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Key Causes of US Civil War
Causes of the US Civil War
Recap
•   North more urbanized and industrial than south
•   South more agricultural and rural than north
•   Northern politics dominated by Whigs
•   Southern politics dominated by Democrats
•   South and democrats dominated federal politics
    – Up to 1860:
       • 50/70 years of presidents been Southern
       • 23/36 Speakers of the House been Southern
       • Every supreme court had Southern majority
1820 Missouri Compromise
• 1819 = 22 states
   – 11 free (NJ, PA, CT, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT, OH, IN, IL)
   – 11 slave (DE, GA, MD, SC, VA, NC, KY, TN, LA, MS, AL)

• Missouri (slave state) applies to join USA
• Missouri Compromise:
   – Missouri join as a slave state
   – Maine get created as a free state
   – No new state in Louisiana Purchase (North of 36° 30’)
     to be slave state
Causes of the US Civil War
1828 Tariff of Abomination
• Federal tariff designed to help Northern
  industry. Unpopular in South.
• South Carolina – lead by VP Calhoun – claimed
  not every state had to follow federal law
  – “States rights” were greater than federal law
• Eventually a compromise was reached
• Showed potential split in USA
Up to 1850
• Only Arkansas (slave) and Michigan (free) had
  been admitted. 13 vs 13.
• 1848 USA won US vs Mexico War
  – Gained California, New Mexico
  – Also gained Oregon from the UK

  – California, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, Texas and
    Nebraksa all close to seeking admission to USA
Causes of the US Civil War
3 Options
1. Wilmot Proviso
  – Slavery outlawed in every state
  – The Proviso was defeated, but it proved a rallying cry
    in the North
2. Calhoun Doctrine
  – Slaves are property. People are free to take property
    anywhere in USA. Congress has no right to enforce
    Missouri Compromise.
3. Popular Sovereignty
  – Let each new state decide using popular voting
1850 Compromise
• California admitted as a free state
• Utah & New Mexico can apply under popular
  sovereignty
• Slave trade abolished in Washington DC

But…
• Slave Fugitive Act passed
  – Southern slave owners could go into the North to
    retrieve run-away slave
Causes of the US Civil War
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• 1851 Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Highly influential, especially in the north
• Summary of the book
1854 Kansas-Nebraska
• Law passed that both Kansas and Nebraska could
  apply for statehood under popular sovereignty.
• This goes against Missouri Compromise.
• Outcry in the north – seen as southern
  dominated congress pushing it through.
• Nebraska too northern to be slave state
• Kansas however becomes a battle ground
  – Bleeding Kansas
• Brooks beats Sumner in Congress
1857 Dred Scott Case
• Scott was a Missouri owned slave who
  travelled to Illinois with his master.
• Scott claimed he was now a free citizen, as
  Illinois was a free state
• Main argument put forward here
• Supreme court voted against 5:4
  – 5 southerners vs 4 northerners
• Outcry in North
Rise of Republican Party
• Whigs became very unpopular
  – 2 died in office (Harrison & Taylor)
  – Last Whig Pres (Fillmore) passed Slave Fugitive Act
  – This ensured party was dead in the North
• Republican Party created 1854
  – Platform of progress and anti-slavery
  – Very popular in the North
• Little-known Lincoln joins 1856. 1860 he is
  President.
Lincoln-Douglas debates
• Lincoln (R) and Douglas (D) entered 7 debates
  for 1858 Senate race of Illinois
• Legendary for debates on slavery
• Made Lincoln (and Douglas) into national
  figures – debates heavily followed and read
• Lincoln lost senate race
  – Had last laugh as in 1860 he was President
  – Video
1858 Lecompton Constitution
• Following fraudulent elections, Kansas voted
  for slave state
• Despite obvious fraud, Pres Buchanan sided
  with vote
• Republicans and North very anti Lecompton
• Eventually House of Reps demanded revote
• 1861 Kansas joined as free state
• More info
1859 John Brown’s Raid
•   John Brown raided Harpers’ Ferry arsenal
•   Attempt to arm slaves and encourage rioting
•   Large Northern financial backing
•   Took most of the weapons
•   Ultimately defeated by Robert E Lee
•   Concerned Southerners
•   YouTube video
1860 Election of Lincoln
• Lincoln was surprise nominee for Republicans
• He was Northern and not a slave owner
• Lincoln’s stated stance was that slavery
  shouldn’t be abolished but its growth halted.
• Southerners didn’t trust him
• Lincoln’s election was final straw
1860 Election
Reasons why South should NOT secede
1. Lincoln stated he would not interfere with states
   who currently have slavery
     •   ”I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with
         the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I
         believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no
         inclination to do so.” (Lincoln’s first inaugural speech)
2. The South still controlled Supreme Court, and
   Senate
3. Secession would mean end of the Slave Fugitive
   Act – no more collecting slaves
4. If no other states seceded, you’d be on own.
Reasons to secede
• South had enough
  – Relations between the North and South had
    deteriorated beyond repair. North was beginning
    to gain upper hand in politics – esp. Republicans.
• Lincoln was an unknown and unpopular in
  South
• No slave state voted for him
• Lincoln was depicted as an abolitionist.
Secession
• Lincoln elected Nov 6 but not inaugurated
  until March 4th

