1. The HUMAN
BRAIN

2. Protective Structures

3. Meninges Three layers of
connective tissue that
enclose the brain
Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

4. Dura Mater
 Outermost layer
 Thickest and
toughest part of the
meninges
 There are two
layers, the outer
layer is fused to the
cranial bones.

5. Dura Mater  In various places,
the two layers
separate to allow
venous channels
called dural sinuses
to drain blood from
the brain.
 Function
containment of the
cerebrospinal fluid
in the brain.

6. Arachnoid  Middle layer of
the meninges
 Loosley attached
to the pia mater by
weblike fibers.
 Function Allows
for movement of
cerebrospinal
fluid.

7. Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid that circulates
in and around the
brain.
Protects the brain
from shock and injury.
Function-Transports
nutrients and waste to
and from cells.
.

8. Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Formed in four spaces
called ventricals.
 The ventricals hold a
vascular portion called
the choroid plexus,
which produces the
cerebrospinal fluid by
filtering the blood and
cellular excretion.

9. Pia Mater  Innermost layer of
the meninges
 A delicate connective
tissue that covers the
brain and spinal chord
 Function-Holds the
blood vessels that
supply nutrients and
oxygen to the brain
and spinal cord.

10. Meninges

11. Cerebral
Hemispheres

12. Structure of the Hemispheres
 Two layers
 An outer layer of
gray matter
called the
cerebral
cortex.
 Supported by an
inner layer of
white matter

13. Structure of the hemispheres
Each hemisphere has four lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

14. Structure of the hemispheres
Gray Matter – The Cerebral Cortex
 The most highly evolved portion of the brain.
 Arranged in folds of elevations called
gyri, and grooves
called sulci

15. Gyri and Sulci
The surfaces on
which brain cells
reside.
More surface = more
complex calculations

16. Structure of the hemispheres
White Matter
 Connects the gray
matter areas with
one another and
with other parts of
the brain.
 Dispersed in a tree
like pattern
 Made of
myelinated fibers

17. White and Gray Matter
White matter
Gray Matter

18. Structure of the hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
 Largest white matter
structure in the brain
 Facilitates communication
between the right and left
hemispheres by electrical
impulses

19. Structure of the hemispheres
Basal Ganglia
 Base of forbrain, deep
in each hemisphere.
Functions: helps to re-
gulate body movement
and facial expressions.

20. Structure of the hemispheres
Internal Capsule
 In between the hemi-
spheres and the brain
stem
Function – Carries im-
pulses between the
cerebral hemispheres
and the brainstem.

21. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The functions of the Cerebral Cortex are
localized according to the four lobes. They
are named for the
overlying cranial
bones.

22. CEREBRAL CORTEX FUNCTIONS
CEREBRAL CORTEX- Functions
 Conscious deliberation
 Voluntary actions
 Memory
 Association
 Discrimination
 Judgement

23. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Frontal Lobe lies
anterior to the central
sulcus.

24. Functions of the Cerebral
Cortex
Some Frontal Lobe Functions
 Contains an area that provides the conscious
control of skeletal muscles.
 Contains two areas that are important in
speech

26. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Parietal Lobe
occupies the superior
part of each hemisphere
and lies posterior to the
central nucleus

27. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Some Parietal Lobe Functions
 Contains a primary sensory area where
impulses from the skin are interpreted
 Estimates distance and size.

28. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Temporal Lobe lies
inferior the lateral sulcus
snd folds under the hemi-
sphere on each side.

29. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Some Temporal Lobe Functions
 Responsible for receiving and interpreting
auditory impulses from the ear.
 An olfactory area that concerns the sense
of smell.

30. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Occipital Lobe
lies posterior to the
parietal lobe and
extends over the
cerebellum.

31. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Some Occipital Lobe Functions
 Visual receiving area and visual ass-
ociation for interpreting impulses from
the retina of the eye.

32. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Insula lies deep within each hemisphere
and
cannot be seen
from the surface.

33. Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
The Insula Functions
 Visceral reactions and judgments
 Receives, integrates and responds to
autonomic influx.

34. Communication areas of the lobes
TEMPORAL LOBE
Auditory Cortex
 Lies at the posterior
area of the temporal
lobe
 Contains the auditory
receiving and
association areas.

35. Communication areas of the lobes
Auditory Receiving Area
 Detects sound impulses from
the surrounding environment
Auditory association area
 Interprets and translates the
sound impulses.
1 1 2

36. Communication areas of the lobes
FRONTAL LOBE- Motor cortex
 Lies anterior to the most inferior part of the
frontal lobe
 Contains the Broca area

37. Communication areas of the lobes
Broca Area – Responsible for spoken and
written communication.
Functions- Controls:
 Muscles in the tongue
 Soft Palate
 The larynyx
 Lies anterior to the area that controls the arm
and hand muscles that produce written speech

38. Diencephalon
 The area between
the cerebral
hemispheres
and the brain stem.
 Contains the
thalamus
and the
hypothalamus.

