SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 41
Presentation made by: Ms. Archika Bhatia COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANISATION
Definition of Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of Computer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is Data and Information ,[object Object],[object Object]
Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices. HARDWARE SOFTWARE Software is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the computer run. Program is a set of instructions.
FIRMWARE LIVEWARE ,[object Object],[object Object]
Generations of Computer Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
TIME PERIOD :  1940's-1950's TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire rooms, Slow speed LANGUAGE USED : Machine language COST : System and working cost very high. OTHER FEATURES : Used a great deal of electricity. Generated a lot of heat. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. EXAMPLE : UNIVAC and ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) Structure of a  Vaccum Tube UNIVAC ENIAC FIRST GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION TIME PERIOD :  1950's- 1960's   TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like COBOL and FORTRAN  COST : Cost decreased OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable.   Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604   UNIVAC 1108 IBM 1401 TRANSISITORS
THIRD GENERATION TIME PERIOD :  late 1960's-1970's TECHNOLOGY USED :  Integrated Circuit  SIZE AND SPEED :  Size Lesser and speed further increased LANGUAGE USED :  Operating System was developed. COST :  Cost decreased further OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.  EXAMPLE   : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell – 6000 series, CDC – 1700. IBM 360/50
FOURTH GENERATION TIME PERIOD   : 1970's-today TECHNOLOGY USED   : Microprocessor SIZE AND SPEED   : Reduced size and tremendous speed LANGUAGE USED   : High Level Languages like PASCAL, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA COST   : Reduced Cost OTHER FEATURES     : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. EXAMPLE  : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh   The  Macintosh 128K , the first Macintosh, was the first commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather than text, to communicate. Intel 4004D microprocessor
FIFTH GENERATION TIME PERIOD   : 1990's -today TECHNOLOGY USED   : Microprocessor SIZE AND SPEED   : Reduced size and tremendous speed LANGUAGE USED   : Based on Artificial intelligence COST   : Reduced Cost OTHER FEATURES   : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. EXAMPLE  :  Parallel Inference Machine Note : Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. Note :   Voice Recognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can recognize spoken words.
Hybrid Computers : Uses both digital and analog qualities. e.g. Digital thermometer Digital Computers : Work with digits or numbers. Types of Computer Analog Computers : Works on measurement of physical phenomenon like breath, rotation, electric effects, voltage. e.g. ECO, ECG, measuring distance traveled in KM. In car, Speedometer in car.
Classification of Digital Computers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SUPER COMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far.
MAINFRAME ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MINICOMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PERSONAL COMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EMBEDDED COMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object]
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object]
ABACUS The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.
PASCAL’S ADDING MACHINE ,[object Object],[object Object]
LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATOR ,[object Object]
BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE ,[object Object],[object Object]
BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE ,[object Object],[object Object]
LADY ADA ,[object Object],[object Object]
HOLLERITH’S TABULATING MACHINE ,[object Object],[object Object]
MARK I COMPUTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ENIAC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INTEL 8080 PROCESSOR ,[object Object]
Types of Software Software ( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer ) System Software ( Software that controls internal computer operations  ) Application Software ( Set of programs to carry out operations for a specified application ) Operating System ( Software which acts as an interface between user and the hardware ) Language Processor ( Software which converts HLL progran into machine language ) Packages ( General utility software  ) Utilities ( perform house keeping  ) Customized Software ( Tailor made software according to user’s needs  )
UTILITY SOFTWARE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
APPLICATION SOFTWARE ( PACKAGES ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Language Processors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],There are three types of Language Processors:
Generations of Computer Languages Low Level Language Fifth Generation Fourth Generation Third Generation (High Level Language) Second Generation (Assembly Language) First Generation (Machine Language)
FIRST GENERATION : Machine language   i.e. language of 0 and 1 SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language   Similar to English   Uses mnemonics codes   THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language   Very close to English   E.g. C, C++, Java, VB FOURTH GENERATION :  Languages for accessing databases   FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development  interface to create source language that is  usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL  language compiler Used mainly in  artificial intelligence   research   E.g.  Prolog ,  OPS5 , and  Mercury
Need For Operating System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Functions of Operating System
Types of Operating System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Commonly used OS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Classification of digital computers
Classification of digital computersClassification of digital computers
Classification of digital computers
 
Introduction To Computer 1
Introduction To Computer  1Introduction To Computer  1
Introduction To Computer 1
 
