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Some requirements
for badge systems

           Simon Grant
           JISC CETIS
   CETIS Conference, Nottingham
           2012-02-23


                                  1
Summary
    What is a badge? What else is like a badge?
    What are the issues with badges?
    Four requirements ...
        badges must add value over self-authored descriptions
        nature and extent of any claim must be clarified
        evidence and veracity must be checkable (where needed)
        steps on ladders and paths must be sound
    … for three interlocking badge systems
        personal badge use system
        badge quality system
        pathways quality system for composite badges


                                                                  2
What is a badge, anyway?
     Wikipedia (2012-02-16)
"A badge is a device or fashion accessory, often containing
the insignia of an organization, which is presented or
displayed to indicate some feat of service, a special
accomplishment, a symbol of authority granted by taking an
oath (e.g., police and fire), a sign of legitimate employment or
student status, or as a simple means of identification. They
are also used in advertising, publicity, and for branding
purposes." [emphasis added]
    So I include uniform, T-shirts, ties, colours as “etc.”




                                                               3
Badges etc. I may have worn ...
    Staff ID                        Swimming badges
    Conference attendee                 personal survival
        perhaps categorised             lifesaving
    1999 path of totality           Cub Scout badges
    Conference helper               PDSA Busy Bees
    Choir member                    I am ...
    Dysgwr
                                         (number of years old)
                               (could have but I think not...)
        siaradwch yn araf
                                     Team supporter
    Old school tie
                                     NGO org member
    School uniform
                                     Religious symbol
    Team player
                                                                  4
So, agreement with Doug …
    “visual representations of a skill or achievement”
        ability
        ability-related achievement
        responsibility undertaken (needs abilities)
        role (which is often “awarded” according to ability)
        also simply completion of a defined experience
    Also (but let's not focus on these):
        skill aspiration?
        identity
        membership
        support



                                                                5
… but issues remain
    For “display layer” to be worth anything, people must
     have confidence in the “assessment layer”
        particularly employers and the like who rely on them
    If badges are to be “credentials”, they have to be
     effective in giving clarity and trust (“credence”)
    How can we simultaneously
        open up the issuing process
        avoid hopeless over-proliferation
        allow people easy ways of verifying and checking
            to their satisfaction (that's the challenging part)




                                                                   6
Requirement 1:
make things better
    (than self-authored text and traditional certificates)
    We already have electronic certificates and CVs
    Badges can still add value in three basic ways
        by giving a unique identifier for a self-claim, making it global
        by having quality processes in place for something awarded
        by plotting out good pathways to something desirable
    These relate to three interrelated systems
    Let's consider each requirement and system in turn
    (The “looker” is the party wanting people with badge)



                                                                            7
Requirement 2:
clarify nature and extent of claim
    Self-awarded badges have value only if unambiguous
        URIs give clarity independent of human language
        then able to be searched for by machine
    Awards in general vary in their detail
        some are generic or broad, and imprecise
        some are highly specific, detailing exactly what is entailed
    Needs to be scope for claim to link to further detail
        either terms from controlled vocabularies
        or free text explanations
    Badges may also be private and effective
        credentials needed to view claim


                                                                        8
The personal badge use system
    Person claims a badge
    Badge has an identifier (URI)
        linking to overall description – many languages possible
    Detail by further identifiers or free text (e-portfolio?)
    E-portfolio claim includes link to issuer site
        similarly to electronic certificate, maybe with “transcript”
        maybe “issuer” is self or peer – OK if that is clear
    Looker goes to issuer site to see claim detail
        directly, or linked from badge or claim text
    Ties in with systems supporting personal learning, action
     planning, goal setting and achievement, matching

                                                                        9
Requirement 3:
able to check evidence and truth
    Lookers want to check credentials
        they have seen the claim, but they still want
            a good basis for trusting the claim
            confidence in the assessment and awarding processes
            to assess the badge claim's value for them
    Portfolios can give particular personal evidence
    Further evidence from site of awarding body
        body may be well known with good reputation
        or look for more information about the body
            including the body's membership of wider bodies
            body's credentials may include badges (meta-badges?) …
        evidence of badge assessment (etc.) process quality


