Suche senden
Hochladen
Reporte Global de Competitividad 2012 - 2013
•
1 gefällt mir
•
1,385 views
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Folgen
Technologie
Business
Melden
Teilen
Melden
Teilen
1 von 545
Jetzt herunterladen
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Empfohlen
Forum Economique Mondial: Rapport Global sur la Competitivite 2012-13
Forum Economique Mondial: Rapport Global sur la Competitivite 2012-13
Stanley Lucas
World Economic Forum Report2011 12
World Economic Forum Report2011 12
Andres Badra
VOYAGES & TOURISME: RAPPORT MONDIAL 2013 SUR LA COMPETITIVITE
VOYAGES & TOURISME: RAPPORT MONDIAL 2013 SUR LA COMPETITIVITE
Stanley Lucas
Global competitivenes 2012 copia
Global competitivenes 2012 copia
Carmen Hevia Medina
Reporte de Competitividad Global 2011 2012
Reporte de Competitividad Global 2011 2012
CR Innova
Global it report_2012
Global it report_2012
Sumit Roy
Blogger
Blogger
revistaamazonia
Reporte 2011
Reporte 2011
Silvia Cardona
Empfohlen
Forum Economique Mondial: Rapport Global sur la Competitivite 2012-13
Forum Economique Mondial: Rapport Global sur la Competitivite 2012-13
Stanley Lucas
World Economic Forum Report2011 12
World Economic Forum Report2011 12
Andres Badra
VOYAGES & TOURISME: RAPPORT MONDIAL 2013 SUR LA COMPETITIVITE
VOYAGES & TOURISME: RAPPORT MONDIAL 2013 SUR LA COMPETITIVITE
Stanley Lucas
Global competitivenes 2012 copia
Global competitivenes 2012 copia
Carmen Hevia Medina
Reporte de Competitividad Global 2011 2012
Reporte de Competitividad Global 2011 2012
CR Innova
Global it report_2012
Global it report_2012
Sumit Roy
Blogger
Blogger
revistaamazonia
Reporte 2011
Reporte 2011
Silvia Cardona
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Comunicado Cancilleria
Comunicado Cancilleria
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
pedroribeiro1973
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
QDiG
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Fernando Bordignon
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Carlos Córdova Jiménez
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
FTSA Academy
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
CR Innova
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
FormazioneTurismo
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
Alex Kornfeind
The Financial Development Report 2012
The Financial Development Report 2012
Sergii Kurbatov
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
atul baride
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
Matteo Magistrelli
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
Vera Leonik-Shilyaeva
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
FTSA Academy
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Andere mochten auch
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Comunicado Cancilleria
Comunicado Cancilleria
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Andere mochten auch
(9)
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
Informe de Competitividad Global 2011-2012 Wef UAI
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
OEP devuelve recursos no utilizados en el Referendo Autonómico de 2015
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Carta de despedida de La Paz de las personas con discapacidad
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Cooperativistas mineros declaran cuarto intermedio para acudir a la mesa de d...
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Decretos anunciados por el presidente Evo Morales
Comunicado Cancilleria
Comunicado Cancilleria
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Teniente denuncia red criminal en la Policía Anticorrupción
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
Teniente de Policia Denuncia en el caso Ganam
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
ASFI emite 30 sanciones contra 12 entidades financieras que vulneraron derech...
Ähnlich wie Reporte Global de Competitividad 2012 - 2013
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
pedroribeiro1973
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
QDiG
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Fernando Bordignon
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Carlos Córdova Jiménez
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
FTSA Academy
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
CR Innova
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
FormazioneTurismo
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
Alex Kornfeind
The Financial Development Report 2012
The Financial Development Report 2012
Sergii Kurbatov
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
atul baride
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
Matteo Magistrelli
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
Vera Leonik-Shilyaeva
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
FTSA Academy
Wef gitr-2010-2011
Wef gitr-2010-2011
Masso_07
The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 Full Data Edition
The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 Full Data Edition
Navik Numsiang
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Aboddahab
Global enabling-trade-report-2010
Global enabling-trade-report-2010
Ivan Marino
Wef global competitivenessreport_2012-13
Wef global competitivenessreport_2012-13
Antonio Glz
WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13
WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13
Hernani Larrea
Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014
Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014
mohammadtazam10
Ähnlich wie Reporte Global de Competitividad 2012 - 2013
(20)
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
The globalcompetitivenessreport 2011-2012
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Wef gcr report_2011-12[1]
Wef gcr report_2011-12
Wef gcr report_2011-12
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
WEF World economic forum report _2011-12
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
Reporte de competividad global 2011 2012
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013
The Financial Development Report 2012
The Financial Development Report 2012
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
World Economic Forum, 'The Financial Development Report 2012'
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
The Global Information Technology Report (2010-2011)
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef gitr-2010-2011
Wef gitr-2010-2011
The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 Full Data Edition
The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 Full Data Edition
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Wef global competitivenessreport_2013-14
Global enabling-trade-report-2010
Global enabling-trade-report-2010
Wef global competitivenessreport_2012-13
Wef global competitivenessreport_2012-13
WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13
WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2012-13
Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014
Global Competitiveness Report 2013 - 2014
Mehr von Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Imputación Fiscal a Raúl Uría por el caso tráfico ilícito de armas
Imputación Fiscal a Raúl Uría por el caso tráfico ilícito de armas
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
PROTOCOLO DE ATENCION AL USUSARIO DEL TSJ
PROTOCOLO DE ATENCION AL USUSARIO DEL TSJ
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
LEY 1280 DE PREVENCION Y CONTROL AL CONSUMO DE LOS PRODUCTOS DE TABACO
LEY 1280 DE PREVENCION Y CONTROL AL CONSUMO DE LOS PRODUCTOS DE TABACO
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas 2022.pdf
Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas 2022.pdf
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Enfermedades no transminisbles Informe OMS 2022
Enfermedades no transminisbles Informe OMS 2022
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Informe de Fondo Tadic y otros C Bolivia.pdf
Informe de Fondo Tadic y otros C Bolivia.pdf
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
INFORME DE ADMISIBILIDAD MARIO FRANCISCO TADIC ASTORGA Y OTROS BOLIVIA
INFORME DE ADMISIBILIDAD MARIO FRANCISCO TADIC ASTORGA Y OTROS BOLIVIA
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Informe sobre los hechos de violencia y vulneración de los derechos humanos o...
Informe sobre los hechos de violencia y vulneración de los derechos humanos o...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Trabajo infantil y adolescente en Bolivia: Vulneración del derecho a la prote...