39. The Thalamus
 Sorts and directs sensory
impulses to areas of the
cerebral cortex.
 Nearly all sensory
impulses travel through
the thalamus.
 Important role in sleep
and
wakefullness.

40. Hypothalamus
 Locatedinferior to the
thalamus
 The Boss of you.

41. Hypothalamus
 Helps maintain
homeostasis
 Controls autonomic
function such as:
heartbeat, blood flow,
and hormone secretion.
 Controls the pituitary
gland.

42. Pituitary Gland
 A „master gland‟ lo-
cated at the bottom
of the hypothalamus.
 Pea sized
 Assists in the regulation
of homeostasis.

43. Pituitary Gland
Functions Helps to regulate:
 Growth
 Blood pressure
 Child birth
 Sex organ function
 Thyroid gland
 Metabolism
 Temperature regulation

44. Hypothalamus/ Pituitary
Homeostasis
 Balance
 Maintenance
of body con-
ditions within
set limits.

45. The Limbic System
 Located between the
cerebrum and diencephalon
 Includes the Hip-
pocampus
 Links conscious functions
of the cerebral cortex and
autonomic functions of the
brainstem.

46. The Limbic System
 Located between the
cerebrum and diencephalon
 Includes the Hip-
pocampus
 Links conscious functions
of the cerebral cortex and
autonomic functions of the
brainstem.

47. The Limbic System
 Emotional states and
behavior
 Formation of long
term memory

48. The Hippocampus
Long term
memory
Spacial
navigation

49. The Hippocampus

50. The Brain Stem
The brainstem
is located in the
anterior region
below the cerebrum

51. The Brain Stem
Connects the cerebrum and the
diencephalon with the spinal cord.
The brainstem includes:
 The Midbrain
 The Pons
 The Medulla Oblongata

52. The Midbrain
 The midbrain is located below the center of the
cerebrum.
 The midbrain forms the superior part of the brain
stem.

53. The Midbrain
The midbrain consists of centers that are
concerned with aspects of vision and
hearing.

54. The Pons
 Located anterior to the cerebellum.
 Lies between the midbrain and the medulla
 Connects the two halves of the cerebellum
with the brainstem.

55. Medulla Oblongata
 Located between the pons and
spinal cord.
 Contains gray matter which
has centers that play an
important role in many
involuntary actions such as
respiration.
 The centers are called vital
centers.

56. The Medulla Vital Centers
 The respiratory center
 The cardiac center
 The vasomotor center

57. The Cerebellum “Little Brain”
 Divided into two hemispheres,
and one middle part(vermis).
 Outer layer gray matter, inner
layer white matter.
 Located above the brainstem,
and beneath the occipital
lobes.

58. The Cerebellum
Functions:
 Coordination in voluntary
movement.
 Helps maintain balance
and equilibrium.
 Helps maintain muscle
tone.

59. Brain Studies
Imaging used to study the brain
without physically entering it

60. Brain Studies
CT Scan Provides photographs of the bone,
soft tissue, and cavities of the brain. Used to de-
tect:
 Scar tissue accumulations
 Anatomic lesions such as tumors

61. Brain Studies
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Shows more views than CT scans
 Often reveals issues that the CT
scan can miss such as tumors, scar
tissue, and hemorrhaging.

63. Brain Studies EEG
The Electroencephalograph records
Electrical currents produced by the brain‟s
Nerve cells.

64. Cranial Nerves

65. Cranial Nerves
 12 pairs of cranial nerves
 Numbered 1- 12 based on
connection with the brain.
 Originate in the brain stem
 Divided into 4 categories
based on the impulses they
send.

66. Cranial Nerves Types
Special sensory impulses
Located in special sense
organs in the head, responsible
for:
 Smell
 Taste
 Vision
 Hearing

67. Cranial Nerves Types
General sensory impulses
Originate from receptors through the body.
 Pain
 Touch
 Temp
 Pressure
 Vibration
 Deep muscle sense

68. Cranial Nerves Types
Somatic Motor Impulses
 Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

69. Cranial Nerves Types
VISCERAL MOTOR IMPULSES
 Part of autonomic nervous system
 Involuntary control of glands
and involuntary muscle

70. Aging and the Nervous System

71. Aging of the brain
The brain loses 5-10 % of it’s
volume between
the ages of 20-90.
The grooves widen and the
surface shrinks.

72. Agingof the brain
Aging in
the Brain
Senile plaque forms
Synapses and neurons
decrease, esp in the cere-
bral cortex.

73. Aging in the brain
 Movement is slowed
 Information processing slows
 Chance of stroke, and alzheimers increases

74. Dementia
Loss of cognitive ability in a previously-unimpaired
person, beyond what might be expected from
normal aging.
Massage - Yes

75. Alzheimers
Alzheimer’s
disease leads to
nerve cell death
and tissue loss
throughout the
brain. Over time,
the brain shrinks
dramatically,
affecting nearly all Massage –Yes, best to
its functions. start in early stages

76. Multiple Sclerosis
Eats away at the protective
sheath that covers your
nerves. This interferes with
the communication between
your brain and the rest of
your body.
Massage- During
remissions