint green mustard sage bright purple
light green bright green white hunter green grape
fuchsia mauve indigo pale green light yellow
800 turquoise
aqua
sea green
hot pink
bright blue
chartreuse
blue gray
cobalt
emerald
jade
royal blue neon green light brown midnight blue ochre
forest seafoam aquamarine light pink army green
brick
400
0 gre r m y t l m l p s g p r b b k b k fl b c c e l e b
en ed agen ellow urquo ight b aroo ilac eriwi ea gr rass g each ose eige right haki urnt elly g uores lue g ornflo hocol ggpla eaf gr mera rick
ta ise lue n nkl een re blu ora ree ce ray we ate nt ee ld
e en e nge n nt g r n
ree
n
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
42. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Expanding the Corpus
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
43. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
44. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Limitations of the First Experiments
We have solved:
how can we screen out bogus data?
how do we get scalability?
how can we make the experiments more collaborative?
Remaining problem:
the categorization lacks fixed boundaries
synonyms are formed ad hoc by searching for the color
names with the smallest CIECAM02 color difference
∗
greater than 5∆E02,C
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
45. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Planned Extensions
Algorithm for determining categories
explicitly ask user for a specific and a general name
construct separate categorizations for each
explore boundary-finding algorithms
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
46. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
The Density of Color Names
g
blue green
grey white
yellow
purple brown
pink
red orange
j
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
47. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Outline
1 Introduction
New Challenges in Color Management
Lexical Color
Color Naming
2 Previous Work
Attempts to Compile Thesauri
Extensions of the Basic Color Terms
Summary
3 Our Results & Contribution
Color Naming on the Web
Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Work in Progress
Results So Far
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
48. Introduction Color Naming on the Web
Previous Work Tools Leveraging the Corpus
Our Results & Contribution Work in Progress
Summary Results So Far
Statistics
120’760 synonyms served from September 2007 through
August 2008
Syndicated by
Core Design 77
http://www.core77.com/blog/object_culture/online_color_thesaurus_7966.asp
Aubrey Jaffer
http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Color/Dictionaries
MagCloud reference magazine, available from
http://magcloud.com/browse/Issue/2344
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
49. Introduction
Previous Work
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Summary
There are applications requiring a color thesaurus
Current solutions are not adequate
We have a promising early solution that scales well
Outlook
Research is required to tile the color space and build a true
thesaurus
Eventually, the tool should be so robust we can run it for a
language none of us speaks
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
50. Introduction
Previous Work
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to Prof. Lucia R. Ronchi of the Fondazione
Giorgio Ronchi in Florence for many fruitful discussions and for
compiling the book on Color and Language
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color
51. Introduction
Previous Work
Our Results & Contribution
Summary
Questions and Discussion
mailto:giordano.beretta@hp.com
http://www.hp.com/blogs/mostly_color
http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Giordano_Beretta/
Beretta, Moroney Cognitive Aspects of Color