This 3-day, classroom and practical instructional program provides individuals or teams entering the unmanned aircraft system (UAS) market with the need to 'hit the ground running'. Delegates will gain a working knowledge of UAS system classification, payloads, sensors, communications and data links. You will learn the UAS weapon design process and UAS system design components. The principles of mission planning systems and human factors design considerations are described. The critical issue of integrating UAS in the NAS is addressed in detail along with major considerations. Multiple roadmaps from all services are used to explain UAS future missions.

1. Course Sampler From ATI Professional Development Short Course
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Instructor:
Jerry LeMieux, PhD
ATI Course Schedule: http://www.ATIcourses.com/schedule.htm
ATI's UAS Funamentals: http://www.aticourses.com/Unmanned_Aircraft_System_Fundamentals.htm

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3. DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3
INTRODUCTION COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA LINKS CIVIL AIRSPACE INTEGRATION
BASICS UAS WEAPONIZATION SENSE AND AVOID SYSTEMS
TYPES & CIVILIAN ROLES UAS SYSTEM DESIGN HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
MILITARY OPERATIONS IMPROVING RELIABILITY AUTONOMOUS CONTROL
SENSORS & CHARACTERISTICS REGULATIONS & DOD OPERATIONS ALTERNATIVE NAVIGATION
ALTERNATIVE POWER CASE STUDY: UAS SWARMING
FUTURE UAS DESIGNS & ROLES
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

4. Lecturer Background
Dr Jerry LeMieux, Engineer and Pilot
Hometown: Fond du Lac, Wisconsin (Green Bay Packers)
40 Years Aviation Experience with Over 10,000 hours
BS EE, MS EE and PhD EE with 20 Years PM, Systems Engineer
30 Years USAF Experience: Commander & Fighter/Instructor Pilot
10 Years Flight Test Experience with AEW & Fighter Aircraft
Faculty & Staff; MIT, Boston University, UM, Daniel Webster College, ERAU
Patent Author, Book Author, Lecturer
Current Interests: Unmanned Aircraft

5. Course Description
• This 3-day classroom instructional program is designed to meet the needs
of engineers, researchers and operators. Attendees will gain a working
knowledge of UAS system classification, sensors, communications and
data links
• You will learn about military operations and the UAS weapon design and
integration process. You will learn the process for UAS system design as
well as methods for improving reliability
• You will understand regulatory issues and civil airspace integration
requirements including sense and avoid systems. You will learn the
principles of how a UAS performs autonomous operations using intelligent
control techniques
• Case studies are presented for alternative energy designs and multiple
UAS employment using genetic swarming algorithms
• Finally, the bright future of UAS is discussed including space, pseudo-
satellites, UCAS, BAMS and technology roadmaps

6. Why Are You Here
• Senior military leadership: Improve planning,
organization and training. Develop new doctrine and
make force planning decisions
• Pilot/Sensor Operator: Learn more about your job
• Researcher: Develop new concepts & technologies
• Engineer/Programmer: Design, integrate & test
• Acquisition Program Manger: Manage new programs
an upgrades to existing programs

7. What You Will Learn
• Basic Definitions & Attributes • Civil UAS News, Civil Airspace Integration
• Design Considerations & Life Cycle Costs • FAA Small UAS Rule, RTCA SC-203
• ISR, Precision Strike, CAS, Air-to-Air • Civil Requirements, Equivalent Level of Safety
• Global Hawk, Predator, Reaper • Collision Avoidance Sensors: TCAS, ADS-B, Optical,
• Small UAS & Tactical Missions Acoustic & Microwave
• UAS for Law Enforcement & Fire Mgt • Automatic Control, Automatic Air to Air Refueling
• Sensor Resolution, EO/IR, Gimbal Pkgs • Intelligent Control, Genetic Algorithms
• LIDAR, CRBN, SIGINT, SAR • Alternatives to GPS Navigation: Sun Trackers, Image
• Multi-Spectral, Hyper-spectral Matching, Video match to Stored Images
• Weather Effects, Tech Trends • Case Study 1: Alternative Power (Solar and Fuel Cell)
• LOS & BLOS Fundamentals, Lost Link • Case Study 2: Multiple UAS Swarming
• CDL, TCDL, Link 16, STANAG 4586, UCGS • Space UAS, Global Strike, Hypersonic Weapon
• Reliability, Redundancy, Fault Tolerance, • X-45/X-47/NEURON/Taranis UCAS
• Fault ID, Reconfigurable Flight Control • Submarine Launched UAS, Pseudo-Satellites
• UAS Regulations, DoD Operations • High Altitude Airship, Global Observer
• Future Military Missions & Technologies
• Spectrum Allocation, Airspace Problems