                                                                      10
The badge quality system
    Designing
    Specifying and managing assessment
    Providing information about significance
    Ensuring award quality
    Confirming awards and holders to third parties
    Expiry or retraction for time-limited or revoked badges
    Gathering statistics of use including employer use
    Managing versions and revision
    Protection against misuse
    Managing badge reputation with employers and others

                                                               11
Requirement 4:
steps on paths must be sound
    Open Badges white paper talks a lot about paths
        an analogy: you can't trust a path with slippery stones
        another: you can't trust a ladder with weak rungs
    A badge may define pre-requisite badges
    Pathways quality management means ensuring each
     step is right to fit in with the other steps
        select appropriate pre-requisites, not too strict or too lax
        check and monitor quality of pre-requisite badges
    Composite badges are useful for employers who look
        the degree itself is a kind of composite badge, but losing support
        time to create better ones


                                                                        12
The pathways quality system
    Devising new ways of reaching objectives
        giving up reinventing wheels
        adding value by putting together existing badges
    Effective goal decomposition
        mirroring personal action planning
    Investigating providers of each step
    Checking and matching quality of each step
    Promoting composite badge to employers and others
    Managing composite badge reputation



                                                            13
Open Badges metadata spec
    Badge Title
    Badge Image URL

    Short Badge Description (plain text)

    Badge Criteria (URL, required)

    Issuer (Organization name or just individual name)

    Issuer Contact (email address)

    Issue Date

    Badge Expiration Date (optional; default none)

    Badge Evidence URL (optional)

signed within an Authentication/Verification Framework

                                                          14
Missing useful information
    Short badge description OK, but distinctions needed:
        overall badge significance true of all instances of the badge
        individual personal claim giving further specific details
        (evidence on which the award or claim is based is OK)
        authentication / verification
            PKI signing is less than ideal for several reasons
            instead, could have a link to verification on issuer site
    Quality confirmation for specific badges would be useful
        distinct from the overall significance of the badge
    Definition of composite badge components + links
        and specify quality criteria for component badge selection



                                                                         15
Conclusions / open questions
    Badges can cover every sector
        school, HE, vocational, professional, voluntary, hobby
    Democratisation of ability credentials
        for education, recruitment, training, advancement, matching
        but is this the best solution for a common language?
    Mozilla Open Badges is a good start
        what extra metadata is needed to make badges work well?
            I've proposed some ideas – needs to move towards consensus
    Exercise
        envision more detailed scenarios
        consider SWOT


                                                                          16
Reference resources
    http://www.openbadges.org/
        spec is in http://www.openbadges.org/infrastructure-tech-docs/
            (seems more stable than https://wiki.mozilla.org/Badges )
    http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/Are_open_badges_the_future_for_recognition_of_skills%3F
        (this session)
    Scott wrote a very useful page for electronic certificates
        http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/Technical_architecture_considerations_for_implementing_the_HEAR
        most of this could be applied to badges
    InLOC project will be taking badges into account
        Integrating Learning Outcomes and Competences
        http://wiki.teria.no/display/inloc/Home



                                                                                              17
Thanks...
    ... for your attention
    ... for any feedback you may be able to give
        either now
        or send to me at asimong@gmail.com

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Some requirements for badge systems