Trabajo infantil y adolescente en Bolivia: Vulneración del derecho a la prote...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Casos de tortura registrados por el Sepret 2019-2020
Casos de tortura registrados por el Sepret 2019-2020
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
El suplicio de Marco Antonio Aramayo
El suplicio de Marco Antonio Aramayo
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
la Ley 775 de Promoción y Alimentación Saludable
la Ley 775 de Promoción y Alimentación Saludable
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Resolución Ministerial 442 del Ministerio de Salud
Resolución Ministerial 442 del Ministerio de Salud
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
GUÍA DE ACTUACIÓN PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LA COLABORACIÓN EFICAZ
GUÍA DE ACTUACIÓN PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LA COLABORACIÓN EFICAZ
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
ORDEN PÚBLICO Y USO DE LA FUERZA
ORDEN PÚBLICO Y USO DE LA FUERZA
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Recomendaciones a Bolivia Comité contra la Tortura
Recomendaciones a Bolivia Comité contra la Tortura
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Pronunciamiento del Tribunal Supremo Electoral sobre denuncias de exvocal Ros...
Pronunciamiento del Tribunal Supremo Electoral sobre denuncias de exvocal Ros...
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Observatorio para la protección de Derechos Humanos
Observatorio para la protección de Derechos Humanos
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Pronunciamiento de la Sociedad Civil
Pronunciamiento de la Sociedad Civil
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Informe sobre migrantes venezolanos en Bolivia
Informe sobre migrantes venezolanos en Bolivia
Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
Mehr von Luis Fernando Cantoral Benavides
(20)
Imputación Fiscal a Raúl Uría por el caso tráfico ilícito de armas
Imputación Fiscal a Raúl Uría por el caso tráfico ilícito de armas
PROTOCOLO DE ATENCION AL USUSARIO DEL TSJ
PROTOCOLO DE ATENCION AL USUSARIO DEL TSJ
LEY 1280 DE PREVENCION Y CONTROL AL CONSUMO DE LOS PRODUCTOS DE TABACO
LEY 1280 DE PREVENCION Y CONTROL AL CONSUMO DE LOS PRODUCTOS DE TABACO
Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas 2022.pdf
Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas 2022.pdf
Enfermedades no transminisbles Informe OMS 2022
Enfermedades no transminisbles Informe OMS 2022
Informe de Fondo Tadic y otros C Bolivia.pdf
Informe de Fondo Tadic y otros C Bolivia.pdf
INFORME DE ADMISIBILIDAD MARIO FRANCISCO TADIC ASTORGA Y OTROS BOLIVIA
INFORME DE ADMISIBILIDAD MARIO FRANCISCO TADIC ASTORGA Y OTROS BOLIVIA
Informe sobre los hechos de violencia y vulneración de los derechos humanos o...
Informe sobre los hechos de violencia y vulneración de los derechos humanos o...
Trabajo infantil y adolescente en Bolivia: Vulneración del derecho a la prote...
Trabajo infantil y adolescente en Bolivia: Vulneración del derecho a la prote...
Casos de tortura registrados por el Sepret 2019-2020
Casos de tortura registrados por el Sepret 2019-2020
El suplicio de Marco Antonio Aramayo
El suplicio de Marco Antonio Aramayo
la Ley 775 de Promoción y Alimentación Saludable
la Ley 775 de Promoción y Alimentación Saludable
Resolución Ministerial 442 del Ministerio de Salud
Resolución Ministerial 442 del Ministerio de Salud
GUÍA DE ACTUACIÓN PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LA COLABORACIÓN EFICAZ
GUÍA DE ACTUACIÓN PARA LA APLICACIÓN DE LA COLABORACIÓN EFICAZ
ORDEN PÚBLICO Y USO DE LA FUERZA
ORDEN PÚBLICO Y USO DE LA FUERZA
Recomendaciones a Bolivia Comité contra la Tortura
Recomendaciones a Bolivia Comité contra la Tortura
Pronunciamiento del Tribunal Supremo Electoral sobre denuncias de exvocal Ros...
Pronunciamiento del Tribunal Supremo Electoral sobre denuncias de exvocal Ros...
Observatorio para la protección de Derechos Humanos
Observatorio para la protección de Derechos Humanos
Pronunciamiento de la Sociedad Civil
Pronunciamiento de la Sociedad Civil
Informe sobre migrantes venezolanos en Bolivia
Informe sobre migrantes venezolanos en Bolivia
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Emergent Methods: Multi-lingual narrative tracking in the news - real-time ex...
Emergent Methods: Multi-lingual narrative tracking in the news - real-time ex...
Zilliz
AXA XL - Insurer Innovation Award Americas 2024
AXA XL - Insurer Innovation Award Americas 2024
The Digital Insurer
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
Nanddeep Nachan
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
Dropbox
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Juan lago vázquez
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
wesley chun
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
lior mazor
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
Martijn de Jong
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Scalable LLM APIs for AI and Generative AI Applicati...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Scalable LLM APIs for AI and Generative AI Applicati...
apidays
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Deepika Singh
Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf
Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf
Overkill Security
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Anna Loughnan Colquhoun
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
apidays
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Safe Software
A Beginners Guide to Building a RAG App Using Open Source Milvus
A Beginners Guide to Building a RAG App Using Open Source Milvus
Zilliz
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Jeffrey Haguewood
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
?#DUbAI#??##{{(☎️+971_581248768%)**%*]'#abortion pills for sale in dubai@
Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Remote DBA Services
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
The Digital Insurer
Kürzlich hochgeladen
(20)
Emergent Methods: Multi-lingual narrative tracking in the news - real-time ex...
Emergent Methods: Multi-lingual narrative tracking in the news - real-time ex...
AXA XL - Insurer Innovation Award Americas 2024
AXA XL - Insurer Innovation Award Americas 2024
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
2024: Domino Containers - The Next Step. News from the Domino Container commu...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Scalable LLM APIs for AI and Generative AI Applicati...
Apidays Singapore 2024 - Scalable LLM APIs for AI and Generative AI Applicati...
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf
Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Data Cloud, More than a CDP by Matt Robison
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
Cloud Frontiers: A Deep Dive into Serverless Spatial Data and FME
A Beginners Guide to Building a RAG App Using Open Source Milvus
A Beginners Guide to Building a RAG App Using Open Source Milvus
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
+971581248768>> SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHA...
Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Strategies for Landing an Oracle DBA Job as a Fresher
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Reporte Global de Competitividad 2012 - 2013
1.
Insight Report The Global Competitiveness
Report 2012–2013 Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum
2.
3.
Insight Report The Global Competitiveness
Report 2012–2013 Full Data Edition Professor Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum Editor Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín Columbia University Chief Advisor of The Global Benchmarking Network © 2012 World Economic Forum
4.