8. Where Are We
• Predator has become to the UAS world what Kleenex is to tissue
• Predator synonymous with long dwell time and lots of capabilities
• Technology is changing doctrine, centralized control is challenged
• Airspace control system is stressed, not ready for 1000s of new UAS
• Overstressed command and control system
• Overstressed intelligence system, more data than it can handle
• Lack of interoperability and low reliability, high mishap rate
• Information is not connected, platforms do not talk to each other
• Struggling with adequate staff to perform training, lack of UAS career path
• Jointness is lacking, AF & Army overlapping UAS, different dictrines
• Each UAS is a stovepiped system, operations, training & support
• No long term strategy, buying UAS to fight, not decide how we fight

9. Where Do We Want to Go
• Want more UAS, military wants 1/3 of vehicles to become unmanned
• Want one pilot to control multiple UAS to reduce manning requirements
• Want more armed UAS (UCAS) w reduced signatures for deep strike
• Want to employ for different missions such as SEAD/EA/Deep Strike
• Want swarms of UAS to make multiple unpredictable attacks on targets
• Want UAS to file and fly in the NAS for development, test & training
• Want more autonomy, change navigation, make decisions, reduce BW
• Want data processing on-board vs high BW data link for ground processing
• Want better reliability, fault tolerance, redundancy, adaptive flight control
• Civil agencies want UAS to improve capabilities, law enforcement, fire mgt
• Want to integrate all UAS into the NAS so we can “file and fly”
• Want solar/fuel cell power pseudo-satellites for 5-10 year endurance

10. How Do We Get There
• Lots of dollars, annual worldwide spending will reach $10 billion
• R&D at military labs, commercial companies Universities, military ACTD’s
• Increase processor throughput and memory storage, onboard processing
• Develop standardized, reliable, jam resistant data links, increase BW
• Add multi/hyper spectral sensors for chemical properties
• Use AESA (BAMS) for air surveillance, integrate air-to air missions
• Use phase data to improve SAR resolution to improve CCD (coh chg det)
• Use LIDAR for FOPEN and chem/bio agent detection
• Increase sensor FOV, WAAS, full motion HDTV video,
• Smaller more lethal weapons with precision guidance, SDB
• Alternative power, electric motors, solar/fuel cells, 5 year airborne time
• Develop airworthiness standards, add collision avoidance systems for NAS
• Improve adverse weather capabilities

11. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Basics
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

12. Overview
• Definition, Attributes
• Manned vs Unmanned
• Design Considerations
• Acquisition & Life Cycle Costs
• UAS Architecture
• UAS Components
– Air Vehicle, Payload, Data Link, GCS
• Mission Profiles
• Survivability

13. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Types & Roles
11
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

14. Overview
• Categories/Classification
• Military Missions
• Large UAS Platforms
• Small UAS for Tactical Missions
• Law Enforcement Small UAS Case Study
• Example Civilian UAS Roles
• Other Civil Roles

15. Categories
Classification of UAS
• By US Military Group • Bt Range/Altitude
• By Location • By Performance
• By Physical Size • By Capabilities
• By Weight • By Type
– Weight vs Altitude • Micro
• By Endurance • Small
– Endurance vs Weight • Medium Altitude Long
– Endurance vs Altitude Endurance (MALE)
– Endurance vs Payload • High Altitude Long Endurance
• By Altitude (HALE)
– Altitude vs Speed • UK Classifications
• By Wing Loading • International Classifications
• By Engine Type

