This document discusses several topics related to embryology, teratology, oncology, and cell biology. It covers coordinated events in embryology, cell differentiation and regeneration, renal dysplasia vs chronic renal failure. It also discusses teratology including causes of birth defects, developmental syndromes, errors of morphogenesis, and relationships between genotype and phenotype. Further, it covers mutations including types of chromosome mutations, molecular diagnostics, single gene mutations, and diagnosis of single gene mutations. Finally, it discusses disturbances of cell proliferation, the cell cycle, cell cycle regulation, and cancer genetics.

2. Embryology

5. Renal Dysplasia vs. Chronic Renal Failure

6. Teratology

8. Etiologies of Birth Defects

10. Errors of Morphogenesis Developmental Syndrome

12. Errors of Morphogenesis Deformation

14. Spina Bifida

15. Spina Bifida

16. Cleft Palate

20. Cytogenetics

21. Types of Chromosome Mutations

22. Spectral Karyotyping

23. Molecular Diagnostics FISH- Interphase nucleus- Green probes for Chr 13, and Red for Chr 21 (trisomy 21) FISH- Multicolor FISH- Shows portion of chromosome 22q to chromosome 9

24. Microarray- Gene Chip (left) – used to sequence thousands of base pairs of DNA. Close up view of hybridization pattern of the microarray.

26. Mechanisms of Single Gene Mutations Amino Acid Substitution Premature Termination Frameshifts

27. Diagnosis of Single Gene Mutations “ Molecular Pathology ”

28. Errors of Morphogenesis Sensitivity to Teratogenic Agents

29. Errors of Morphogenesis Agenesis vs. Aplasia

30. Errors of Morphogenesis Hypoplasia vs. Abiotrophy

31. Errors of Morphogenesis Dysraphism Spinal bifida and menigomyelocoele

32. Errors of Morphogenesis Ectopia

33. Errors of Morphogenesis Dystopia

34. Errors of Morphogenesis Dysplasia

35. Neoplasia

36. Disturbances of Cell Proliferation Epithelium Reversible Reversible Reversible

37. Cell Cycle G1/S Checkpoint- Cyclin D/CDK4, Rb, P53 G2/M Checkpoint- Cyclin A/CDK2

41. Cell Cycle

42. Cancer Genetics

44. THE END!