Sample chapter 2

1. Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies
As soon as the research problem has been chosen and approved by your teacher, you can now start looking
for references to determine what materials are available on your topic. This will comprise your working
bibliography, a list of possible sources of data. Aside from the library, computer websites are also a rich source
of this list of references. Prepare the list and decide which ones you will include in your review. Make sure you
have enough potential sources. A good number to start with would be 10 to 15 references. While preparing your
list, you can start getting copies of these materials by printout or copy machines, or download them in your
USB, so that when you’re ready to read them, they are already available.
1.1 The Introductory Paragraph
1.2 Foreign Literature
1.3 Local Literature
1.4 Foreign Studies
1.5 Local Studies
Selecting and Reviewing Related Literature and Studies
From your working bibliography and stored copies of materials, choose which ones are closely
related to your study and read them for your review of related literature and studies.
A review of related literature and studies is helpful in knowing the ideas of others interested in the
research question, similar or related, to the study you are undertaking in order to find out if it is an original work
or merely an extension of work done a long time ago. This will enable you to narrow down your study to a
specific well-defined manageable problem.
Related literature consists of discussions of facts and principles to which your study is related. These
materials are usually found in books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines, and newspapers from printed or
online sources. If printed in the Philippines, they are local; if printed outside of the country, they are foreign
regardless of the citizenship of the author.
Related studies are inquiries, investigations, researches already conducted to which your proposed
study is related or has some bearing. They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and
dissertations. They are local if the inquiry was done in the Philippines; foreign, if done outside of the country.
Three things must be done in the review.
1. It should make a critical evaluation of the studies and examine the appropriateness of their
research designs to the present study.
2. It should show how the methodology of the previous study is replicated, modified, or
improved in the present study.
3. It should show how the present study will contribute to existing literature and studies.
The review of related literature and studies was mentioned earlier in this lesson—its importance in any
research undertaken, the distinction between literature and studies, and between foreign and local ones.
In writing Chapter 2, you need to classify your presentation first into literature and studies and sub-
classify each into foreign and local. Foreign literature is first discussed, followed by local literature, and then
foreign studies followed by local studies.

2. At the end of each section, do not forget to show how the materials relate to your study, the differences
as well as the similarities between their work and yours. At the end of the chapter, state how the materials
reviewed contributed to the preparation of your research.
Minimum of 10 and maximum of 15 pages are required in undergraduate theses and maximum of 20
pages for graduate studies.
Sample CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies which
the researchers have perused to shed light on the topic under study.
Foreign Literature
Shiela Allan (2012) in her article “Positive Impact of Internet on
Communication Skills,” discussed that the Internet is a powerful tool that is
revolutionizing children’s learning, communication and play. If properly used,
the Internet can serve as a medium for acceptable social interaction. The
Internet allows children to socialize with other children through the use of email,
chat rooms, and instant messaging, increasing the development of
communication and social skills. As children use the Internet to connect with
places around the world and exchange mail with electronic pen pals, they are
able to share different cultures and traditions.
This literature is closely related to the current study for it directly
mentions the role of internet specifically websites to enhance the individuals’
communication and social skills. The present study like the article reviewed
aims to establish a connection on the various websites used by the students and
their impact on their communication skills.

3. Local Literature
The NNN-AMIC Special Report of Lara P. Lina (2012) revealed that the
Philippines is experiencing 75 per cent mobile penetration. One-fifth of its population can
also be found online. That means more than 24 million Filipinos are able to log into their
Facebook, Twitter, Friendster and Plurk accounts regularly. The Filipino’s familiarity and
mastery over the English language could be the reason behind Philippine online
popularity.
Many Filipinos are active communicators in both SMS and internet. The
researchers assume that the websites often visited by the users definitely have an impact in
their lives particularly in the way they communicate.
Foreign Studies
Thitthongkam (2011) conducted a study about the development of English writing
skills using communicative exercises on the Internet. The research results indicated that
communicative exercises on the internet supported improving students’ writing skills, and
assisted 99 percent of the samples to pass the course based on the university criteria.
Based on the information from student behavior observation, it indicated that students had
better motivation in studying English, and always performed writing skills. The learning
effectiveness is significant at the level of .05. Satisfaction with studying English after
using communicative exercise was positive. The student satisfaction with learning English
after using the communicative exercises on the Internet was at the level of strong
satisfaction (mean=4.319) or 86.38 percent.
This is similar to the present study because it both discussed the benefits that the
students get from using the Internet in their studies. It showed the improvement on the
communication skills of the students after performing different exercises on the Internet.

4. Local Studies
Opina (2010) developed and validated instructional modules in
college English. She concluded that online learning is a competitive
alternative in teaching English 11 for college level. She also mentioned
that the use of online games and exercises is an innovation to teaching
language skills. Success in online learning depends on strict
compliance of timetable and schedule and regular interaction with
teacher. In addition, students with convenient access to a computer
and modem, sound reading and writing skills, and at the same time
with motivation, and self-discipline to participate regularly, are most
likely to succeed.
It was also concluded in her study that although learning is
achievable using the most available resources in the module and
Internet, the teacher is still the most important component in online
learning upon whom the students rely.
Her study was relevant to the present research in that it tackled
online teaching. However, she dealt mostly on the comparison of the
effectiveness between virtual teaching and traditional teaching methods
using her proposed module, while this study concerns more on the use
of free websites in enhancing the competencies of the students in oral
and written communications.