Glass Application in Building

1. GLAZE STRUCTURE IN BUILDING
SYSTEM
Nurulhazwa Mohd Yunus
Siti Khadijah Md Yusoff
Zuraidah Baharuddin
Norfazidah Hassan
Siti Shahira Mustapha

2. GLAZE STRUCTURE

3. TWO-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING
SYSTEM
Two opposite glass edges are
bonded to the load bearing
framework. The two other edges
are fixed mechanically by
securing profiles. The bonding
can occur vertically as well as
horizontally. The dynamic loads
will be absorbed from the
Structural Glazing Silicone
whereas the dead load will be
transferred to the securing
profiles.

4. FOUR-SIDED STRUCTURAL GLAZING
SYSTEM
All four sides of the glass
elements are bonded to a frame
which will be subsequently
attached to the substructure on
site. Depending on the
construction the dead load will
be transferred either
mechanically or through the
Structural Glazing Silicone. With
a four-sided Structural Glazing
system, no mounting will be
visible from the outside. The
result is an aesthetically pleasing
all-glass facade.

5. GLAZING SYSTEM
• In butt-joint glazing, the head and sill of the glass sheets are
supported conventionally in metal frames, but the vertical
joints between sheets of glass being made by the injection of
a clear silicone sealant.
• In structural silicone flush glazing, the metal mullions are
entirely inside the glass, with the glass adhered to the
mullions by silicone sealant.
• The outside skin of the building is therefore completely flush,
unbroken by protruding mullions.

6. Horizontal strip windows
that need to appear
mullionless only from the
exterior can be created by
adhering the glass to
interior mullions with
structural silicone sealant.
The sill and head are
conventionally glazed,
using snap-on aluminum
covers to hold the interior
glazing gaskets. Either
single glazing, as shown or
double glazing can be used
with this type of system.

7. Steps in the assembly of a mullion for a four-side
structural silicone exterior flush glazing system. This
system is used to construct multistory glass walls with no
metal exposed on the exterior of the building. The
adhesive action of structural silicone sealant is the sole
means by which the glass is held in place.

8. Structural spacer glazing is a
patented system of flush
glazing that provides a more
positive attachment of the
double glazing unit to the
building. The glass is fastened
to the mullion with an
aluminum pressure plate that
engages a slot in the spacer
strip between the sheets of
glass. The dessicant required
to remove residual moisture
from the airspace is mixed
with the butyl sealant
material in this system.

9. STRUCTURAL GLAZE ELEMENT

10. Glass beam are simply that structural beams made of glass.These members are usually simply
BEAM supported or cantilevered.The span of glass beams is limited to the length that a single piece of
glass and 3.9m for toughened glass.
Glass beams and fins should be designed to sustain minimal tensile stress.Tensile stress promotes
the gradual propagation of cracks due to microcopic flaws.Most glass beams are designed with
substantial redundancy, or are designed so that steel cables carry the tensile loads putting the
glass only in compression.Tensile loads imposed on the structure usually result from short
duration wind gusts,vibration,or deflection.Any material imperfection dramatically reduces the
beam’s capacity to endure tensile loads.
BEAM Like most design considerations for glass, shear strength is highly undocument.Finite element
STRENGTH analysis has become extremely popular to calculate max stress.Maual calculation using the strut
and tie analogy or Mohr’s stress circle is adequate for design. It necessary to consider mid span
and support regions.Because glass beams must be designed for low levels of stress, deflection is
rarely problematic.The glass is often designed to act in compression, while steel members endure
the high stresses and potential deflection.It is more likely that vibration will govern the
design.Dynamic excitation resulting from pedestrian cadence or wind gusting can dominate a
structure and consequently should be considered, The rule of thumb for controlling vibration is.