16. Civil Roles
Manned Aircraft
High Passenger
Transport
PAV
Search &
Satellite Rescue Emergency
Repair Response
National
Autonomous Infrastructure Automated Vehicle
Construction Repair Highway
Mission Illegal Activity
Cargo Transport Monitoring
Complexity Crime Scene
Interior Inspection of Resource Investigation
Pipelines Exploration
Border &
Drug Traffic Patrol
Infrastructure & Fire Fighting Riot Control
Agriculture Inspections Traffic
Fertilizer, Pesticide, Fire
Atmospheric, Geological,
Retardant Application Monitoring
Volcanic, Oceanic
Monitoring Investigative Journalism of
Low Comm Automated Remote/Forbidden Areas
Relay Distribution
Warehouse
Low High
Safety Complexity
Mission Complexity:
Low - Preplanned and/or simple operator interaction, readily pre-programmable
Medium -Frequent near-real time decisions, compatible with machine decision logic Source: UAS Roadmap
High - Numerous complex, real-time decisions / reactions by operator. 2011 – 2036 & Boeing
Highly situation dependent

17. Law Enforcement
Small UAS Case Study
Home Invasion Investigation Scenario UAS 1: Falcon Fixed Wing Aircraft
• Its early morning and the Sheriffs office receives a
report of a burglary in progress
• Lights and sirens erupt and deputies are enroute
• The supervisor directs the deputies to set up a
perimeter and assess the situation
• Deputies are able to confirm a home invasion is in
progress and it has escalated to a barricaded subject
Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS
• Dispatcher assigns UAS 1 to the call and notifies the UAS • Yellow lights flash and an alarm sounds on the roof
operator who’s on scene and he begins his mission plan • The UAS is launched in the direction of the incident and the
• Target and ditch location and waypoints are saved UAS is aloft and headed toward the scene
• Dispatcher activates an automatic notification system • The UAS operator confirms the launch and reports to the
alerting the FAA and ATC of the intended UAS flight supervisor an ETA to the target location
• Dispatcher heads to the roof, conducts a preflight and • As the UAS nears the UAS operator announces on UNICOM
reports to the UAS operator that the Falcon UAS is ready that UAS operations will be conducted in the area
• UAS operator states the mission plan is complete and asks • 15 minutes after the initial request the UAS appears
if there are any mission provisions from ATC • The UAS orbits overhead and units receive real time
• Dispatcher reports FAA request to remain below 500 AGL infrared video on their individual computers

18. Unmanned Air Systems
Sensors & Payloads

19. Overview
• Electro Optical (EO) • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
• Infrared (IR) • Moving Target Indication (MTI)
• Infrared Linescan (IRLS) • Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
• Multi Spectral Imaging (MSI) • Atmospheric & Weather Effects
• Hyper Spectral Imaging (HSI) • Sensor Data Rates
• Light Detection & Ranging (LIDAR) • Future Sensor Trends
• Laser Radar (LADAR)
• Chemical, Biological, Radiological
& Nuclear (CBRN) Detection

20. Sensor Range Calculation
Nomo graphs
Uncooled 320 x 240 detector Cooled 320 x 240 detector
Source: FLIR
18

21. Black Body Radiation
• All matter emits electromagnetic radiation. Thermal radiation is conversion of a
body's thermal energy into electromagnetic energy
• All matter absorbs electromagnetic radiation. An object that absorbs all radiation
falling on it, at all wavelengths, is called a black body.
• A black body at a uniform temperature has a characteristic frequency distribution
that depends on the temperature.
• Its emission is called blackbody radiation.
Planks Law
If you measure the
intensity and you
know wavelength
you can determine
the temperature
19

22. Atmospheric
Absorption/Transmittance
Infrared Spectroscopy
Absorbance = a*b*c
a= molar absorbtivity
b= path length
c= concentration
T=Transmittance
A=log10(1/T)
T=e-abc
Near IR 0.78-3 microns Mid IR 3-5 microns Far IR 8-12 microns
NWIR MWIR LWIR
IR spectra are obtained
by detecting changes in
transmittance (or
absorption) intensity
as a function of
frequency
20

