A Sustainable Future

A Sustainable Future fuel switching for rural development Atul K. Raturi Presented at Energy side event, ACP Ministerial Meeting, Port Moresby, 2 June 2006

Population density PNG ~ 8 persons/km 2 Tuvalu ~ 363 persons/ km 2 No. of islands/ country PNG -400 Fiji- 300 Kiribati- 33 Population PNG – 5 Million Tuvalu- 9,600 Land Area PNG – 462,243 km 2 Nauru- 21 km 2

Population without grid electricity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo:BugBog

ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Global warming & Climate change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo:www.rbgkew.org.uk Source: New scientist, March 2006)

Carteret Atoll, Papua New Guinea The entire population of 2000 is to be moved to higher grounds. “ First Climate Change Refugees” By 2015, all the six islands will be submerged. Saltwater has already destroyed the gardens and crops Two uninhabited islands of Kiribati disappeared in 1999. Tuvalu, Marshall Islands are under threat. ,[object Object],[object Object],Global warming effects in the Pacific

Electricity production in PNG -- 8 C-centers 1,200 280 Mining &Industry (self generation) 105 32 Hanjung-Kanudi (Private) 665 302 PNG power Generation (GWh/yr) Capacity (MW) Producer

Distillate Use in electricity generation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fiji: 42 ML (2000) Projected (2011): 161 ML Solomon Islands: 21.4 ML (2001) Projected increase 5% annually This does not include usage by Industry and individuals

Diesel engine “ The diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help considerably in the development of agriculture of the countries that use it.” Rudolph Diesel, World exhibition Paris, 1900

Oil Properties 190 179 -24 29 @ 40 °C 34.6 39.7 Linseed Oil 191 130 -16 33 @ 40 °C 37.9 39.6 Soybean Oil 175 125 -10 37 @ 40 °C 38 39.7 Gross Rapeseed Oil 199 54 35 37 @ 40 42-50 39.6 Gross Palm Oil 268 10 24 20 @ 40 °C 60 42.0 Gross Coconut Oil - - -9 4 @ 40 °C 45 - 55 45.3 Gross Petroleum Diesel Saponification Value Iodine Value Solidification Point ( 0 C) Kinematic Viscosity (cS) Cetane Number Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Fuel

Main Issues ( Coconut Oil) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Utilization of CNO in CI engines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Biodiesel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Blending ,[object Object],Source:Machaon et al Source: Tangsathitkulchai et al Viscosity vs. Temp (various blends) Droplet diameter vs. % CNO

Engine Modifications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Copra Production CNO Production Papua New Guinea

Some examples of CNO based systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rabaul Shipping COPM, Madang CNO in boilers CNO in ships

Environmental effects of fuel switching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The CNO option: some scenarios ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Carbon Trading Potential

Ethanol from Cassava ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Other crops Sago Palm: up to 100 ML of ethanol potential in Gulf Nipa palm: up to 250 ML from Purari basin

Kerosene based lighting A kerosene wick lantern produces~ 1 lux (lumen/m 2 ) at 1 m distance Industrialized countries: 500 lux (normal) Used 4 hours/day a kerosene lamp emits 100kg of CO 2 annually. Annual light output of a kerosene lamp = light produced by a 100 W incandescent lamp in 10 hours : Highly inefficient About 90% of the people in PNG use kerosene for lighting .~ 35 Million Liters/ year.98 M kg of CO 2 equivalent

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A wled lantern WLED (5W)

[object Object],Light with rechargeable 12 Volt battery Cost ~ 200 Kina ( USD 70) Light Up The World Foundation (LUTW) Pioneer of LED lighting 14,000 homes in 26 countries www.lutw.org

PHOTOVOLTAICS: Electricity from the Sun Very high potential in the PICs Sunshine hours (POM)=2,478

Teachers Solar Lighting Project (PNG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PV projects in PNG

[object Object],320 Solar Lighting Kits (SLK) in schools in remote villages The system consists of-320 Watts & 480 Watts PV array 12 volt battery (600Ah) Provision for 10 off 20 watt 12dc fluorescent lights Potential to benefit 75,000 primary school children and 5000 teachers 1997-98, Cost: 15 Million Kina Current Status: Only a few still in operation. Problems: Poor quality installation, lack of maintenance and spare parts, Thefts SCHOOL PV Lighting Project

PV projects (TE PNG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],PNG Telecom 173 sites : 5000 solar panels : 200 peak kW

Geothermal Power Lihir Gold Mines 36MW plant in operation 20MW under construction First CDM project in PNG Many other potential sites

OTHER RETs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Research & Training in RETs at PNGUT Department of Applied Physics Renewable Energy Systems Design and Analysis Tools PV-DesignPro v4.0 Photovoltaic Energy System Design and Analysis Tool

Conclusions/Recommendations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Thank you for your attention ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A Sustainable Future

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