The Global Competitiveness
Report 2012–20013: World Economic Forum Full Data Edition is published by the World Economic Geneva Forum within the framework of The Global Benchmarking Network. Copyright © 2012 by the World Economic Forum Professor Klaus Schwab All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Executive Chairman reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission Chief Advisor of The Global Benchmarking Network of the World Economic Forum. Børge Brende ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-35-7 Managing Director, Government Relations and ISBN-10: 92-95044-35-5 Constituents Engagement This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. THE GLOBAL BENCHMARKING NETWORK Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig. Jennifer Blanke, Senior Director, Lead Economist, Head of The Global The Report and an interactive data platform are available Benchmarking Network at www.weforum.org/gcr. Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Associate Director, Senior Economist Ciara Browne, Associate Director Roberto Crotti, Quantitative Economist Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist, Head of Competitiveness Research Brindusa Fidanza, Associate Director, Environmental Initiatives Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist Tania Gutknecht, Community Manager Caroline Ko, Junior Economist Cecilia Serin, Team Coordinator We thank Hope Steele for her excellent editing work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout. We are grateful to Annabel Guinault for her invaluable research assistance. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. © 2012 World Economic Forum
5.
Contents Partner Institutes
v Part 2: Data Presentation 79 Preface xiii 2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 81 by Klaus Schwab How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ..................................83 Index of Countries/Economies ........................................................85 Country/Economy Profiles ..............................................................86 Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1 2.2 Data Tables 375 How to Read the Data Tables .......................................................377 1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index 3 Index of Data Tables .....................................................................379 2012–2013: Strengthening Recovery by Data Tables ..................................................................................381 Raising Productivity by Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Jennifer Blanke, Roberto Crotti, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Technical Notes and Sources 519 Thierry Geiger, and Caroline Ko About the Authors 523 1.2 Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness 49 of Nations Acknowledgments 527 by Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Jennifer Blanke, Roberto Crotti, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Brindusa Fidanza, Thierry Geiger, Caroline Ko, and Cecilia Serin 1.3 The Executive Opinion Survey: The Voice 69 of the Business Community by Ciara Browne, Thierry Geiger, and Tania Gutknecht The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | iii © 2012 World Economic Forum
6.
© 2012 World
Economic Forum
7.
Partner Institutes The World
Economic Forum’s Global Benchmarking Barbados Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank University of West Indies (UWI) the following organizations as its valued Partner Judy Whitehead, Director Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Belgium Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 would not have Vlerick Business School been feasible: Priscilla Boiardi, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Albania Wim Moesen, Professor Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre Artan Hoxha, President Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert Endrit Kapaj, Expert Benin CAPOD—Conception et Analyse de Politiques de Algeria Développement Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour Epiphane Adjovi, Director le Développement (CREAD) Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Yassine Ferfera, Director Bosnia and Herzegovina Argentina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, IAE—Universidad Austral University of Sarajevo Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Santiago Novoa, Project Manager Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Armenia Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Economy and Values Research Center Botswana Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Botswana National Productivity Centre Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Baeti Molake, Executive Director Australia Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research Australian Industry Group Services Department Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Coordinator Brazil Innes Willox, Chief Executive Fundação Dom Cabral, Bradesco Innovation Center Austria Carlos Arruda, International Relations Director, Innovation Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) and Competitiveness Professor Karl Aiginger, Director Daniel Berger, Bachelor Student in Economics Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Fabiana Madsen, Economist and Associate Researcher Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Azerbaijan Carolina Aichinger, Project Coordinator Azerbaijan Marketing Society Erik Camarano, Chief Executive Officer Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Bahrain Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister Bahrain Economic Development Board Normah Suria Hayati Jamil Al-Sufri, Permanent Secretary Kamal Bin Ahmed, Minister of Transportation and Acting Chief Executive of the Economic Development Board Bulgaria Nada Azmi, Manager, Economic Planning and Development Center for Economic Development Maryam Matter, Coordinator, Economic Planning and Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes and Development Projects Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Burkina Faso Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), Kishore Kumer Basak, Research Associate University of Ouagadougou Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Baya Banza, Director The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | v © 2012 World Economic Forum
8.
Partner Institutes Burundi
Cyprus University Research Centre for Economic and Social The European University Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Banderembako Deo, Director Academic Research Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & cdbbank—The Cyprus Development Bank Management Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, Business Development Cambodia and Special Projects Economic Institute of Cambodia Czech Republic Sok Hach, President CMC Graduate School of Business Sokheng Sam, Researcher Tomas Janca, Executive Director Cameroon Denmark Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Danish Technological Institute, Center for Policy and Business Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Development Canada Hanne Shapiro, Center Manager The Conference Board of Canada Ecuador Michael R. Bloom, Vice-President, Organizational ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Effectiveness & Learning Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Douglas Watt, Associate Director Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Cape Verde Virginia Lasio, Director INOVE RESEARCH—Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Lda Sara Wong, Professor Júlio Delgado, Partner and Senior Researcher Egypt José Mendes, Chief Executive Officer The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES) Sara França Silva, Project Manager Iman Al-Ayouty, Senior Economist Chad Omneia Helmy, Acting Executive Director and Director Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet of Research Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Estonia Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Estonian Institute of Economic Research Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Marje Josing, Director Chile Estonian Development Fund Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Fernando Larrain Aninat, Director MBA Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government Ethiopia China African Institute of Management, Development and Institute of Economic System and Management, National Governance Development and Reform Commission Zebenay Kifle, General Manager Chen Wei, Research Fellow Tegenge Teka, Senior Expert Dong Ying, Professor Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Finland China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Markku Kotilainen, Research Director University of Finance and Economics Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Bojuan Zhao, Professor Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director Fan Yang, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor France Lu Dong, Professor HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean Colombia Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean National Planning Department Sara Patricia Rivera, Advisor Gabon John Rodríguez, Coordinator, Competitiveness Observatory Confédération Patronale Gabonaise Javier Villarreal, Enterprise Development Director Regis Loussou Kiki, General Secretary Gina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General Secretary Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness Henri Claude Oyima, President Rosario Córdoba, President Marco Llinás, Vicepresident Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute Côte d’Ivoire (GESDRI) Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Makaireh A. Njie, Director Jean-Louis Billon, President Mamadou Sarr, Director General Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Croatia Tamara Janashia, Executive Director National Competitiveness Council Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Jadranka Gable, Advisor Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow vi | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
9.
