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Waste and Trashing
1.
lsoftware developmentt
ft ed a n l Lean Software Development L S ft D l t Waste and Thrashing mary@poppendieck.com Mary Poppendieck www.poppendieck.com
2.
What is Waste?
Waste is… is Anything that depletes resources of time, effort, space, or money without adding customer value. Value is… is Seen through the eyes of those who pay for, use, support, or p yf , , pp , derive value from our systems. 2 October 09 Put on Customer Glasses Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
3.
What is Waste?
Airline Statistics: Available Seat Miles (ASM) A Capacity Measurement Revenue Seat Miles (RSM) A Production Measurement Load Factor = RSM/ASM Put yourself in the shoes y A Utilization Measurement of an airline executive: Re-phrasing the question: Are empty seats waste? Will a higher load f g factor 3 What do you think? October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n increase profits?
4.
Case Study
y Customers Love Southwest By the Numbers* * Sources: FAA Statistics F i i Excellent Customer Service Most Punctual SEC Filings Fortune Rating Reliable Performance Lost the Least Bags Point to Point Point-to-Point Routing Had the Fewest Complaints Consistent Low Fares Rated “Most Admired” US Airline No “Nuisance Charges” 35 Consecutive Years of Profitability Lots f Fli ht O ti L t of Flight Options Operates at the Lowest Load Factor Flights On‐Time Performance Load Factors Cancelled Diverted Carrier Carrier 2007 2007 2006 2007 2006 2005 2004 2007 2007 WN ‐ Southwest Airlines 1,164,906 81.72% 84.66% 72.60% 73.10% 70.70% 69.50% 0.43% 0.12% DL ‐Delta Air Lines 568,862 75.65% 75.72% 80.60% 78.50% 76.50% 74.70% 1.18% 0.21% CO ‐ Continental Airlines 411,105 72.95% 76.54% 81.40% 80.70% 78.90% 76.90% 0.92% 0.35% l e a n NW ‐ Northwest Airlines 480,382 71.23% 79.02% 83.90% 84.00% 81.50% 79.20% 2.04% 0.13% UA ‐ United Airlines 594,488 69.90% 74.79% 82.70% 82.10% 81.50% 79.30% 2.28% 0.10% US ‐ US Airways 402,568 68.70% 78.51% 75.30% 78.30% 75.50% 75.10% 1.65% 0.08% AA ‐ American Airlines 792,404 68.34% 78.33% 81.50% 80.00% 78.60% 74.80% 2.73% 0.09% 4 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
5.
Seeing Waste
g The Seven Wastes of Manufacturing The 7 Wastes of - T ii hi Oh Taiichi Ohno Software D S ft Development l pm t 1. Overproduction 1. Extra Features 2. Motion 2. Handovers 3. Waiting g 3. Failure Demand 4. Transportation 4. Technical Debt 5 Work In Process 5. 5 Task Switching 5. 6. Extra Processing 6. Delays 5 7. Defects October 09 7. Defects Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
6.
Extra Features Features /
Functions Used in a Typical System Cost of Complexity p y Often / Always Rarely / Never Used: 20% Used: 64% Sometimes Rarely 19% 16% Cost Often 13% Always 7% Never 45% Standish Group Study Reported at XP2002 by Jim Johnson, Chairman Time l e a n The Biggest opportunity f i Th Bi t t it for increasing Software i S ft Development Productivity: Write Less Code! 6 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
7.
Handovers
A handover occurs whenever we separate:* p Responsibility − What to do Knowledge − How to do it Action − Actually doing it Feedback − Learning from results *Allen Ward “Lean Product and Process Development” Allen Lean Development Whole Software Development p QA and Integration Team l e a n O ll Overall System Operations and Support 7 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
8.
