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Debate/ suggest why they are communicated in the same or different ways – this links to ideas
presented through the use of themes
Racism/ Racial Intolerance/ Racial Inequality (Bigotry)
The key way that the theme of bigotry come across through both of the films is through the use of
the lower class ‘redneck’ characters; Billy Ray Cobb, Freddie Lee Cobb, and Pete Willard the key
antagonists in ATTK and Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell the key antagonists in TKAM.
These characters and their actions encapsulate the racist ideology that has been historically
institutionalised in the deep south of America. The fact that the two films are 30 years apart and the
times that they were set in even further shows unfortunately that there are still racist attitudes in
the deep south of America. This theme of bigotry is communicated in the same way due to the film
having the same settings, the neighbouring states of Mississippi and Alabama.
Other ways the theme of racism can be discussed in ATTK is in conjunction with the theme of Justice
and Law and in reference to the case staying in Canton and not being able to be moved due to there
being more of a chance of a guilty verdict with an all white jury. This again links in with the history of
the Deep South and institutionalised racism. So although Tom Robinson in TKKM also was not judged
by a jury of his peers this was of the norm for the time and clearly something people were used to
due to the segregation being apparent in the courthouse. The white people sat downstairs and the
blacks upstairs. Clearly segregation in ATTK was an outdated law and the courthouse was not
segregated, but racist attitudes were still exemplified through the all white jury.
The debate should be for this particular theme should be how things have changed between the
time period that the films were set, but unfortunately I feel that the message/idea that the use of
this theme delivers is that the south is still stuck in the past and has a long way to go. Yes we could
take note of the fact that in ATTK we have a black sherriff – Ozzie Walls but this positive point falls
short due to the fact that his deputy; Hastings is part of the KKK.
In both films race is the defining factor in the jury’s decision, which again confirms that the racist
ideology of the places the films were set in. The jury find Tom guilty simply because he is a black
Back this up with evidence from the film – what do these characters do that
show that they’re bigots?
Remember ATTK is very good at using the film language. Especially mise-en-
scene to communicate this theme
Bigotry
The attitude, state of mind, or behaviour characteristic of a bigot; intolerance
Bigots
One who is strongly partial to one's own group, religion, race, or politics and is
intolerant of those who differ.
2
man and his accuser is white.The evidence is so powerfully in his favour, but race is clearly the single
defining factor in the jury's decision. Carl Lee Hailey is found not guilty 1. Because Jake asks the jury
to imagine the Tonya was white (take evidence from the summation) and 2. He appealed to the
fathers in the jury. The unfortunate message that comes across here is that Atticus was ahead of his
time in the way that he thought about and believed in the justice system (evidence can be taken
from his summation). Whereas Jake had to stoop low and still use the race card to get Carl Lee off -
by asking the jurors to imagine a white girl being raped, he simultaneously racialises and deracialises
Tonya: he reminds the jury (and the audience) that she is African American and that the rape was
racist, but he also insists that the violation of a man’s child goes beyond race and racism, is a moral
crime (against the father as much as against the daughter) that calls for the rapists death (at the
hands of the father.
Both Jake and Carl Lee knew it was the only way, in addition, whereas Atticus was chosen by the
judge to defend Tom due to his racial impartially and high moral standard. Carl Lee strategically
sought out Jake’s services because he was white and a father and he knew that he that even with all
of Jake’s bravado that Jake would get the jury to see Carl perspective(“You got a daughter, Jake.
What would you do?”). Again all this shows is that through the use of theme of racism the south still
has a long way to go.
Justice and the Law
In both films Justice is flawed and the Law seen to be corrupt, in both films to a certain extent seek
to justify the actions of those who go against the law, or encourage the audience to question their
own ethics in identifying with the use of the theme of justice. There are other themes that cross
with this theme and possibly many things that I mention which are listed in the individual ‘theme
notes’ for each film – but I’m going to focus on ALL of them here.