23. Multispectral/Hyperspectral IR
21
Source: Penn State

24. Global Hawk SAR Images
Impact of two AC-130 weapons (bottom left and
A Global Hawk's all-weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
right). The pinpoints of light between and above
captured this message in Arabic that was bulldozed in the
the two impacts are heat from campfires of Taliban
Earth. Roughly, it means "have mercy" and an arrow points to
lookouts (left) and associated cave entrances
a nearby Iraqi military camp near Buhayrat Atn Tharthar
(right). Enlarging the image shows people standing
reservoir, where the soldiers had decided they were ready to
around the fires. They finally stopped building
surrender to advancing U.S. forces. "They knew we were
campfires, but the sensors still picked up the heat
watching," said an industry official.
from individuals. 22
http://sgforums.com/forums/1164/topics/56536

25. Space Weather Impacts
Source: USAF
23

26. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Alternative Power
24
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

27. Overview
• The Need for Alternative Propulsion for UAS
• Alternative Power Trends & Forecast
• Solar Cells & Solar Energy
• Solar Aircraft Challenges
• Solar Wing Design
• Past Solar Designs
• Energy Storage Methods & Density
• Fuel Cell Basics & UAS Integration
• Fuel Cells Used in Current Small UAS
• Hybrid Power
• Future HALE Designs

28. Propulsion Forecast
UAS Roadmap 2005 - 2030 26

29. Solar Energy
Irradiance Model
• A good model of irradiance depending on variables such as geographic
position, time, solar panels orientation and albedo was developed
• The maximum irradiance I max and the duration of the day Tday which are
depending on the location and the date, allows to compute the daily
energy per square meter as depicted in
ENERGY = I * T
27

30. Great Flight Diagram
Statistics for
62 Solar Planes
Mass Models
Increased weight
means higher wing
loading. To
calculate the
corresponding
increase in surface
area. Solar
powered aircraft
closer to:
28
Source: Noth

31. Fuel Cells
Comparison
Source: US DOE 29

32. Fuel Cells
PEM
• The Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing on the PEMFC as the most
likely candidate for transportation applications
• High power density and a relatively low operating temperature (ranging
from 60 to 80 degrees Celsius, or 140 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit).
• The low operating temperature means that it doesn't take very long for
the fuel cell to warm up and begin generating electricity
Hydrogen is channeled through flow plates to the
anode on one side. Oxygen flows through plates on
the cathode side. At the anode the hydrogen splits Anode side:
into ions and electrons. The membrane only allows 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
positive ions to flow through to the cathode. The Cathode side:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
electrons must travel through a an external circuit Net reaction:
to the cathode creating an electrical current. At the 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
cathode, the electrons and positive hydrogen ions
combine with oxygen to form water which flows out
of the cell. When the hydrogen and oxygen is used
Used on Apollo mission and
up, the fuel cell shuts down.
provided drinking water 30

33. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Com & Data Links
31
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

34. Overview
• Current State of Data Links
• Future Needs of Data Links
• Line of Sight Fundamentals
• Beyond line of Sight Fundamentals
• UAS Communications Failure
• Link Enhancements
• Common Data Link (CDL)
• Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL)
• STANAG 4586
• VMF & Link 16 Integration
• Latest Ground Control Stations

35. LOS Fundamentals
Link Budget Analysis
• Free space attenuation depends on frequency & distance
• Free space attenuation (or loss) increases with frequency
• The amount of free space attenuation can be computed using the
following formula:
• FSL = 36.6 + 20 Log (F) + 20 Log (D)
• Where:
• F = Frequency in MHz
• D = Distance in Miles
• Example: A 2.4 GHz 5 mile path
• Log (2400) = 3.380211 (x20) = 67.604225
• Log (5) = 0.698970 (x20) = 13.979400
• Path Loss = (36.6 + 67.604225 + 13.979400) = 118.183625 dB
33

36. Link Enhancements
Spread Spectrum
Can spread original
Narrowband BW 20 -1 000 times
Signal
Wideband
Noise Level Signal
Makes Signal LPI
Digitized
Signal Spreading
Sequence
Source: National Instruments
34
Adds ECCM or Anti jam or Jamming Immunity

