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Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network Layer Electrical and/or Optical Signals Application A Application B Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Communication Network Figure 2.6 Review of seven layers
Data Link Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Data Link Layer WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Peer-to-peer protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Physical link network
1 2 Physical layer entity Data link layer entity 3 Network layer entity Physical Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer A B A B Packets Packets Frames (a) (b) Peer-to-peer protocol across a single hop 1. take packets 2. form frame 3. transfer through Physical layer 5. deliver to network layer Several pairs of data link & physical entities Only one network layer entity, a router may connect several different networks 4. Pass up 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 Medium
Physical Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer End system  Network Layer Network Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Messages Messages Segments End system  Network Peer-to-peer protocol operating end-to-end across network
Medium A B 3 C 3 4 3 4 End System  End System  Network 1 2 Physical layer entity Data link layer entity Network layer entity Network layer entity Transport layer entity Figure 5.4 Peer-to-peer protocol operating end-to-end across network 1. Layer 4 not in middle  2.Data go up and down in router 3. Different paths 4. Out of order, delay, duplicate, lost 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 4
Service models ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1 2 3 4 5 Data Data Data Data ACK/NAK ACK/NAK ACK/NAK ACK/NAK End-to-end  Hop-by-hop Figure 5.7 Adaptation functions may be implemented end-to-end or hop-by-hop  Data are ACK or NAK by the other end Data are ACK or NAK by each hop 1 2 3 4 5 Data Data Data ACK/NAK Data
End-to-end versus hop-by-hop (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],--Adaptations are implemented at which layer(s)? Hop-by-hop:  End-by-End: Data link  & network layer Transport & application layer
End-to-end versus hop-by-hop (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Typical ARQ  protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stop-and-Wait ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A B One  frame  ACK Another  frame ACK time Another frame Figure 5.9 Stop-and-Wait ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Any Problem with it? Transmitted frame may lost, the acknowledgment may lost. How to solve? Set up timer, when timer times out, resends the frame
(a)  Frame 1 lost or badly garbled A B One frame   Another  frame ACK The  frame ACK time Time-out Another frame (b)  ACK lost A B One frame   Another frame ACK the frame ACK time Time-out Another frame ACK Figure 5.9 Using timer to retransmit the frame when a frame or acknowledgement lost Any problem? Frame was received twice when ACK lost. How to solve it? Introduce sequence number (SN) into frame and discard  duplicate frame
Go-back-N ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A B fr 0 time fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 3 ACK1 error Out-of-sequence frames Go-Back-4: 4 frames are outstanding; so go back 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 4 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 ACK2 ACK3 ACK4 ACK5 ACK6 ACK7 ACK8 ACK9 Figure 5.13 Basic Go-back-N ARQ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sliding Window Figure 10-11 WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Sliding window ,[object Object],[object Object]
WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sender Sliding Window
Figure 10-13 WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Receiver Sliding Window
Figure 10-14 WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sliding Window Example
Figure 10-14-continued WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sender
WCB/McGraw-Hill    The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Receiver

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application layers

  • 1. Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network Layer Electrical and/or Optical Signals Application A Application B Data Link Layer Physical Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Communication Network Figure 2.6 Review of seven layers
  • 2.
  • 3. Data Link Layer WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 4. WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 5.
  • 6. 1 2 Physical layer entity Data link layer entity 3 Network layer entity Physical Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer A B A B Packets Packets Frames (a) (b) Peer-to-peer protocol across a single hop 1. take packets 2. form frame 3. transfer through Physical layer 5. deliver to network layer Several pairs of data link & physical entities Only one network layer entity, a router may connect several different networks 4. Pass up 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 Medium
  • 7. Physical Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer End system  Network Layer Network Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Physical Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Messages Messages Segments End system  Network Peer-to-peer protocol operating end-to-end across network
  • 8. Medium A B 3 C 3 4 3 4 End System  End System  Network 1 2 Physical layer entity Data link layer entity Network layer entity Network layer entity Transport layer entity Figure 5.4 Peer-to-peer protocol operating end-to-end across network 1. Layer 4 not in middle 2.Data go up and down in router 3. Different paths 4. Out of order, delay, duplicate, lost 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 4
  • 9.
  • 10. 1 2 3 4 5 Data Data Data Data ACK/NAK ACK/NAK ACK/NAK ACK/NAK End-to-end Hop-by-hop Figure 5.7 Adaptation functions may be implemented end-to-end or hop-by-hop Data are ACK or NAK by the other end Data are ACK or NAK by each hop 1 2 3 4 5 Data Data Data ACK/NAK Data
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. (a) Frame 1 lost or badly garbled A B One frame Another frame ACK The frame ACK time Time-out Another frame (b) ACK lost A B One frame Another frame ACK the frame ACK time Time-out Another frame ACK Figure 5.9 Using timer to retransmit the frame when a frame or acknowledgement lost Any problem? Frame was received twice when ACK lost. How to solve it? Introduce sequence number (SN) into frame and discard duplicate frame
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Sliding Window Figure 10-11 WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
  • 22.
  • 23. WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sender Sliding Window
  • 24. Figure 10-13 WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Receiver Sliding Window
  • 25. Figure 10-14 WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sliding Window Example
  • 26. Figure 10-14-continued WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Sender
  • 27. WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Receiver