The document discusses the Israelites camping in the wilderness of Sinai after their exodus from Egypt. It describes how each Israelite tribe camped under their own tribal standard or flag, arranged around the tent of meeting according to their position. It provides historical context about standards by discussing archaeological examples found in ancient Mesopotamia and their use and depiction in Egyptian battles and peace treaties.

1. CAMPING OUT: Israel in the Midbar

2. א וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל - מֹשֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי , בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד : בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית , לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם -- לֵאמֹר . 1 And the LORD spoke unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai , in the tent of meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying: Numbers 1:1 SEFER BAMIDBAR NUMBERS

5. Monastery of St. Catherine

6. ב אִישׁ עַל - דִּגְלוֹ בְאֹתֹת לְבֵית אֲבֹתָם , יַחֲנוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל : מִנֶּגֶד , סָבִיב לְאֹהֶל - מוֹעֵד יַחֲנוּ . 2 'The children of Israel shall pitch by their fathers' houses; every man with his own standard, according to the ensigns . . . . Numbers 2:2 What is a standard?

9. THE FAMOUS BATTLE OF KADESH Reliefs are from the Temple of Abu Simbel

11. Reconstruction of the Battle of Kadesh

14. B’nai Yisrael’s Camp

15. The Jewish Temple at Elephantine