Partner Institutes Germany
Ireland WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management Institute for Business Development and Competitiveness Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics School of Economics, University College Cork Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and Justin Doran, Principal Associate International Economics Eleanor Doyle, Director Catherine Kavanagh, Principal Associate Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Forfás, Economic Analysis and Competitiveness Department Patricia Addy, Projects Officer Adrian Devitt, Manager Nana Owusu-Afari, President Conor Hand, Economist Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Executive Director Israel Greece Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Dan Catarivas, Director Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Entrepreneurship Amir Hayek, Managing Director Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Entrepreneurship Zvi Oren, President Guatemala Italy FUNDESA SDA Bocconi School of Management Felipe Bosch G., President of the Board of Directors Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi Pablo Schneider, Economic Director University Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and Guinea Entrepreneurial Management Department Confédération Patronale des Entreprises de Guinée Mohamed Bénogo Conde, Secretary-General Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the West Guyana Indies Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Patricia Douce, Project Administrator Karen Pratt, Research Associate Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor Clive Thomas, Director William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Haiti Japan Group Croissance SA Keio University Pierre Lenz Dominique, Coordinator, Survey Department Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Kesner Pharel, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute Jiro Tamura, Professor of Law, Keio University Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) David O’Rear, Chief Economist Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai Federation of Hong Kong Industries Jordan Alexandra Poon, Director Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Jordan National Competitiveness Team Kawther Al-Zou’bi, Head of Competitiveness Division Hungary Basma Arabiyat, Researcher KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Studies Department Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Peter Vakhal, Project Manager Kazakhstan National Analytical Centre Iceland Diana Tamabayeva, Project Manager Innovation Center Iceland Vladislav Yezhov, Chairman Ardis Armannsdottir, Marketing Manager Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources Kenya and Marketing Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Research Professor Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow India Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Korea, Republic of Marut Sengupta, Deputy Director General College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of Gantakolla Srivastava, Head, Financial Services Science and Technology KAIST Byungtae Lee, Acting Dean Indonesia Soung-Hie Kim, Associate Dean and Professor Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, Jinyung Cha, Assistant Director, Exchange Programme University of Trisakti Korea Development Institute Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director Joohee Cho, Senior Research Associate Iran, Islamic Republic of Yongsoo Lee, Head, Policy Survey Unit The Center for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS), Iran Kuwait Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee Mohammad Janati Fard, Research Associate Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member Hamed Nikraftar, Project Manager Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | vii © 2012 World Economic Forum
10.
Partner Institutes Kyrgyz Republic
Malta Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Competitive Malta—Foundation for National Competitiveness Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator Caroline Sciortino, Research Coordinator Latvia Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Mauritania Karlis Kreslins, EMBA Programme Director Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Anders Paalzow, Rector Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Lebanon Mehla Mint Ahmed, Director Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program Habib Sy, Administrative Agent and Analyst Antoine Abou-Samra, Managing Director Farah Shamas, Program Coordinator Mauritius Board of Investment of Mauritius Lesotho Nirmala Jeetah, Director, Planning and Policy Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho Ken Poonoosamy, Managing Director O.S.M. Moosa, President Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer Joint Economic Council Nteboheleng Thaele, Researcher Raj Makoond, Director Libya Mexico Libya Development Policy Center Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Yusser Al-Gayed, Project Director Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director Ahmed Jehani, Chairman René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Mohamed Wefati, Director Officer Rodrigo David Villarreal Ramos, Director Lithuania Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Statistics Lithuania Priscila Garcia, Researcher Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy Manuel Molano, Deputy General Director and Special Surveys Statistics Division Juan E. Pardinas, General Director Vilija Lapeniene, Director General Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy Ministry of the Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division Jose Antonio Torre, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Standardization Luxembourg Enrique Perret Erhard, Technical Secretary for Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce Competitiveness Christel Chatelain, Research Analyst Narciso Suarez, Research Director, Technical Secretary Stephanie Musialski, Research Analyst for Competitiveness Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board Moldova Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) Macedonia, FYR Grigore Belostecinic, Rector National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Centre for Economic Research (CER) Mirjana Apostolova, President of the Assembly Corneliu Gutu, Director Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Mongolia Madagascar Open Society Forum (OSF) Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary Montenegro Malawi Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Maja Drakic, Project Manager Industry Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Hope Chavula, Public Private Dialogue Manager Veselin Vukotic, President Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Morocco Malaysia Comité National de l’Environnement des Affaires Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Seloua Benmbarek, Head of Mission Jorah Ramlan, Senior Analyst, Economics Mozambique Steven C.M. Wong, Senior Director, Economics EconPolicy Research Group, Lda. Mahani Zainal Abidin, Chief Executive Peter Coughlin, Director Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director Namibia Mali Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Graham Hopwood, Executive Director Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director viii | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
11.
Partner Institutes Nepal
Portugal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country Coordinator Engenharia and Project Director Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board Mahendra Raj Joshi, Member of Directors Hari Dhoj Pant, Officiating Executive Director, Advisor, Survey Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) project Paulo Bandeira, General Director Netherlands Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors INSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus University Esmeralda Dourado, President of the Board of Directors Rotterdam Puerto Rico Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor Puerto Rico 2000, Inc. Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor Ivan Puig, President New Zealand Instituto de Competitividad Internacional, Universidad The New Zealand Initiative Interamericana de Puerto Rico Catherine Harland, Research Fellow Francisco Montalvo, Project Coordinator Oliver Hartwich, Executive Director Qatar Nigeria Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager Frank Nweke Jr., Director General Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Chris Okpoko, Associate Director, Research Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) Foluso Phillips, Chairman Hanan Abdul Ibrahim, Associate Director Norway Darwish Al Emadi, Director BI Norwegian Business School Romania Eskil Goldeng, Researcher SC VBD Alliance Consulting Srl Torger Reve, Professor Irina Ion, Program Coordinator Oman Rolan Orzan, General Director The International Research Foundation Russian Federation Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Bauman Innovation & Eurasia Competitiveness Institute Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export Katerina Marandi, Programme Manager Development (PAIPED) Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Principal and Managing Director Mehdi Ali Juma, Expert for Economic Research Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Pakistan Igor Dukeov, Area Principal Mishal Pakistan Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research Puruesh Chaudhary, Director Content Rwanda Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer Private Sector Federation (PSF) Paraguay Hannington Namara, Chief Executive Officer Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya Andrew O. Rwigyema, Head of Research and Policy (CADEP) Saudi Arabia Dionisio Borda, Research Member National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Fernando Masi, Director Awwad Al-Awwad, President María Belén Servín, Research Member Khaldon Mahasen, Vice President Peru Senegal Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), de Industrias University of Dakar Néstor Asto, Project Director Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Serbia Philippines Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) Makati Business Club (MBC) Mihail Arandarenko, Director Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project Coordinator Marc P. Opulencia, Deputy Director Bojan Ristic, Researcher Peter Angelo V. Perfecto, Executive Director Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) Seychelles Arnold P. Salvador, Executive Director Plutus Auditing & Accounting Services Nicolas Boulle, Partner Poland Marco L. Francis, Partner Economic Institute, National Bank of Poland Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Singapore Jarosław T. Jakubik, Deputy Director Economic Development Board Anna Chan, Assistant Managing Director, Planning & Policy Cheng Wai San, Head, Research & Statistics Unit Teo Xinyu, Executive, Research & Statistics Unit Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | ix © 2012 World Economic Forum
12.