37. Image Compression
JPEG
• JPEG is a lossy compression format conceived explicitly for making photo files smaller
• JPEG stands for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, a committee set up in 1986
• The baseline uses an encoding scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
• Compression ratios are normally 10:1
Source:www.fileformat.info
35

38. STANAG 4586
• Processes, procedures, terms and conditions for common military or
technical procedures or equipment between member countries
• The objective of this standardization agreement is to specify and
standardize elements that will be implemented in the UAS Control System
The main elements that this agreement covers are:
– UAS Control System (UCS) Architecture (GCS = UCS)
– Data Link Interface (DLI).
– Command Control Interface (CCI).
– Human Control Interface (HCI)
• The UCS communicates with the UAS through message sets in a Data Link
Interface (DLI) through the Vehicle Specific Module (VSM)
• STANAG 4586 does not regulate HW, SW, design or material solutions
– UAV systems manufacturers are free to implement design of software
solutions while still being able to produce interoperable units
36

39. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Weaponization
37
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

40. Overview
• First UAS Air to Air Engagement
• Limitations & Desired Characteristics
• Desired Capabilities
• Acquisition Process
• 17 Design Considerations
• Current Weapons on UAS

41. Weaponization
Common Techniques for Reconfigurable Flight Controllers
Source: Duchard
39

42. Weaponization
17 Design Considerations
• Degree of Autonomy • Command & Control
• Achieving Reliability • Communications
• CONOPS • Sensors
• Cost • Weapon Type
• Vehicle Scale • Weapon Characteristics
• Safety • Target Characteristics
• Vehicle Signature • Targeting
• Mission Planning • Defenses
• Support
40

43. Hellfire
• Anti-armor air-to-ground precision guided weapon
• 47 kg / 106 pounds, including 9 kg / 20 pound warhead, range of 8,000 m
• Laser guidance can be provided either from the launcher or another
airborne target designator or from ground based observers
Single stage, single thrust, solid
propellant motor, arming occurs VIDEO
between 150 to 300 meters
after launch. Maximum velocity
950 miles per hour.
21,000 Hellfire IIs have been
built since 1990, at a cost of
about $68,000 each
41

44. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
System Design
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

45. Overview
• UAS Design Process
• Airframe Design Considerations
• Launch & Recovery Methods
• Propulsion Considerations
• Communications
• Navigation
• Control & Stability
• Ground Control System
• Support Equipment
• Transportation

46. Airframe
Initial Weight Estimate
Baseline design: Initial
estimate of max takeoff wt
Textbooks do not have empty
weight fraction chart
Weight fraction:
(empty/takeoff) obtained
from statistical data
200 lb UAS = 120 lb empty wt
Chart is a regression for 30 Source: Sobester
UAS currently in service
This fraction with estimates of fuel and payload weights can be used to compute a first
iteration of takeoff weight
44

47. Propulsion
3 Variable Plot
45
Source: Sobester

48. Communications
Antenna Types
• Most common types
– Quarter wave length diploe
– Yagi
– Parabolic dish
– Lens antenna Source: Austin
– Phased array microstrip
• Quarter wavelength: vertically polarized. Receive antenna must
also be vertically polarized. Angle differences = power loss
• Ominidirectional, rapid power loss w distance, model aircraft
• Yagi: One active element and rest are passive. Passive elements
modify radiation pattern to keep the sidelobes low
– Usually seen on rooftops for TV signals (500 MHz – 2 GHz)
46

49. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Improving Reliability
47
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

50. Overview
• Current State of UAS Reliability
• Fault Tolerant Control Architecture
• Fault Detection & Identification
• Reconfigurable Flight Controllers
• Non-Adaptive Controllers
• Adaptive Controllers
• Active System Restructuring
• Reconfigurable Path Planer
• Mission Adaptation
48