Failure Demand Value Demand
Demand for work that adds value from a customer perspective p p The Goal: Delight Customers by Responding to Value Demand Failure Demand Demand on the resources caused by your f il db failures Eg. Support Calls The Goal: Eliminate Failure Demand 8 Meanwhile, respond as fast as possible October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
9.
Technical Debt
Anything that makes code difficult to change y g ff g Sloppy / Un-testable Code Code without a test harness is Legacy Code. Dependencies High cohesion and low coupling are essential for testable code. Unsynchronized Code Branches The longer two code branches l e a n remain apart, the more difficult h d ff l they are to merge together. 9 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
10.
Task Switching
g 10 Task A Task B Task C Wasted Cost Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Wasted Value Value Time l e a n
11.
Delays
y 11 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
12.
Defects
f 12 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
13.
Q
Quality by Construction y y A Quality Process Builds Quality IN. Q y Q y Rather than trying to test quality in later. If you find defects at the end of your process… YYour process i d f i ! is defective! Quality by Construction Code that reveals its intentions Design/code reviews IImmediate, automated testing di t t t d t ti STOP if the tests don’t pass! Continuous, nested integration , g 13 Escaped defect analysis & feedback October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
14.
Dijkstra’s Challange
j g If you want more effective programmers, you will discover that they should not waste their time debugging – they should not introduce bugs to start with. How good are you? When in your release cycle do you try to freeze code and test the system? What percent of the release cycle remains for this “hardening”? hardening ? Top Companies: <10% Typical: 30% Sometimes: 50% 14 10/26/2009 Release Cycle Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
15.
Buried in Work?
You are not alone! Good G d organizations that have solved most of their i ti th t h l d t f th i problems always seem to have one problem left: 15 October 09 Thrashing Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
16.
What is Thrashing?
g Thrashing: A degenerate situation on a computer where increasing resources are used to do a decreasing amount of work. work Well known in networking and server operations. d i One of the most widely known and studied instances of Queuing Theory. 16 October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
17.
What are you
doing about it? y g Ignore it and hope it will go away? Insanity: Continuing to do the same thing l e a n and expecting d ff d different results. l 17 October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC
18.
What Causes Thrashing?
g Uneveness Little’s Law Time Through the System = Number of Things in Process Average Completion Rate 18 October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
19.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process 19 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
20.
Minimize the Number
of Things-in-Process Things in Process We have far too many things to do! How long are your lists of things to get done? How many things are in each list? How long would it take to finish them? How many will never get done? Why are they in your queue? Queues are buffers between departments that l e a n keep people from having to talk to each other! 20 October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC
21.
What Causes Thrashing?
g Overload 45 Cycle Time as a Function of Utilization and Batch Size* 40 35 Cycle Time (hours) 30 Large Batches Medium Batches 25 Small Batches e 20 15 10 5 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 21 High Performance *This assumes batch size is proportional to variability. October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a nThrashing
22.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process 22 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
23.
Minimize the Size
of Things-in-Process Things in Process Churn Do requirements keep changing? You are specifying too early. Do you have test-and-fix cycles? y y You are testing too late. Why do early specification and late y y p f 23 testing seem like such a good idea? October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
24.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process Level the Workload Manage Workflows, not Schedules Workflows 24 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
25.
Empire State Building
p g September 22, 1929 22 One Year Earlier: Demolition started January 22, 1930 Excavation started March 17, 1930 Construction started November 13, 1930 13 Exterior completed May 1, 1931 Building opened Exactly on time 18% under budget How did they do it? 25 10/26/2009 The key: Focus on FLOW. Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
26.
Steel Schedule We thought
of the work as if it were a band marching through the building and out the top. 26 From: “Building the Empire State” Builders Notebook: Edited by Carol Willis 10/26/2009 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
27.
The Four Pacemakers 1. 1
Structural Steel Construction Completed September 22, 12 days early 2. 2 Concrete Floor Construction Completed October 22, 6 days early 3. 3 Exterior Metal Trim &Windows Completed October 17, 35 days early 4. 4 Exterior Li E t i Limestone t Completed November 13, 17 days early 27 From: “Building the Empire State” Builders Notebook: Edited by Carol Willis 10/26/2009 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
28.