Partner Institutes Slovenia
Thailand Institute for Economic Research Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Peter Stanovnik, Professor Chulalongkorn University Sonja Uršic, Senior Research Assistant Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow Narudee Kiengsiri, President of Sasin Alumni Association University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin Mateja Drnovšek, Professor Aleš Vahcic, Professor Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director South Africa Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow Business Leadership South Africa Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher Friede Dowie, Director Thero Setiloane, Chief Executive Officer Timor-Leste East Timor Development Agency (ETDA) Business Unity South Africa Jose Barreto, Survey Manager Nomaxabiso Majokweni, Chief Executive Officer Palmira Pires, Director Joan Stott, Executive Director, Economic Policy Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Timor-Leste Spain Kathleen Fon Ha Tchong Goncalves, Vice-President IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness Trinidad and Tobago María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business Antoni Subirà, Professor Miguel Carillo, Executive Director and Professor of Strategy Nirmala Harrylal, Director, Internationalisation and Institutional Sri Lanka Relations Centre Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS) Ayodya Galappattige, Research Officer The Competitiveness Company Dilani Hirimuthugodage, Research Officer Rolph Balgobin, Chairman Saman Kelegama, Executive Director Tunisia Suriname Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Suriname Trade & Industry Association (VSB) Ahmed Bouzguenda, President Helen Doelwijt, Executive Secretary Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor Rene van Essen, Director Turkey Dayenne Wielingen Verwey, Economic Policy Officer TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum Swaziland Izak Atiyas, Director Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chamber of Selcuk Karaata, Vice Director Commerce Sezen Ugurlu, Project Specialist Mduduzi Lokotfwako, Research Analyst Uganda Zodwa Mabuza, Chief Executive Officer Kabano Research and Development Centre Nyakwesi Motsa, Administration & Finance Manager Robert Apunyo, Program Manager Sweden Delius Asiimwe, Executive Director International University of Entrepreneurship and Technology Francis Mukuya, Research Associate Niclas Adler, President Ukraine Switzerland CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist Rubén Rodriguez Startz, Head of Project United Arab Emirates Tobias Trütsch, Communications Manager Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development Taiwan, China H.E. Mohammed Omar Abdulla, Undersecretary Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Dubai Economic Council Yuan H.E. Hani Al Hamly, Secretary General Hung, J. B., Director, Economic Research Department Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), Zayed Shieh, Chung Chung, Researcher, Economic Research University Department Mouawiya Alawad, Director Wu, Ming-Ji, Deputy Minister Emirates Competitiveness Council Tajikistan H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah, Secretary General The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Rahima Ashrapova, Assistant Researcher United Kingdom Qahramon Baqoev, Director LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics and Gulnora Beknazarova, Researcher Political Science Adam Austerfield, Director of Projects Tanzania Niccolo Durazzi, Project Manager Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Robyn Klingler Vidra, Researcher Cornel Jahari, Assistant Researcher Johansein Rutaihwa, Commissioned Researcher Uruguay Samuel Wangwe, Professor and Executive Director Universidad ORT Uruguay Isidoro Hodara, Professor x | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
13.
Partner Institutes Venezuela CONAPRI—The Venezuelan
Council for Investment Promotion Litsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and Investor Services Manager Eduardo Porcarelli, Executive Director Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS) Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and President Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Department Trieu Thanh Son, Researcher Yemen Yemeni Businessmen Club (YBC) Mohammed Esmail Hamanah, Executive Manager Fathi Abdulwasa Hayel Saeed, Chairman Moneera Abdo Othman, Project Coordinator MARcon Marketing Consulting Margret Arning, Managing Director Zambia Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), University of Zambia Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow Jolly Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and Project Coordinator Mubiana Macwan’gi, Director and Professor Zimbabwe Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe A. M. Hawkins, Professor Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS) Ronald Arce, Researcher Arturo Condo, Rector Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations Lawrence Pratt, Director Liberia and Sierra Leone FJP Development and Management Consultants Omodele R. N. Jones, Chief Executive Officer The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | xi © 2012 World Economic Forum
14.
© 2012 World
Economic Forum
15.
Preface KLAUS SCHWAB Executive Chairman,
World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 is being to recognize and encourage the qualitative as well as released amid a long period of economic uncertainty. the quantitative aspects of growth, integrating such The tentative recovery that seemed to be gaining ground concepts as social and environmental sustainability during 2010 and the first half of 2011 has given way to provide a fuller picture of what is needed and what to renewed concerns. The global economy faces a works. In this context, the Forum’s Global Benchmarking number of significant and interrelated challenges that Network has continued to push forward with its research could hamper a genuine upturn after an economic crisis on how sustainability relates to competitiveness and half a decade long in much of the world, especially economic performance. To this end, Chapter 1.2 of this in the most advanced economies. The persisting Report presents our evolving analysis of how country financial difficulties in the periphery of the euro zone competitiveness can be assessed once issues of have led to a long-lasting and unresolved sovereign social and environmental sustainability are taken into debt crisis that has now reached the boiling point. The account. This represents an important area for the World possibility of Greece and perhaps other countries leaving Economic Forum’s research going forward. the euro is now a distinct prospect, with potentially This year’s Report features a record number of devastating consequences for the region and beyond. 144 economies, and thus continues to be the most This development is coupled with the risk of a weak comprehensive assessment of its kind. It contains a recovery in several other advanced economies outside detailed profile for each of the economies included in of Europe—notably in the United States, where political the study as well as an extensive section of data tables gridlock on fiscal tightening could dampen the growth with global rankings covering over 100 indicators. outlook. Furthermore, given the expected slowdown in This Report remains the flagship publication within the economic growth in China, India, and other emerging Forum’s Global Benchmarking Network, which produces markets, reinforced by a potential decline in global trade a number of research studies that mirror the increased and volatile capital flows, it is not clear which regions integration and complexity of the world economy. can drive growth and employment creation in the short The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 to medium term. could not have been put together without the thought Policymakers are struggling to find ways to leadership of Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín at Columbia cooperate and manage the current economic challenges University, who has provided ongoing intellectual while preparing their economies to perform well in an support for our competitiveness research. Further, increasingly difficult and unpredictable global landscape. this Report would have not been possible without the Amid the short-term crisis management, it remains commitment and enthusiasm of our network of over 150 critical for countries to establish the fundamentals Partner Institutes worldwide. The Partner Institutes are that underpin economic growth and development for instrumental in carrying out the Executive Opinion Survey the longer term. The World Economic Forum has, for that provides the foundation data of this Report as well more than three decades, played a facilitating role in as imparting the results of the Report at the national this process by providing detailed assessments of the level. We would also like to convey our sincere gratitude productive potential of nations worldwide. The Report to all the business executives around the world who took contributes to an understanding of the key factors that the time to participate in our Executive Opinion Survey. determine economic growth, helps to explain why some We are also grateful to the members of our Advisory countries are more successful than others in raising Board on Competitiveness and Sustainability, who income levels and opportunities for their respective have provided their valuable time and knowledge to populations, and offers policymakers and business help us develop the framework on sustainability and leaders an important tool in the formulation of improved competitiveness presented in this Report: James economic policies and institutional reforms. Cameron, Chairman, Climate Change Capital; Dan Esty, The complexity of today’s global economic Commissioner, Connecticut Department of Energy and environment has made it more important than ever Environmental Protection; Edwin J. Feulner Jr, President, The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | xiii © 2012 World Economic Forum
16.