Types of computers
Types of computersTypes of computers
Types of computers
 
Classification of computers
Classification of computersClassification of computers
Classification of computers
 
Lecture 1 2
Lecture 1 2Lecture 1 2
Lecture 1 2
 
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1
Ch 1 introduction  and 2 computer software 1Ch 1 introduction  and 2 computer software 1
Ch 1 introduction and 2 computer software 1
 
Computer
ComputerComputer
Computer
 
Different Types of Computers
Different Types of ComputersDifferent Types of Computers
Different Types of Computers
 
Classification of Computers
Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
Classification of Computers
 
Classification of Computers
Classification of ComputersClassification of Computers
Classification of Computers
 
Computer fundamental
Computer fundamentalComputer fundamental
Computer fundamental
 
Introduction and Brief History of Computers
Introduction and Brief History of ComputersIntroduction and Brief History of Computers
Introduction and Brief History of Computers
 
What is a computer?
What is a computer?What is a computer?
What is a computer?
 
Classification 10
Classification 10Classification 10
Classification 10
 
Introduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBus
Introduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBusIntroduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBus
Introduction to Computer Science by GoLearningBus
 
Ch 1
Ch 1Ch 1
Ch 1
 
Introduction to information technology lecture 1
Introduction to information technology lecture 1Introduction to information technology lecture 1
Introduction to information technology lecture 1
 
Presentation1
Presentation1Presentation1
Presentation1
 
Types of Computers
Types of ComputersTypes of Computers
Types of Computers
 
Computer and their Uses types of computer
Computer and their Uses types of computer Computer and their Uses types of computer
Computer and their Uses types of computer
 

Ähnlich wie Cso Latest

Presentation on computer generation
Presentation on computer generationPresentation on computer generation
Presentation on computer generationPritam Das
 
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptx
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptxpresentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptx
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptxssuser3b0320
 
What is a computer
What is a computerWhat is a computer
What is a computerOfun Emma
 
Computer generation and language translator
Computer generation and language translatorComputer generation and language translator
Computer generation and language translatorShruti Pendharkar
 
Basic Components of Computer
Basic Components of ComputerBasic Components of Computer
Basic Components of ComputerRajGopalAgrawal
 
Computer basics
Computer basicsComputer basics
Computer basicsMozaSaid
 
Computers types
Computers typesComputers types
Computers typesOfun Emma
 
Computer History, Generations, Types and IO
Computer History, Generations, Types and IOComputer History, Generations, Types and IO
Computer History, Generations, Types and IOHem Pokhrel
 
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computer
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computerItc lec 2 classification and generation of computer
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computerAnzaDar3
 
introduction to computer Applications
introduction to computer Applicationsintroduction to computer Applications
introduction to computer ApplicationsNazakatAli36
 
Reduce course notes class xi
Reduce course notes class xiReduce course notes class xi
Reduce course notes class xiSyed Zaid Irshad
 
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narela
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narelaComputer Basics by vineet sharma narela
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narelavineetsharma123
 
Introduction to computer science
Introduction to computer scienceIntroduction to computer science
Introduction to computer scienceumardanjumamaiwada
 

Ähnlich wie Cso Latest (20)

Computer System Organization
Computer System OrganizationComputer System Organization
Computer System Organization
 
Presentation on computer generation
Presentation on computer generationPresentation on computer generation
Presentation on computer generation
 
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptx
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptxpresentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptx
presentationoncomputergeneration-170324202733-1.pptx
 
What is a computer
What is a computerWhat is a computer
What is a computer
 
Computer generation and language translator
Computer generation and language translatorComputer generation and language translator
Computer generation and language translator
 
Basic Components of Computer
Basic Components of ComputerBasic Components of Computer
Basic Components of Computer
 
Computer basics
Computer basicsComputer basics
Computer basics
 
Computers types
Computers typesComputers types
Computers types
 
Digital Fluency
Digital FluencyDigital Fluency
Digital Fluency
 
Computer History, Generations, Types and IO
Computer History, Generations, Types and IOComputer History, Generations, Types and IO
Computer History, Generations, Types and IO
 
Computer basics
Computer basicsComputer basics
Computer basics
 
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computer
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computerItc lec 2 classification and generation of computer
Itc lec 2 classification and generation of computer
 