51. Predator Case Study
• The Predator design evolved from a DARPA program (FY84–FY90).
• In January 1994, the Army awarded General Atomics Aeronautical Systems
a contract to develop the Predator system.
• The initial ACTD phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996.
• During the initial ACTD phase, the Army led the evaluation program, but in
April 1996, the Air Force replaced the Army as the operating service for
the initial ACTD aircraft (RQ-1) (the “R” designates reconnaissance role)
• The Predator was designed to provide persistent intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) coverage of a specified target area.
• As an ISR platform, the Predator carried either an electro-optics/infrared
(EO/IR) sensor package or a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) package.
• In FY02, the RQ-1 migrated into MQ-1 (the“M” designates multirole) with
the addition of a weapon-carrying capability.
49

52. Failure Mode Findings
#2 This module will focus on
improving Flight Control
Reliability using Fault
Tolerant Control Systems
Source: UAS Roadmap
50

53. Unmanned Air Systems
Civil Airspace Integration
51
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

54. Overview
• Civil UAS News
• FAA Civil UAS Roadmap
• UAS Certificate of Authorization Process
• AFS-400 UAS Policy 05-01
• 14 CFR Part 107 Rule: Small UAS
• NASA UAS R&D Plan
• NASA Capability Needs & Technology Requirements
• RTCA SC 203
52

55. FAA Civil UAS Roadmap
Evolution
• Accommodation
– COAs for Public Operators
– Experimental for Civil
– AC 91-57 for modelers
• Transition
• Integration
53

56. COA Process
Certificate of Authorization
• In 1997 the FAA and DoD agreed upon and wrote the initial COA process
• FAA amended Order 7610.4 Special Military Operations to implement the
current COA process that is used by the military today.
• Use and number of requests for UAS use has grown over the past 10 years
• The increase has caused a backlog and slowed down the COA process
• Need to examine the current process and determine how to improve
• The Application for COA should be submitted at least 60 days prior
• The FAA’s UAPO processes COA, determines updates or changes, either
grants the request for a specified period of time, up to a year, or denies it
• Granted to DoD and other public agencies operating UA in the support of:
– National Defense COMPANIES WILL NOT BE APPROVED
– Disaster Relief
– Scientific Research
– Technological Development 54

57. SUAS FAA Regulation 107
• sUAS aviation rulemaking committee (ARC) proposed regulations
• Begins comment & review process that could see a final rule in mid 2013
• No COA required, Dayligt only, VMC, LOS, not over populated areas
• Must establish com and notify ATC if operating with 10 miles of airport
• Within 3 miles must notify the airport manager
• Greater than 400 ft or 30 minutes must issue a NOTAM (24-48 hrs in adv)
• Cant operated in special use airspace, on MTRs or Class B airspace
• Need an observer if the pilot is in a shelter or heads down, or > 400 ft
• Observer must have 2 way com with the pilot
• Must yield right of way to manned aircraft, maneuver early to prevent
collision, must be able to descend 50 ft in 5 sec (for avoidance maneuver)
• Must monitor ATC voice com as instructed by ATC
55

58. UAS Autonomous Operations
Unmanned Air Systems
Autonomy & Alt Navigation
56
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUXJERRY LEMIEUX
Contact: Dr Email: jllemieux@unmannedexperts.com Phone: 920-744-7154
Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

59. Overview
• Vision
• Definitions
• Autonomy
• Automatic Control
• Automatic Air to Air Refueling
• Intelligent Control
• Neural Networks
• Bayesian Probability
• Fuzzy Logic
• Alternatives to GPS Navigation Systems
57

60. Automatic UAS AAR
DARPA/NASA program called KQ-X will perform UAS to UAS refueling
58

61. 59

62. Sensor Navigation Control System
Desired Noise
Sensor Noise
state Wind Gusts
estimate
INS Error
For simplicity, only X,Y parameters shown
Drogue INS position, INS
error and sensor noise
Wind Gusts
Measure position
between receiver
and drogue
Combines feedback from
aircraft with feedforward
from sensor measurements
60
to adjust UAS position
Control Laws

63. Unmanned Air Systems
Human Machine Interface
61
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

64. Overview
• Human Factors Engineering Explained
• Heron Tour at Suffield, Canada
• Human Machine Interface
• Voice Recognition & Control
• Haptic Feedback
• Spatial Audio (3D Audio)
• Synthetic Vision
• CRM
• Other Issues
62