11. All thin structural members can become unstable if not adequately braced.For example, a glass
façade provides some rigidity and rotational for the glass fins affixed to it.This relaionship makes
instability failure less probable.Rotational restraint is essential to prevent buckling of many
columns,fins,and beams.A finite element analysis is preferable for the design of glass wall
supported by glass fins.Local buckling should be investigated in addition to the buckling of the
free edge.A basic check of local buckling derived from the study conducted by Yoxon (1987)
ELASTIC
considers:
STABILITY
Where Mmax is the max unfactored destabilizing bending moment in the fin.This expression usually
determines the buckling limit, and has been confirmed by full sized testing and non linear finite
element analysis.
YURAKU-CHO STATION CANOPY, TOKYO, JAPAN
Project architect, Rafael Vinoly Architects PC, working for the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
designed the glass canopy for Tokyo’s most important subway station. The critical element of the
design would be the considerations given to the vast amount of pedestrian traffic at this critical
stop in the transportation system. Over 100, 00 people enter this station every day, and much
consideration was given to curved spaces and natural light.
CASE STUDY
The canopy’s beams were created by laminated glass and acrylic blades that decrease in number
from 4 blades at the base of the cantiliver beam to 1 blade at the tip. 40mm diameter stainless
steel pins attach the blades to T-shaped brackets, making up the supports for the glass p a
horizontal beam running the full width of the canopy panels. The end result is the canopy roof,
connected at the base by V-shaped stainless steel brackets, which connect each cantiliver to a
horizontal beam running the full width of the canopy.

13. • architect and owner dislike column because they obscure view and interrupt
space
COLUMN
• go to great length to make column out of glass creates an interesting visual
feature almost scuptural that doest intrude on the openness of a great space.
• Glass perform best under compression
• reason for the scarcity of glass compression is the fear of sudden brittle failure
• stricture must have a robust design that can tolerate the loss of glass or column or
wall with out collapse and should be protected from accidental damage.
• The general design principle for glass column similar unreinforced piers or walls.
• must carefully distributed into the glass column in a way they localized areas of
BEAM
STRENGTH
concentrated stress do not develop and trigger a brittle failure .
• edgers of the glass panel have have to be ground with chamfers avoid stress
concentrations at edges that would cause premature failure of the glass column .
• steel shoes should be used to support the glass
• injection mortar used to fill the gap edges and the shoe.
• is important to minimize exposure of a coloumn to undue impact or abrasion by
locating it in a sheltered location

14. • Glass column are most likely to fail due to lack of stability includes column
buckling
• The factor of safety is up to the discretion of the engineer accounting for special
circumstances and environmental concern
• If conditions for comlumn buckling are satisefied, then the limit for compressive
Elastic stresses also most likely satisfied.
stability • Columns can be designed to withstand shear and bending forces in addition to
axial loads
• column dimension not subjected
Elastic
Elastic
stability
stability
Of column
Of column

15. exterior
exterior
interior
interior

16. 1. Wall have evolved to allow building occupants to visually connect with the
environment on the other side.
2. Taking in the cityscape from the top of floor of a high rise.
3. admiring a courtyard garden.
4. experiencing sae-life at aquarium.
5. Glass walls essentially behave like very wide glass columns. To sustain loads, walls
must have substantial thickness and consequently multiple plies.
Glass Wall 6. Designers must be careful that load transfer doesn’t generate undue concentrated
stresses.
7. Glass could fracture and fall out of the pane causing harm to people and property
below, or it could allow someone to fall out of the building itself.
8. To meet safety standards, the glass must be able to stay in place for a minimum of 15
minutes after breakage with no applied load. This should permit adequate time to
evacuate people from dangerous areas.
9. In geographic regions that experience severe weather, such as hurricanes, the
criteria are far more stringent.
1. Most engineers almost immediately associate glass curtain walls with spider
connections.
2. The metallic fingers that are supporting todays curtain walls allow the designer to
Point increase transparency and translucency by minimizing the structural framing.
Supported 3. Toughened glass is a requirement to accommodate the stress concentrations
resulting from bolting directly to glass façade plates. Planar fittings support the dead
Glass
weight of the glass by direct bearing on the bolts.

18. The synthesis of metal and glass structures immediately of domed structures. Domes proliferated
over markets and train stations in the 19th century. The earliest notable example is London’s
Glass Dome
Crystal Palace built in 1851. The glass panels were not structural and were fixed onto a
lightweight metal frame

19. CONCLUSION