      Date seceded       State
      20 Dec 1860        South Carolina
      9 Jan 1861         Mississippi
      10 Jan             Florida
      11 Jan             Alabama
      19 Jan             Georgia
      26 Jan             Louisiana
      1 Feb              Texas
Confederacy
•   4 Feb Confederacy created
•   Jefferson Davis made president
•   Robert E Lee Commander
•   Created flag, taxes and army
Lincoln’s reaction
• Viewed it as slave-owner conspiracy
  – Only Texas had referendum, rest done by caucus of
    slave owners
• Viewed secession as illegal
    “You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the
    government, while I shall have the most solemn one
    to preserve, protect and defend it.”
• Abhorred war, but accepted it as the only means
  to save the Union
• Called for states to send men for armies
Boarder States
• Both sides realised these were highly
  important
• Charm offensive from both sides.
• Eventually Virginia, Arkansas, N Carolina and
  Tennessee all secede and join Confederacy
• But Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky
  and W Virginia become the only slave states in
  the Union. Large moral victory for North.
Causes of the US Civil War
Start of Civil War
• Attack at Fort Sumter
• Federal fort in S Carolina
  – It needed supplies
• South would not allow new supplies
• Opened fire on Fort Sumter on April 12 1861.
Who had the upper hand at the start?
• YouTube clip