65. Human Machine Interface
Sensory Isolation of Operator
• One of the most prominent HMI issues is sensory isolation from operator
• UAS operators receive visual information from sensors
• Imagery collected is limited in terms of range and quality
• UAV operators do not have access to vestibular cues such as turbulence,
weather conditions, aircraft movement and gravitational forces.
• Turbulence: manned aircraft detects immediate, UAS operator may only
detect after noticing perturbation of the delayed video imagery
• Could result in a failure to detect and if the turbulence is severe enough,
this could jeopardize the safe and effective control of the vehicle
• MCE operators for the 2001 GH demo rated ability to detect and diagnose
abnormal conditions on the UAS via the HMI as poor
63

66. Human Machine Interface
Sensory Isolation of Operator
• In 2002 one of the USAF GHs returning from a mission in support of OEF
crashed after departing from controlled flight
• Part of the rudder mechanism failed
• If the failure had occurred on a manned aircraft, sensory feedback would
alert the pilot immediately, may have been time to recover
• Installation of multisensory interfaces may be beneficial
• Tactile feedback: vibration on the wrists, forearms, or control stick
• Force feedback on the control stick
• Cockpit environmental noise and spatial audio cueing
• AFRL project called “multimodal immersive intelligent interface for remote
operation (MIIIRO)
• Provides a sense of presence but needs more investigation
64

67. Improve SA in Urban Clutter
65

68. Unmanned Air Systems
Case Study: Swarming
66
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

69. Overview
• UAS Swarming Concept
• History of Military Swarming Attacks
• Modern Military Swarming
• Single Operator Multiple UAS Control
• Swarming Characteristics & Concepts
• Emergent Behavior
• Swarming Algorithms
• Swarm Communications
• Latest Test Results from Boeing & JHU/APL
67

70. Swarming Algorithms
Particle Swarm Optimization
• UAS Application: Navigation /route planning
• Mission Routing Problem (MRP): Start at a point, multiple UAS go through
enemy territory defended by SAMs and AAA to get to the target and return
• Objectives: Find the shortest path, minimize flight time, minimize the
possibility of being detected or shot down by enemy fire and minimize fuel
• Must meet the constraints of TOT, total mission time & optimize the path
• Two problems:
– Develop the flight paths to optimize cost and risk
– Develop the path order
• Cost: How much energy or time t takes to cover the path
• Risk: How dangerous the flight area is (SAMs, AAA)
• PSO has been shown to obtain the solution successfully and quickly
• Other names: Vehicle Routing Problem, Multi-Criteria Aircraft Routing prob
• Bird flocking is one of the best example of PSO in nature 68

71. Unmanned Air Systems
Future Capabilities
69
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001

72. Overview
• Goals & Operational Issues
• Future Platforms
– Space, Hypersonic, Submarine Launched
– UCAS, Pseudolites, BAMS, Others
• Future Missions
• Technology Needs
– Airframe, autonomy, propulsion, interoperability
– Processor speed & memory, sensor capabilities
70

73. Space UAS
Reusable VTHL Space Plane
FACTS
• Looks and acts like a miniature unmanned space shuttle
• Demonstrator: airframe, avionics, autonomous guidance
• X-37A (2005 drop tests), X-37B (launch 2010)
• X-37C for USAF @ 165 – 180% times X-37B size
• NASA: Possible astronaut x 6 transport in payload bay
• USAF: Could be used as satellite for ISR from space
VIDEO
SPECIFICATIONS
• Manufacturer : Boeing with NASA/DARPA
• Cost: $8 Million
• Orbital Speed: 17,500 mph, LEO
• Endurance: Up to 270 days
• Ceiling: Low Earth Orbit (255 mi)
• Length: 29 ft Wingspan: 15 ft Height 9.5 ft
• Payload Bay: 7 x 4 ft
• Loaded Weight: 11,000 lb 71
Source: US Army

74. Future Military Missions
Ultra-Long Endurance
Source: Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems 72

75. Questions
Dr Jerry LeMieux
Unmanned Air System Expert
920-744-7154
jetdoc2001@yahoo.com

76. To learn more please attend ATI course
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
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