Preface The Heritage Foundation;
Clément Gignac, Minister of Natural Resources and Wildlife of Quebec; Jeni Klugman, Director for Gender, The World Bank; Marc A. Levy, Deputy Director, CIESIN, Columbia University; John McArthur, Senior Fellow, United Nations Foundation; Kevin X. Murphy, President and Chief Executive Officer, J.E. Austin Associates Inc.; Mari Elka Pangestu, Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy of Indonesia; Mark Spelman, Global Head of Strategy, Accenture; and Simon Zadek, Senior Visiting Fellow, Global Green Growth Institute. Appreciation also goes to Børge Brende, Managing Director at the Forum, and Jennifer Blanke, Head of The Global Benchmarking Network, as well as team members Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Ciara Browne, Roberto Crotti, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Tania Gutknecht, Caroline Ko, and Cecilia Serin. Finally, we would like to thank the Africa Commission and FedEx, our partners in this Report, for their support in this important publication. xiv |The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
17.
Part 1 Measuring Competitiveness
© 2012 World Economic Forum
18.
© 2012 World
Economic Forum
19.
CHAPTER 1.1
At the time of releasing The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013, the outlook for the world economy is once again fragile. Global growth remains historically The Global low for the second year running with major centers of economic activity—particularly large emerging economies Competitiveness Index and key advanced economies—expected to slow in 2012–13, confirming the belief that the global economy 2012–2013: Strengthening is troubled by a slow and weak recovery. As in previous years, growth remains unequally distributed. Emerging Recovery by Raising and developing countries are growing faster than advanced economies, steadily closing the income gap. Productivity The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that, in 2012, the euro zone will have contracted by XAVIER SALA-I-MARTÍN 0.3 percent, while the United States is experiencing a BEÑAT BILBAO-OSORIO weak recovery with an uncertain future. Large emerging JENNIFER BLANKE economies such as Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, ROBERTO CROTTI China, and South Africa are growing somewhat less MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ than they did in 2011. At the same time, other emerging THIERRY GEIGER markets—such as developing Asia—will continue to CAROLINE KO show robust growth rates, while the Middle East and World Economic Forum North Africa as well as sub-Saharan African countries are gaining momentum. Recent developments—such as the danger of a property bubble in China, a decline in world trade, and volatile capital flows in emerging markets—could derail the recovery and have a lasting impact on the global economy. Arguably, this year’s deceleration to a large extent reflects the inability of leaders to address the many challenges that were already present last year. Policymakers around the world remain concerned about high unemployment and the social conditions in their countries. The political brinkmanship in the United States continues to affect the outlook for the world’s largest economy, while the sovereign debt crises and the danger of a banking system meltdown in peripheral euro zone countries remain unresolved. The high levels of public debt coupled with low growth, insufficient competitiveness, and political gridlock in some European countries stirred financial markets’ concerns about sovereign default and the very viability of the euro. Given the complexity and the urgency of the situation, European countries are facing particularly difficult economic management decisions with challenging political and social ramifications. Although European leaders do not agree on how to address the immediate challenges, there is recognition that, in the longer term, stabilizing the euro and putting Europe on a higher and more sustainable growth path will necessitate improvements to the competitiveness of the weaker member states. All these developments are highly interrelated and demand timely, decisive, and coordinated action by policymakers. In light of these uncertain global ramifications, sustained structural reforms aimed at enhancing competitiveness will be necessary for The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 3 © 2012 World Economic Forum
20.
1.1: The Global
Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 countries to stabilize economic growth and ensure the This open-endedness is captured within the GCI rising prosperity of their populations going into the future. by including a weighted average of many different Competitive economies drive productivity components, each measuring a different aspect of enhancements that support high incomes by ensuring competitiveness. These components are grouped into 12 that the mechanisms enabling solid economic pillars of competitiveness (see Figure 1): performance are in place. For more than three decades, the World Economic First pillar: Institutions Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Reports The institutional environment is determined by the legal have studied and benchmarked the many factors and administrative framework within which individuals, underpinning national competitiveness. From the onset, firms, and governments interact to generate wealth. The the goal has been to provide insight and stimulate the importance of a sound and fair institutional environment discussion among all stakeholders on the best strategies became even more apparent during the recent economic and policies to help countries to overcome the obstacles and financial crisis and is especially crucial for further to improving competitiveness. In the current challenging solidifying the fragile recovery given the increasing role economic environment, our work is a critical reminder of played by the state at the international level and for the the importance of structural economic fundamentals for economies of many countries. sustained growth. The quality of institutions has a strong bearing on Since 2005, the World Economic Forum has competitiveness and growth.4 It influences investment based its competitiveness analysis on the Global decisions and the organization of production and plays Competitiveness Index (GCI), a comprehensive tool that a key role in the ways in which societies distribute the measures the microeconomic and macroeconomic benefits and bear the costs of development strategies foundations of national competitiveness.1 and policies. For example, owners of land, corporate We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, shares, or intellectual property are unwilling to invest in policies, and factors that determine the level of the improvement and upkeep of their property if their productivity of a country. The level of productivity, in rights as owners are not protected.5 turn, sets the level of prosperity that can be earned by The role of institutions goes beyond the legal an economy. The productivity level also determines the framework. Government attitudes toward markets rates of return obtained by investments in an economy, and freedoms and the efficiency of its operations which in turn are the fundamental drivers of its growth are also very important: excessive bureaucracy and rates. In other words, a more competitive economy is red tape,6 overregulation, corruption, dishonesty in one that is likely to sustain growth. dealing with public contracts, lack of transparency and The concept of competitiveness thus involves static trustworthiness, inability to provide appropriate services and dynamic components. Although the productivity of for the business sector, and political dependence of a country determines its ability to sustain a high level of the judicial system impose significant economic costs income, it is also one of the central determinants of its to businesses and slow the process of economic returns to investment, which is one of the key factors development. explaining an economy’s growth potential. In addition, the proper management of public finances is also critical to ensuring trust in the national THE 12 PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS business environment. Indicators capturing the quality Many determinants drive productivity and of government management of public finances are competitiveness. Understanding the factors behind therefore included here to complement the measures of this process has occupied the minds of economists macroeconomic stability captured in pillar 3 below. for hundreds of years, engendering theories ranging Although the economic literature has focused mainly from Adam Smith’s focus on specialization and the on public institutions, private institutions are also an division of labor to neoclassical economists’ emphasis important element in the process of creating wealth. on investment in physical capital and infrastructure,2 The recent global financial crisis, along with numerous and, more recently, to interest in other mechanisms corporate scandals, have highlighted the relevance of such as education and training, technological progress, accounting and reporting standards and transparency macroeconomic stability, good governance, firm for preventing fraud and mismanagement, ensuring good sophistication, and market efficiency, among others. governance, and maintaining investor and consumer While all of these factors are likely to be important for confidence. An economy is well served by businesses competitiveness and growth, they are not mutually that are run honestly, where managers abide by strong exclusive—two or more of them can be significant at the ethical practices in their dealings with the government, same time, and in fact that is what has been shown in other firms, and the public at large.7 Private-sector the economic literature.3 transparency is indispensable to business, and can be brought about through the use of standards as well as 4 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
21.
