This document summarizes the process of cell growth and mitosis. It discusses how surface area and volume impact cell size. As cells grow larger, their surface area does not increase at the same rate as volume. This limits nutrient intake and waste removal. To sustain growth, cells undergo mitosis to divide into two daughter cells with increased combined surface area. The document also covers chromosomes, how they contain genetic information, and their role in cell division. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes from the parent cell.

1. Cell Functions ~ Growth and Mitosis ~ Biology Basics Review!

2. Section One Surface Area/Volume of Cells

9. Section Two Experimenting With The Size of Cells

20. Section Three Chromosomes in Cell Division

36. Section Four Stages of Mitosis

38. A Typical Animal Cell… Cell Membrane : It is made of protein, lipid and carbohydrate. It regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Centrosome : It is involved in mitosis and usually is composed of a pair of centrioles that appear later in mitosis. (Not Pictured.) Nuclear Membrane : It regulates the transport of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Chromosomes : They are made of DNA and contain the hereditary (genetic) information of the organism. Nucleolus : This structure, found in the nucleus, is involved in the manufacture of protein. It disappears during mitosis . (Found in this area.)

40. Five Stages of Mitosis During interphase , the chromosomes replicate (make exact copies of themselves). This is one of the most important parts of mitosis . The daughter cells eventually receive the same information as contained in the parent cell .

41. Five Stages of Mitosis During prophase , the centrosome divides into two centrioles . Fibers arise from the centrioles . These fibers are called astral rays . Fibers also appear between the two centrioles and become the spindle . The replicated chromosomes thicken and can easily be seen. The nucleolus disappears. The nuclear membrane disappears. The centrioles continue to move to opposite ends of the cell. The spindle forms from spindle fibers between the centrioles.

42. Five Stages of Mitosis During metaphase , the chromosomes begin to line up along the middle of the spindle. The imaginary center line of the spindle is called the equatorial plane . Notice that each chromosome is securely attached to its replicated partner by a small structure called a centromere (small dot between pairs). The centromere attaches each chromosome pair to the spindle fiber. The replicated chromosomes, held by the centromere, are called chromatids .

43. Five Stages of Mitosis Centromere Chromatids Notice that the pair of chromosomes ( red and yellow ) are exact copies of each other.

44. Five Stages of Mitosis During anaphase , the chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles (ends) of the cell. Notice that each pole has exactly the same chromosome pairs!

45. Five Stages of Mitosis During telophase , the chromosomes become thin and long, as they did in interphase . A new nuclear membrane forms. The nucleolus reappears. The final stage of mitosis occurs when the membrane pinches in. The two cells are called daughter cells . These cells are exact copies of the parent cell , and have the same information.

52. Section Five Testing Your Knowledge

58. Fill In The Blanks… As a cell grows, it increases its ________________ by increasing its cell membrane so that it may absorb more nutrients and get rid of more wastes. When a cell reaches its maximum size, it must ______________ by the process of ______________. Before the cell does this, it doubles the number of chromsomes during the process of ____________. surface area divide cell division mitosis

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