David R. Cox M.D.,Ph.D. Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer Biotherapeutics and Bioinnovation Center Pfizer Inc

3. Biobanks and the Pharmaceutical Industry Disease as opposed to population focus Clinical trial-related translational research Valuable information regarding treatment outcomes Private

7. The SNP Consortium International HapMap Project Genotyping Chips Adapted from David Altshuler, Harvard Medical School, 2007

10. The Public Has Mixed Feelings Regarding Genetic Research

11. NCAA's sickle cell test plan raises fears Erin Allday, Chronicle Staff Writer Monday, September 14, 2009 A recent NCAA recommendation to screen college athletes for sickle cell trait - the gene that can cause sickle cell disease - is raising the hackles of some experts who say testing is probably unnecessary, and may even lead to inadvertent discrimination against minority players. Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder that can cause severe pain, stroke and death, but sickle cell trait is almost always benign, and many people never know whether they carry the gene. About 8 percent of black people and about 1 percent of Latinos have sickle cell trait, but it's rare among white people, affecting only about 1 in 10,000. The United States has a long history of discrimination against people with sickle cell trait, said Troy Duster, a sociologist at UC Berkeley and New York University. In the 1960s, people who tested positive weren't allowed into the Air Force Academy, and into the '70s people were denied insurance or certain jobs, he said. It's irresponsible to screen people when there's little scientific evidence that the gene causes death and no specific precautions athletes can take to protect themselves, Duster said. "When you screen someone, the question is, for what? What are you going to do with that information?" Duster said. "The NCAA is saying they want education, but education requires research, and there's no research."