The main thing that both films do to encourage the audience to ask if justice was really served? Carl
Lee gets acquitted for the murder of two men and Boo Radley was never arrested for the murder of
Bob Ewell. ATTK seeks to justify Carl Lee actions through the use of mise-en-scene (please refer the
class notes and hand-outs for evidence of this) the mise-en-scene, cinematography and soundtrack
all work together to confirm Carl Lee’s MORAL COURAGE/BRAVERY and the use the soundtrack
justifies his actions as an act of God. The use of PERSPECTIVE gets the audience to empathise with
his situation as father and other characters are employed within the narrative to assist with this.
Jake and his role as a father and what he says in his summation and Deputy Duane Looney shows his
support from the perspective of a father by shouting out in court ‘I hold no ill will towards the man
he did what I would’ve done… I don’t blame him for what he did; those boys raped his little girl… I
got a little, anybody rapes her he’s a dead dog, I’ll blow him away just like Carl Lee Hailey did… He’s a
hero you turn him loose, YOU TURN HIM LOOSE! TURN HIM LOOSE!’He shows his support even
though Carl Lee inadvertently shot off his leg leaving unable to complete his duties as police officer.
Ensure that you can back up any points made above with textual
evidence/ referencing from the films
3
Ironically when Carl Lee leaves the courthouse one shot in particular stands out, as it frames him
holding his daughter with the US flag flying full mast in the background. That one shot seems to be a
metaphor for the American justice system and seems to say that justice was served – but personally
it still leaves me questioning.
In TKAM Sheriff Heck Tate knows that Boo killed Bob Ewell but fabricates a story and says that “Bob
Ewell fell on his knife, he killed himself, there’s a black men dead for no reason, now the man
responsible for it is dead, let the dead bury the dead this time Mr Finch…” He goes on to explain that
if the town find out that BooRadley killed Bob Ewell they’ll see it as a blessing and drag Boo in to the
limelight which would do Boo any good. Scout says that Mr Tate is right and that it would be like
shooting a mockingbird.
So Boo is never brought to justice because the sheriff feels that Bob Ewell got his comeuppance ad
justice was served for Tom Robinson – he in affect corrupts the law but ‘we’ the audience are
encouraged to see this as right through the use of PERSPECTIVE.
Both films show that people seek their own kind of justice and use perspective to encourage the
audience to see the actions as right.
I’m making a point of tell you that up to here I have written over 1,000 words, why am I telling you
this? Because these are just notes so in an exam essay realistically you only have time to write
about 2 themes IF DONE IN DETAIL AND DONE PROPERLY! And as you can see you can easily
reference other themes along the way 
Perspective (Being in someone else’s shoes)
In TKAM Atticus says to Scout (his daughter) “You never really understand a person until you consider
things from his point of view, until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.”Both films seek
to do this through the use of the characters and encouraging the audience to emphasise with them.
In addition ATTK also uses film language to do this in the case of Tonya’s rape – please see ‘theme
notes’ on films for more you also have great hand outs for this theme! The only thing I would say is
that both film seem to use the children as a starting point for the theme of perspective – and a
child’s notion of innocence is put into question.
In ATTK we are first faced with being in someone else’s shoes during the rape of Tonya. The rape
scene is depicted both through straight cuts and through a subjective camera showing the event as
they are lived by the black girl... Thus, the rape scene is graphically staged so that the audience is
visually disgusted by the physical presence of the rednecks on the screen after the rape. Her rape is
the catylst for the rest of the film’s her rape and the way that it was filmed is key to her father’s
aqquital, as ot is recited again in Jake’s summation.
TKAM opens with childlike images, a child humming and an older Scout doing a retrospective
voiceover. Introducing the audience to her story, a story seen through the eyes of am innocent child,
we follow Scout and her relationship with her father –Atticus – as she is encouraged by him to see
things from other people’s perspectives – CONSIDER WHAT SHE SEE AND LEARNS.
4
Moral Courage/ Bravery
I think that you have enough notes on this already – if I’m wrong then email me!
Ethics (knowing right from wrong)
Again this one is straight forward more to say about it in ATTK than TKAM, and links into JUSTICE and
THE LAW. See ‘theme notes’ for more. There are no theme notes for this on the TKAM sheet
because it should be obvious what they are!