1.1: The Global
Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 auditing and accounting practices that ensure access to It is important to note that this pillar evaluates information in a timely manner.8 the stability of the macroeconomic environment, so it does not directly take into account the way in which Second pillar: Infrastructure public accounts are managed by the government. This Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for qualitative dimension is captured in the institutions pillar ensuring the effective functioning of the economy, as described above. it is an important factor in determining the location of economic activity and the kinds of activities or sectors Fourth pillar: Health and primary education that can develop in a particular instance. Well-developed A healthy workforce is vital to a country’s infrastructure reduces the effect of distance between competitiveness and productivity. Workers who are regions, integrating the national market and connecting it ill cannot function to their potential and will be less at low cost to markets in other countries and regions. In productive. Poor health leads to significant costs to addition, the quality and extensiveness of infrastructure business, as sick workers are often absent or operate at networks significantly impact economic growth and lower levels of efficiency. Investment in the provision of reduce income inequalities and poverty in a variety of health services is thus critical for clear economic, as well ways.9 A well-developed transport and communications as moral, considerations.11 infrastructure network is a prerequisite for the access of In addition to health, this pillar takes into account the less-developed communities to core economic activities quantity and quality of the basic education received by and services. the population. Basic education increases the efficiency Effective modes of transport—including quality of each individual worker. Moreover, workers who have roads, railroads, ports, and air transport—enable received little formal education can carry out only simple entrepreneurs to get their goods and services to manual tasks and find it much more difficult to adapt to market in a secure and timely manner and facilitate more advanced production processes and techniques, the movement of workers to the most suitable jobs. and therefore contribute less to come up with or execute Economies also depend on electricity supplies that are innovations. In other words, lack of basic education free of interruptions and shortages so that businesses can become a constraint on business development, and factories can work unimpeded. Finally, a solid with firms finding it difficult to move up the value chain and extensive telecommunications network allows for by producing more sophisticated or value-intensive a rapid and free flow of information, which increases products with existing human resources. overall economic efficiency by helping to ensure that For the longer term, it will be essential to avoid businesses can communicate and decisions are made significant reductions in resource allocation to these by economic actors taking into account all available critical areas, in spite of the fact that government relevant information. budgets will need to be cut to reduce the deficits and debt burden. Third pillar: Macroeconomic environment The stability of the macroeconomic environment is Fifth pillar: Higher education and training important for business and, therefore, is important for Quality higher education and training is particularly the overall competitiveness of a country.10 Although crucial for economies that want to move up the value it is certainly true that macroeconomic stability alone chain beyond simple production processes and cannot increase the productivity of a nation, it is also products.12 In particular, today’s globalizing economy recognized that macroeconomic instability harms the requires countries to nurture pools of well-educated economy, as we have seen over the past years, notably workers who are able to perform complex tasks and in the European context. The government cannot adapt rapidly to their changing environment and the provide services efficiently if it has to make high-interest evolving needs of the economy. This pillar measures payments on its past debts. Running fiscal deficits limits secondary and tertiary enrollment rates as well as the government’s future ability to react to business the quality of education as evaluated by the business cycles and to invest in competitiveness-enhancing community. The extent of staff training is also taken into measures. Firms cannot operate efficiently when inflation consideration because of the importance of vocational rates are out of hand. In sum, the economy cannot grow and continuous on-the-job training—which is neglected in a sustainable manner unless the macro environment in many economies—for ensuring a constant upgrading is stable. Macroeconomic stability has captured the of workers’ skills. attention of the public most recently when some European countries needed the support of the IMF and Sixth pillar: Goods market efficiency other euro zone economies to prevent sovereign default, Countries with efficient goods markets are well as their public debt reached unsustainable levels. positioned to produce the right mix of products and services given their particular supply-and-demand The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 5 © 2012 World Economic Forum
22.
1.1: The Global
Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can Eighth pillar: Financial market development be most effectively traded in the economy. Healthy The recent economic crisis has highlighted the central market competition, both domestic and foreign, is role of a sound and well-functioning financial sector important in driving market efficiency and thus business for economic activities. An efficient financial sector productivity by ensuring that the most efficient firms, allocates the resources saved by a nation’s citizens, as producing goods demanded by the market, are those well as those entering the economy from abroad, to their that thrive. The best possible environment for the most productive uses. It channels resources to those exchange of goods requires a minimum of impediments entrepreneurial or investment projects with the highest to business activity through government intervention. For expected rates of return rather than to the politically example, competitiveness is hindered by distortionary or connected. A thorough and proper assessment of risk is burdensome taxes and by restrictive and discriminatory therefore a key ingredient of a sound financial market. rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)—limiting foreign Business investment is also critical to productivity. ownership—as well as on international trade. The Therefore economies require sophisticated financial recent economic crisis has highlighted the degree of markets that can make capital available for private-sector interdependence of economies worldwide and the investment from such sources as loans from a sound degree to which growth depends on open markets. banking sector, well-regulated securities exchanges, Protectionist measures are counterproductive as they venture capital, and other financial products. In order to reduce aggregate economic activity. fulfill all those functions, the banking sector needs to be Market efficiency also depends on demand trustworthy and transparent, and—as has been made conditions such as customer orientation and buyer so clear recently—financial markets need appropriate sophistication. For cultural or historical reasons, regulation to protect investors and other actors in the customers may be more demanding in some countries economy at large. than in others. This can create an important competitive advantage, as it forces companies to be more innovative Ninth pillar: Technological readiness and customer-oriented and thus imposes the discipline In today’s globalized world, technology is increasingly necessary for efficiency to be achieved in the market. essential for firms to compete and prosper. The technological readiness pillar measures the agility with Seventh pillar: Labor market efficiency which an economy adopts existing technologies to The efficiency and flexibility of the labor market are enhance the productivity of its industries, with specific critical for ensuring that workers are allocated to their emphasis on its capacity to fully leverage information most effective use in the economy and provided with and communication technologies (ICT) in daily activities incentives to give their best effort in their jobs. Labor and production processes for increased efficiency markets must therefore have the flexibility to shift and enabling innovation for competitiveness.14 ICT has workers from one economic activity to another rapidly evolved into the “general purpose technology” of our and at low cost, and to allow for wage fluctuations time,15 given the critical spillovers to the other economic without much social disruption.13 The importance of sectors and their role as industry-wide enabling well-functioning labor markets has been dramatically infrastructure. Therefore ICT access and usage are key highlighted by last year’s events in Arab countries, where enablers of countries’ overall technological readiness. rigid labor markets were an important cause of high Whether the technology used has or has not youth unemployment, sparking social unrest in Tunisia been developed within national borders is irrelevant that then spread across the region. Youth unemployment for its ability to enhance productivity. The central is also high in a number of European countries, where point is that the firms operating in the country need important barriers to entry into the labor market remain to have access to advanced products and blueprints in place. and the ability to absorb and use them. Among the Efficient labor markets must also ensure a clear main sources of foreign technology, FDI often plays relationship between worker incentives and their a key role, especially for countries at a lower stage of efforts to promote meritocracy at the workplace, and technological development. It is important to note that, in they must provide equity in the business environment this context, the level of technology available to firms in between women and men. Taken together these factors a country needs to be distinguished from the country’s have a positive effect on worker performance and the ability to conduct blue-sky research and develop new attractiveness of the country for talent, two aspects that technologies for innovation that expand the frontiers are growing more important as talent shortages loom on of knowledge. That is why we separate technological the horizon. readiness from innovation, captured in the 12th pillar, described below. 6 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
23.