  • 1. Some requirements for badge systems Simon Grant JISC CETIS CETIS Conference, Nottingham 2012-02-23 1
  • 2. Summary  What is a badge? What else is like a badge?  What are the issues with badges?  Four requirements ...  badges must add value over self-authored descriptions  nature and extent of any claim must be clarified  evidence and veracity must be checkable (where needed)  steps on ladders and paths must be sound  … for three interlocking badge systems  personal badge use system  badge quality system  pathways quality system for composite badges 2
  • 3. What is a badge, anyway?  Wikipedia (2012-02-16) "A badge is a device or fashion accessory, often containing the insignia of an organization, which is presented or displayed to indicate some feat of service, a special accomplishment, a symbol of authority granted by taking an oath (e.g., police and fire), a sign of legitimate employment or student status, or as a simple means of identification. They are also used in advertising, publicity, and for branding purposes." [emphasis added]  So I include uniform, T-shirts, ties, colours as “etc.” 3
  • 4. Badges etc. I may have worn ...  Staff ID  Swimming badges  Conference attendee  personal survival  perhaps categorised  lifesaving  1999 path of totality  Cub Scout badges  Conference helper  PDSA Busy Bees  Choir member  I am ...  Dysgwr  (number of years old) (could have but I think not...)  siaradwch yn araf  Team supporter  Old school tie  NGO org member  School uniform  Religious symbol  Team player 4
  • 5. So, agreement with Doug …  “visual representations of a skill or achievement”  ability  ability-related achievement  responsibility undertaken (needs abilities)  role (which is often “awarded” according to ability)  also simply completion of a defined experience  Also (but let's not focus on these):  skill aspiration?  identity  membership  support 5
  • 6. … but issues remain  For “display layer” to be worth anything, people must have confidence in the “assessment layer”  particularly employers and the like who rely on them  If badges are to be “credentials”, they have to be effective in giving clarity and trust (“credence”)  How can we simultaneously  open up the issuing process  avoid hopeless over-proliferation  allow people easy ways of verifying and checking  to their satisfaction (that's the challenging part) 6
  • 7. Requirement 1: make things better  (than self-authored text and traditional certificates)  We already have electronic certificates and CVs  Badges can still add value in three basic ways  by giving a unique identifier for a self-claim, making it global  by having quality processes in place for something awarded  by plotting out good pathways to something desirable  These relate to three interrelated systems  Let's consider each requirement and system in turn  (The “looker” is the party wanting people with badge) 7
  • 8. Requirement 2: clarify nature and extent of claim  Self-awarded badges have value only if unambiguous  URIs give clarity independent of human language  then able to be searched for by machine  Awards in general vary in their detail  some are generic or broad, and imprecise  some are highly specific, detailing exactly what is entailed  Needs to be scope for claim to link to further detail  either terms from controlled vocabularies  or free text explanations  Badges may also be private and effective  credentials needed to view claim 8
  • 9. The personal badge use system  Person claims a badge  Badge has an identifier (URI)  linking to overall description – many languages possible  Detail by further identifiers or free text (e-portfolio?)  E-portfolio claim includes link to issuer site  similarly to electronic certificate, maybe with “transcript”  maybe “issuer” is self or peer – OK if that is clear  Looker goes to issuer site to see claim detail  directly, or linked from badge or claim text  Ties in with systems supporting personal learning, action planning, goal setting and achievement, matching 9
  • 10. Requirement 3: able to check evidence and truth  Lookers want to check credentials  they have seen the claim, but they still want  a good basis for trusting the claim  confidence in the assessment and awarding processes  to assess the badge claim's value for them  Portfolios can give particular personal evidence  Further evidence from site of awarding body  body may be well known with good reputation  or look for more information about the body  including the body's membership of wider bodies  body's credentials may include badges (meta-badges?) …  evidence of badge assessment (etc.) process quality 10
  • 11. The badge quality system  Designing  Specifying and managing assessment  Providing information about significance  Ensuring award quality  Confirming awards and holders to third parties  Expiry or retraction for time-limited or revoked badges  Gathering statistics of use including employer use  Managing versions and revision  Protection against misuse  Managing badge reputation with employers and others 11
  • 12. Requirement 4: steps on paths must be sound  Open Badges white paper talks a lot about paths  an analogy: you can't trust a path with slippery stones  another: you can't trust a ladder with weak rungs  A badge may define pre-requisite badges  Pathways quality management means ensuring each step is right to fit in with the other steps  select appropriate pre-requisites, not too strict or too lax  check and monitor quality of pre-requisite badges  Composite badges are useful for employers who look  the degree itself is a kind of composite badge, but losing support  time to create better ones 12
  • 13. The pathways quality system  Devising new ways of reaching objectives  giving up reinventing wheels  adding value by putting together existing badges  Effective goal decomposition  mirroring personal action planning  Investigating providers of each step  Checking and matching quality of each step  Promoting composite badge to employers and others  Managing composite badge reputation 13
  • 14. Open Badges metadata spec  Badge Title  Badge Image URL  Short Badge Description (plain text)  Badge Criteria (URL, required)  Issuer (Organization name or just individual name)  Issuer Contact (email address)  Issue Date  Badge Expiration Date (optional; default none)  Badge Evidence URL (optional) signed within an Authentication/Verification Framework 14
  • 15. Missing useful information  Short badge description OK, but distinctions needed:  overall badge significance true of all instances of the badge  individual personal claim giving further specific details  (evidence on which the award or claim is based is OK)  authentication / verification  PKI signing is less than ideal for several reasons  instead, could have a link to verification on issuer site  Quality confirmation for specific badges would be useful  distinct from the overall significance of the badge  Definition of composite badge components + links  and specify quality criteria for component badge selection 15
  • 16. Conclusions / open questions  Badges can cover every sector  school, HE, vocational, professional, voluntary, hobby  Democratisation of ability credentials  for education, recruitment, training, advancement, matching  but is this the best solution for a common language?  Mozilla Open Badges is a good start  what extra metadata is needed to make badges work well?  I've proposed some ideas – needs to move towards consensus  Exercise  envision more detailed scenarios  consider SWOT 16
  • 17. Reference resources  http://www.openbadges.org/  spec is in http://www.openbadges.org/infrastructure-tech-docs/  (seems more stable than https://wiki.mozilla.org/Badges )  http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/Are_open_badges_the_future_for_recognition_of_skills%3F  (this session)  Scott wrote a very useful page for electronic certificates  http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/Technical_architecture_considerations_for_implementing_the_HEAR  most of this could be applied to badges  InLOC project will be taking badges into account  Integrating Learning Outcomes and Competences  http://wiki.teria.no/display/inloc/Home 17
  • 18. Thanks...  ... for your attention  ... for any feedback you may be able to give  either now  or send to me at asimong@gmail.com