For the most part both films communicate the themes in similar ways to put across much the same
messages and ideas.

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Section C: Debate differences

  • 1. 1 Debate/ suggest why they are communicated in the same or different ways – this links to ideas presented through the use of themes Racism/ Racial Intolerance/ Racial Inequality (Bigotry) The key way that the theme of bigotry come across through both of the films is through the use of the lower class ‘redneck’ characters; Billy Ray Cobb, Freddie Lee Cobb, and Pete Willard the key antagonists in ATTK and Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell the key antagonists in TKAM. These characters and their actions encapsulate the racist ideology that has been historically institutionalised in the deep south of America. The fact that the two films are 30 years apart and the times that they were set in even further shows unfortunately that there are still racist attitudes in the deep south of America. This theme of bigotry is communicated in the same way due to the film having the same settings, the neighbouring states of Mississippi and Alabama. Other ways the theme of racism can be discussed in ATTK is in conjunction with the theme of Justice and Law and in reference to the case staying in Canton and not being able to be moved due to there being more of a chance of a guilty verdict with an all white jury. This again links in with the history of the Deep South and institutionalised racism. So although Tom Robinson in TKKM also was not judged by a jury of his peers this was of the norm for the time and clearly something people were used to due to the segregation being apparent in the courthouse. The white people sat downstairs and the blacks upstairs. Clearly segregation in ATTK was an outdated law and the courthouse was not segregated, but racist attitudes were still exemplified through the all white jury. The debate should be for this particular theme should be how things have changed between the time period that the films were set, but unfortunately I feel that the message/idea that the use of this theme delivers is that the south is still stuck in the past and has a long way to go. Yes we could take note of the fact that in ATTK we have a black sherriff – Ozzie Walls but this positive point falls short due to the fact that his deputy; Hastings is part of the KKK. In both films race is the defining factor in the jury’s decision, which again confirms that the racist ideology of the places the films were set in. The jury find Tom guilty simply because he is a black Back this up with evidence from the film – what do these characters do that show that they’re bigots? Remember ATTK is very good at using the film language. Especially mise-en- scene to communicate this theme Bigotry The attitude, state of mind, or behaviour characteristic of a bigot; intolerance Bigots One who is strongly partial to one's own group, religion, race, or politics and is intolerant of those who differ.
  • 2. 2 man and his accuser is white.The evidence is so powerfully in his favour, but race is clearly the single defining factor in the jury's decision. Carl Lee Hailey is found not guilty 1. Because Jake asks the jury to imagine the Tonya was white (take evidence from the summation) and 2. He appealed to the fathers in the jury. The unfortunate message that comes across here is that Atticus was ahead of his time in the way that he thought about and believed in the justice system (evidence can be taken from his summation). Whereas Jake had to stoop low and still use the race card to get Carl Lee off - by asking the jurors to imagine a white girl being raped, he simultaneously racialises and deracialises Tonya: he reminds the jury (and the audience) that she is African American and that the rape was racist, but he also insists that the violation of a man’s child goes beyond race and racism, is a moral crime (against the father as much as against the daughter) that calls for the rapists death (at the hands of the father. Both Jake and Carl Lee knew it was the only way, in addition, whereas Atticus was chosen by the judge to defend Tom due to his racial impartially and high moral standard. Carl Lee strategically sought out Jake’s services because he was white and a father and he knew that he that even with all of Jake’s bravado that Jake would get the jury to see Carl perspective(“You got a daughter, Jake. What would you do?”). Again all this shows is that through the use of theme of racism the south still has a long way to go. Justice and the Law In both films Justice is flawed and the Law seen to be corrupt, in both films to a certain extent seek to justify the actions of those who go against the law, or encourage the audience to question their own ethics in identifying with the use of the theme of justice. There are other themes that cross with this theme and possibly many things that I mention which are listed in the individual ‘theme notes’ for each film – but I’m going to focus on ALL of them here. The main thing that both films do to encourage the audience to ask if justice was really served? Carl Lee gets acquitted for the murder of two men and Boo Radley was never arrested for the murder of Bob Ewell. ATTK seeks to justify Carl Lee actions through the use of mise-en-scene (please refer the class notes and hand-outs for evidence of this) the mise-en-scene, cinematography and soundtrack all work together to confirm Carl Lee’s MORAL COURAGE/BRAVERY and the use the soundtrack justifies his actions as an act of God. The use of PERSPECTIVE gets the audience to empathise with his situation as father and other characters are employed within the narrative to assist with this. Jake and his role as a father and what he says in his summation and Deputy Duane Looney shows his support from the perspective of a father by shouting out in court ‘I hold no ill will towards the man he did what I would’ve done… I don’t blame him for what he did; those boys raped his little girl… I got a little, anybody rapes her he’s a dead dog, I’ll blow him away just like Carl Lee Hailey did… He’s a hero you turn him loose, YOU TURN HIM LOOSE! TURN HIM LOOSE!’He shows his support even though Carl Lee inadvertently shot off his leg leaving unable to complete his duties as police officer. Ensure that you can back up any points made above with textual evidence/ referencing from the films
  • 3. 3 Ironically when Carl Lee leaves the courthouse one shot in particular stands out, as it frames him holding his daughter with the US flag flying full mast in the background. That one shot seems to be a metaphor for the American justice system and seems to say that justice was served – but personally it still leaves me questioning. In TKAM Sheriff Heck Tate knows that Boo killed Bob Ewell but fabricates a story and says that “Bob Ewell fell on his knife, he killed himself, there’s a black men dead for no reason, now the man responsible for it is dead, let the dead bury the dead this time Mr Finch…” He goes on to explain that if the town find out that BooRadley killed Bob Ewell they’ll see it as a blessing and drag Boo in to the limelight which would do Boo any good. Scout says that Mr Tate is right and that it would be like shooting a mockingbird. So Boo is never brought to justice because the sheriff feels that Bob Ewell got his comeuppance ad justice was served for Tom Robinson – he in affect corrupts the law but ‘we’ the audience are encouraged to see this as right through the use of PERSPECTIVE. Both films show that people seek their own kind of justice and use perspective to encourage the audience to see the actions as right. I’m making a point of tell you that up to here I have written over 1,000 words, why am I telling you this? Because these are just notes so in an exam essay realistically you only have time to write about 2 themes IF DONE IN DETAIL AND DONE PROPERLY! And as you can see you can easily reference other themes along the way  Perspective (Being in someone else’s shoes) In TKAM Atticus says to Scout (his daughter) “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.”Both films seek to do this through the use of the characters and encouraging the audience to emphasise with them. In addition ATTK also uses film language to do this in the case of Tonya’s rape – please see ‘theme notes’ on films for more you also have great hand outs for this theme! The only thing I would say is that both film seem to use the children as a starting point for the theme of perspective – and a child’s notion of innocence is put into question. In ATTK we are first faced with being in someone else’s shoes during the rape of Tonya. The rape scene is depicted both through straight cuts and through a subjective camera showing the event as they are lived by the black girl... Thus, the rape scene is graphically staged so that the audience is visually disgusted by the physical presence of the rednecks on the screen after the rape. Her rape is the catylst for the rest of the film’s her rape and the way that it was filmed is key to her father’s aqquital, as ot is recited again in Jake’s summation. TKAM opens with childlike images, a child humming and an older Scout doing a retrospective voiceover. Introducing the audience to her story, a story seen through the eyes of am innocent child, we follow Scout and her relationship with her father –Atticus – as she is encouraged by him to see things from other people’s perspectives – CONSIDER WHAT SHE SEE AND LEARNS.
  • 4. 4 Moral Courage/ Bravery I think that you have enough notes on this already – if I’m wrong then email me! Ethics (knowing right from wrong) Again this one is straight forward more to say about it in ATTK than TKAM, and links into JUSTICE and THE LAW. See ‘theme notes’ for more. There are no theme notes for this on the TKAM sheet because it should be obvious what they are! For the most part both films communicate the themes in similar ways to put across much the same messages and ideas.