Key Success Factors
y 1. Teamwork of owner, architect, and builder Eliminated design loops by consulting experts early. 2. Deeply Experienced Builders Fixed Price Contract! 3. Focus on the key constraint: Material Flow 500 trucks a day – no storage on site 4. Decoupling The pacemakers (and other systems) were designed to be independent 5. Cash Flow Thinking Every day of delay cost $10,000 ($120,000 today). E d fd l t $10 000 ($120 000 t d ) 6. Schedule was not laid out based on the details of the building design, the building was designed based on the constraints of the situation. l e a n T Two acres of land in the middle of N Y k Cit zoning ordinances, f l d i th iddl f New York City, i di $35,000,000 of capital, the laws of physics, and a May 1, 1931 deadline. 28 10/26/2009 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
29.
Lessons Design the system
to meet the constraints; do not derive constraints from the design. Decouple workflows; p ; break dependencies! Workflows are easier to control & l e a n more predictable than a schedules. di bl h h d l 29 10/26/2009 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
30.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process Level the Workload Manage Workflows, not Schedules Workflows Establish a Regular Cadence 30 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
31.
Establish a Regular
Cadence g Discovery Delivery Daily Stories & Tests One Iteration Every 2-4 y Ahead Ah d Weeks Deployment - Ready Road Map: Software l e a n Prioritized list of Done–D Done–Done D desirable Ready– Ready–Ready Feedback features 31 10/26/2009 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC
32.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process Level the Workload Manage Workflows, not Schedules Workflows Establish a Regular Cadence Limit W k T C Li it Work To Capacity it Timebox, Don’t Scopebox 32 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n Queuing Theory 101
33.
Timebox, Don’t Scopebox
p The Iron Triangle: Cost, Schedule, and Scope Cost Schedule If you can’t meet all three – which one suffers? Do not Ask: How long will this take? Cost Ask instead: Wh t A k i t d What can be done by this date? 33 October 09 Time Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
34.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process Level the Workload Manage Workflows, not Schedules Workflows Establish a Regular Cadence Limit W k T C Li it Work To Capacity it Timebox, Don’t Scopebox l e a n P ll – D ’ P h Pull Don’t Push Queuing Theory 101 34 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC
35.
Pull Scheduling
Small Requests Input Flow Output Capacity Never 35 October 09 Copyright©2007 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
36.
Scheduling Large,
Multi-Team Multi Team Products Start 2 Months 5 Months 8 Months 11 Months 13 Months 15 Months Product Review: Review: Action: Action: Review: First Concept Customer Interest Proof of Concept Alpha Release Beta Release Beta Results Production Approved A d Decide: D id Decide: D id Decide: D id Decide: D id Decide: D id Release R l Technical Approach Alpha Release Features Beta Release Features 1st Release Baseline 1st Release Final Base Estimates on Experience and Data Not Wishful Thinking Timebox – Don’t Scopebox p Ask NOT: How long will this take? Ask instead: What can be done by this date? y Integrating Events create cadence and pull 36 October 09 Copyright©2009 Poppendieck.LLC l e a n
37.
Reducing Cycle Time
g y Optimize Throughput – Not Utilization Minimize the Number of Things In Process Minimize the Size of Things In Process Level the Workload Manage Workflows, not Schedules Workflows Establish a Regular Cadence Limit W k T C Li it Work To Capacity it Timebox, Don’t Scopebox l e a n P ll – D ’ P h Pull Don’t Push Queuing Theory 101 37 October 09 Copyright©2008 Poppendieck.LLC
38.
lsoftware developmentt
ft ed a n l Thank You! More Information: www.poppendieck.com mary@poppendieck.com Mary Poppendieck www.poppendieck.com
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