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Causes of the US Civil War

  • 1. Key Causes of US Civil War
  • 3. Recap • North more urbanized and industrial than south • South more agricultural and rural than north • Northern politics dominated by Whigs • Southern politics dominated by Democrats • South and democrats dominated federal politics – Up to 1860: • 50/70 years of presidents been Southern • 23/36 Speakers of the House been Southern • Every supreme court had Southern majority
  • 4. 1820 Missouri Compromise • 1819 = 22 states – 11 free (NJ, PA, CT, MA, NH, NY, RI, VT, OH, IN, IL) – 11 slave (DE, GA, MD, SC, VA, NC, KY, TN, LA, MS, AL) • Missouri (slave state) applies to join USA • Missouri Compromise: – Missouri join as a slave state – Maine get created as a free state – No new state in Louisiana Purchase (North of 36° 30’) to be slave state
  • 6. 1828 Tariff of Abomination • Federal tariff designed to help Northern industry. Unpopular in South. • South Carolina – lead by VP Calhoun – claimed not every state had to follow federal law – “States rights” were greater than federal law • Eventually a compromise was reached • Showed potential split in USA
  • 7. Up to 1850 • Only Arkansas (slave) and Michigan (free) had been admitted. 13 vs 13. • 1848 USA won US vs Mexico War – Gained California, New Mexico – Also gained Oregon from the UK – California, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas, Texas and Nebraksa all close to seeking admission to USA
  • 9. 3 Options 1. Wilmot Proviso – Slavery outlawed in every state – The Proviso was defeated, but it proved a rallying cry in the North 2. Calhoun Doctrine – Slaves are property. People are free to take property anywhere in USA. Congress has no right to enforce Missouri Compromise. 3. Popular Sovereignty – Let each new state decide using popular voting
  • 10. 1850 Compromise • California admitted as a free state • Utah & New Mexico can apply under popular sovereignty • Slave trade abolished in Washington DC But… • Slave Fugitive Act passed – Southern slave owners could go into the North to retrieve run-away slave
  • 12. Harriet Beecher Stowe • 1851 Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Highly influential, especially in the north • Summary of the book
  • 13. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska • Law passed that both Kansas and Nebraska could apply for statehood under popular sovereignty. • This goes against Missouri Compromise. • Outcry in the north – seen as southern dominated congress pushing it through. • Nebraska too northern to be slave state • Kansas however becomes a battle ground – Bleeding Kansas • Brooks beats Sumner in Congress
  • 14. 1857 Dred Scott Case • Scott was a Missouri owned slave who travelled to Illinois with his master. • Scott claimed he was now a free citizen, as Illinois was a free state • Main argument put forward here • Supreme court voted against 5:4 – 5 southerners vs 4 northerners • Outcry in North
  • 15. Rise of Republican Party • Whigs became very unpopular – 2 died in office (Harrison & Taylor) – Last Whig Pres (Fillmore) passed Slave Fugitive Act – This ensured party was dead in the North • Republican Party created 1854 – Platform of progress and anti-slavery – Very popular in the North • Little-known Lincoln joins 1856. 1860 he is President.
  • 16. Lincoln-Douglas debates • Lincoln (R) and Douglas (D) entered 7 debates for 1858 Senate race of Illinois • Legendary for debates on slavery • Made Lincoln (and Douglas) into national figures – debates heavily followed and read • Lincoln lost senate race – Had last laugh as in 1860 he was President – Video
  • 17. 1858 Lecompton Constitution • Following fraudulent elections, Kansas voted for slave state • Despite obvious fraud, Pres Buchanan sided with vote • Republicans and North very anti Lecompton • Eventually House of Reps demanded revote • 1861 Kansas joined as free state • More info
  • 18. 1859 John Brown’s Raid • John Brown raided Harpers’ Ferry arsenal • Attempt to arm slaves and encourage rioting • Large Northern financial backing • Took most of the weapons • Ultimately defeated by Robert E Lee • Concerned Southerners • YouTube video
  • 19. 1860 Election of Lincoln • Lincoln was surprise nominee for Republicans • He was Northern and not a slave owner • Lincoln’s stated stance was that slavery shouldn’t be abolished but its growth halted. • Southerners didn’t trust him • Lincoln’s election was final straw
  • 21. Reasons why South should NOT secede 1. Lincoln stated he would not interfere with states who currently have slavery • ”I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” (Lincoln’s first inaugural speech) 2. The South still controlled Supreme Court, and Senate 3. Secession would mean end of the Slave Fugitive Act – no more collecting slaves 4. If no other states seceded, you’d be on own.
  • 22. Reasons to secede • South had enough – Relations between the North and South had deteriorated beyond repair. North was beginning to gain upper hand in politics – esp. Republicans. • Lincoln was an unknown and unpopular in South • No slave state voted for him • Lincoln was depicted as an abolitionist.
  • 23. Secession • Lincoln elected Nov 6 but not inaugurated until March 4th Date seceded State 20 Dec 1860 South Carolina 9 Jan 1861 Mississippi 10 Jan Florida 11 Jan Alabama 19 Jan Georgia 26 Jan Louisiana 1 Feb Texas
  • 24. Confederacy • 4 Feb Confederacy created • Jefferson Davis made president • Robert E Lee Commander • Created flag, taxes and army
  • 25. Lincoln’s reaction • Viewed it as slave-owner conspiracy – Only Texas had referendum, rest done by caucus of slave owners • Viewed secession as illegal “You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.” • Abhorred war, but accepted it as the only means to save the Union • Called for states to send men for armies
  • 26. Boarder States • Both sides realised these were highly important
  • 27. • Charm offensive from both sides. • Eventually Virginia, Arkansas, N Carolina and Tennessee all secede and join Confederacy • But Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky and W Virginia become the only slave states in the Union. Large moral victory for North.
  • 29. Start of Civil War • Attack at Fort Sumter • Federal fort in S Carolina – It needed supplies • South would not allow new supplies • Opened fire on Fort Sumter on April 12 1861.
  • 30. Who had the upper hand at the start? • YouTube clip