1.1: The Global
Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 Tenth pillar: Market size Twelfth pillar: Innovation The size of the market affects productivity since large Innovation can emerge from new technological and non- markets allow firms to exploit economies of scale. technological knowledge. Non-technological innovations Traditionally, the markets available to firms have are closely related to the know-how, skills, and working been constrained by national borders. In the era of conditions that are embedded in organizations and globalization, international markets can to a certain are therefore largely covered by the eleventh pillar of extent substitute for domestic markets, especially for the GCI. The final pillar of competitiveness focuses on small countries. Vast empirical evidence shows that technological innovation. Although substantial gains trade openness is positively associated with growth. can be obtained by improving institutions, building Even if some recent research casts doubts on the infrastructure, reducing macroeconomic instability, or robustness of this relationship, there is a general sense improving human capital, all these factors eventually that trade has a positive effect on growth, especially seem to run into diminishing returns. The same is true for for countries with small domestic markets.16 The case the efficiency of the labor, financial, and goods markets. of the European Union illustrates the importance of the In the long run, standards of living can be largely market size for competitiveness, as important efficiency enhanced by technological innovation. Technological gains were realized through closer integration. Although breakthroughs have been at the basis of many of the the reduction of trade barriers and the harmonization of productivity gains that our economies have historically standards within the European Union have contributed experienced. These range from the industrial revolution to raising exports within the region, many barriers to a in the 18th century and the invention of the steam engine true single market, in particular in services, remain in and the generation of electricity to the more recent digital place and lead to important border effects. Therefore revolution. The latter is transforming not only the way we continue to use the size of the national domestic and things are being done, but also opening a wider range foreign market in the Index. of new possibilities in terms of products and services. Thus exports can be thought of as a substitute for Innovation is particularly important for economies as they domestic demand in determining the size of the market approach the frontiers of knowledge and the possibility for the firms of a country.17 By including both domestic of generating more value by only integrating and and foreign markets in our measure of market size, we adapting exogenous technologies tends to disappear.18 give credit to export-driven economies and geographic Although less-advanced countries can still improve areas (such as the European Union) that are divided into their productivity by adopting existing technologies many countries but have a single common market. or making incremental improvements in other areas, for those that have reached the innovation stage of Eleventh pillar: Business sophistication development this is no longer sufficient for increasing There is no doubt that sophisticated business practices productivity. Firms in these countries must design are conducive to higher efficiency in the production of and develop cutting-edge products and processes to goods and services. Business sophistication concerns maintain a competitive edge and move toward higher- two elements that are intricately linked: the quality of a value-added activities. This progression requires an country’s overall business networks and the quality of environment that is conducive to innovative activity and individual firms’ operations and strategies. These factors supported by both the public and the private sectors. In are particularly important for countries at an advanced particular, it means sufficient investment in research and stage of development when, to a large extent, the development (R&D), especially by the private sector; the more basic sources of productivity improvements have presence of high-quality scientific research institutions been exhausted. The quality of a country’s business that can generate the basic knowledge needed to build networks and supporting industries, as measured by the new technologies; extensive collaboration in research the quantity and quality of local suppliers and the extent and technological developments between universities of their interaction, is important for a variety of reasons. and industry; and the protection of intellectual property, When companies and suppliers from a particular in addition to high levels of competition and access sector are interconnected in geographically proximate to venture capital and financing that are analyzed in groups, called clusters, efficiency is heightened, greater other pillars of the Index. In light of the recent sluggish opportunities for innovation in processes and products recovery and rising fiscal pressures faced by advanced are created, and barriers to entry for new firms are economies, it is important that public and private sectors reduced. Individual firms’ advanced operations and resist pressures to cut back on the R&D spending that strategies (branding, marketing, distribution, advanced will be so critical for sustainable growth going into the production processes, and the production of unique and future. sophisticated products) spill over into the economy and lead to sophisticated and modern business processes across the country’s business sectors. The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 | 7 © 2012 World Economic Forum
24.
1.1: The Global
Competitiveness Index 2012–2013 Figure 1: The Global Competitiveness Index framework GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers Innovation and sophistication subindex subindex factors subindex Pillar 1. Institutions Pillar 5. Higher education and Pillar 11. Business sophistication training Pillar 2. Infrastructure Pillar 12. Innovation Pillar 6. Goods market efficiency Pillar 3. Macroeconomic environment Pillar 7. Labor market efficiency Pillar 4. Health and primary education Pillar 8. Financial market development Pillar 9. Technological readiness Pillar 10. Market size Key for Key for Key for factor-driven efficiency-driven innovation-driven economies economies economies Note: See the appendix for the detailed structure of the GCI. The interrelation of the 12 pillars best way for France to do so. This is because Cambodia While we report the results of the 12 pillars of and France are in different stages of development: as competitiveness separately, it is important to keep countries move along the development path, wages tend in mind that they are not independent: they tend to to increase and, in order to sustain this higher income, reinforce each other, and a weakness in one area often labor productivity must improve. has a negative impact in others. For example, a strong In line with the economic theory of stages of innovation capacity (pillar 12) will be very difficult to development, the GCI assumes that economies in the achieve without a healthy, well-educated and trained first stage are mainly factor-driven and compete based workforce (pillars 4 and 5) that is adept at absorbing new on their factor endowments—primarily low-skilled labor technologies (pillar 9), and without sufficient financing and natural resources.19 Companies compete on the (pillar 8) for R&D or an efficient goods market that makes basis of price and sell basic products or commodities, it possible to take new innovations to market (pillar 6). with their low productivity reflected in low wages. Although the pillars are aggregated into a single index, Maintaining competitiveness at this stage of development measures are reported for the 12 pillars separately hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private because such details provide a sense of the specific institutions (pillar 1), a well-developed infrastructure areas in which a particular country needs to improve. (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic environment (pillar 3), The appendix describes the exact composition of and a healthy workforce that has received at least a the GCI and technical details of its construction. basic education (pillar 4). As a country becomes more competitive, STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE WEIGHTED productivity will increase and wages will rise with INDEX advancing development. Countries will then move While all of the pillars described above will matter to a into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when certain extent for all economies, it is clear that they will they must begin to develop more efficient production affect them in different ways: the best way for Cambodia processes and increase product quality because to improve its competitiveness is not the same as the wages have risen and they cannot increase prices. At 8 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013 © 2012 World Economic Forum
Jetzt herunterladen