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. I'll continue in the vein of self-disclosure...
  2. Aspiration is a tricky case – serves as announcement of “I'm trying to learn this, please help!” Organisational ID and membership are naturally dealt with by organisation belonged to (and that can't be opened up) Mozilla Open Badges are mainly about ability and achievement
  3. “Credential”: “A credential is an attestation of qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so. Examples of credentials include academic diplomas, academic degrees, certifications, security clearances, identification documents, badges, passwords, user names, keys, powers of attorney, and so on.” Wikipedia, 2012-02-17
  4. Electronic is in some ways better than paper, but certificates, CVs and portfolios are already electronic. Badges need to offer something more. I point at three main potential advantages, each one relating to one of the identified systems.
  5. Like T-shirts and supporter dress that you can simply buy: no checks possible on claims, but an electronic badge would allows others to search for e.g. (poor, misguided?) Manchester United fans, as long as everyone used the same badge or the badges were clearly marked as equivalent. Say some school issued a “responsible citizen” badge. What would that mean? It might be different in each school; some schools might set out precisely what is required, others might assess a self-directed e-portfolio. Traditional badges sometimes deliberately rely on inside knowledge (say Masonic symbols or regalia perhaps) and we could mimic that by having the claim page only visible given authentication with certain credentials. (Other badges?)
  6. What kinds of related activities need to (or should possibly) happen for badges to be used effectively in practice?
  7. The evidence of the claim itself, the evidence that the badge is what it says it is, and the evidence that the claim is true, may all need to be supported for the badge to be taken seriously, and therefore gain usage.
  8. What kind of related activities need to happen for a single useful badge to be created, used well, and maintained in value?
  9. Some quotes from the working paper: “ craft your own learning pathways at your own pace” “ across these learning environments, learners are offered multiple pathways” MIT, P2PU, etc. “provide paths to learning that are unbundled from the financial, social, geographical and cultural barriers of formal education.” “ we are working to provide [...] meaningful pathways for learners” “ provide the pathways and milestones to guide learners through to mastery”
  10. What related activities need to happen if useful pathways are to be mapped out with individual badges as way-points?
  11. Well, it's OK, it's a reasonable start, but this simply doesn't cover all the requirements of the three systems we have looked at.
  12. 1. Details of the claim relate to system of use overall details best through issuer site URL, normally public personal claim via portfolio 2. Badge quality details and evidence 3. Components, pre-requisites, and quality a framework-like structure
  13. Slightly hesitant about the word “democratisation” Perhaps “disintermediation” Or just “opening up so that anyone can create them, and their value will be determined simply by demand”...