Module 1.pptx
Module 1.pptxModule 1.pptx
Module 1.pptx
 
Vicky gharu
Vicky gharuVicky gharu
Vicky gharu
 
ITC_lec_2.ppt
ITC_lec_2.pptITC_lec_2.ppt
ITC_lec_2.ppt
 
introduction to computer Applications
introduction to computer Applicationsintroduction to computer Applications
introduction to computer Applications
 
Reduce course notes class xi
Reduce course notes class xiReduce course notes class xi
Reduce course notes class xi
 
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narela
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narelaComputer Basics by vineet sharma narela
Computer Basics by vineet sharma narela
 
Introduction to computer science
Introduction to computer scienceIntroduction to computer science
Introduction to computer science
 
lecture 2
lecture 2 lecture 2
lecture 2
 

Mehr von archikabhatia (10)

Computer network
Computer networkComputer network
Computer network
 
Structures
StructuresStructures
Structures
 
Wild Cards
Wild CardsWild Cards
Wild Cards
 
Console Io Operations
Console Io OperationsConsole Io Operations
Console Io Operations
 
Programming Methodology
Programming MethodologyProgramming Methodology
Programming Methodology
 
Headerfiles
HeaderfilesHeaderfiles
Headerfiles
 
Computer Fundamentals
Computer FundamentalsComputer Fundamentals
Computer Fundamentals
 
Arrays
ArraysArrays
Arrays
 
Functions
FunctionsFunctions
Functions
 
Draw
DrawDraw
Draw
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 

Cso Latest

  • 1. Presentation made by: Ms. Archika Bhatia COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANISATION
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Hardware refers to physical components that can be seen and touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O devices. HARDWARE SOFTWARE Software is a set of programs that make the Hardware of the computer run. Program is a set of instructions.
  • 6.
  • 7. Generations of Computer Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
  • 8. TIME PERIOD : 1940's-1950's TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire rooms, Slow speed LANGUAGE USED : Machine language COST : System and working cost very high. OTHER FEATURES : Used a great deal of electricity. Generated a lot of heat. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. EXAMPLE : UNIVAC and ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) Structure of a Vaccum Tube UNIVAC ENIAC FIRST GENERATION
  • 9. SECOND GENERATION TIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like COBOL and FORTRAN COST : Cost decreased OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable. Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604 UNIVAC 1108 IBM 1401 TRANSISITORS
  • 10. THIRD GENERATION TIME PERIOD : late 1960's-1970's TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit SIZE AND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased LANGUAGE USED : Operating System was developed. COST : Cost decreased further OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell – 6000 series, CDC – 1700. IBM 360/50
  • 11. FOURTH GENERATION TIME PERIOD : 1970's-today TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed LANGUAGE USED : High Level Languages like PASCAL, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA COST : Reduced Cost OTHER FEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh The Macintosh 128K , the first Macintosh, was the first commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather than text, to communicate. Intel 4004D microprocessor
  • 12. FIFTH GENERATION TIME PERIOD : 1990's -today TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed LANGUAGE USED : Based on Artificial intelligence COST : Reduced Cost OTHER FEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference Machine Note : Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. Note : Voice Recognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can recognize spoken words.
  • 13. Hybrid Computers : Uses both digital and analog qualities. e.g. Digital thermometer Digital Computers : Work with digits or numbers. Types of Computer Analog Computers : Works on measurement of physical phenomenon like breath, rotation, electric effects, voltage. e.g. ECO, ECG, measuring distance traveled in KM. In car, Speedometer in car.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16. Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. ABACUS The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32. Types of Software Software ( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer ) System Software ( Software that controls internal computer operations ) Application Software ( Set of programs to carry out operations for a specified application ) Operating System ( Software which acts as an interface between user and the hardware ) Language Processor ( Software which converts HLL progran into machine language ) Packages ( General utility software ) Utilities ( perform house keeping ) Customized Software ( Tailor made software according to user’s needs )
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Generations of Computer Languages Low Level Language Fifth Generation Fourth Generation Third Generation (High Level Language) Second Generation (Assembly Language) First Generation (Machine Language)
  • 37. FIRST GENERATION : Machine language i.e. language of 0 and 1 SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language Similar to English Uses mnemonics codes THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language Very close to English E.g. C, C++, Java, VB FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler Used mainly in artificial intelligence research E.g. Prolog , OPS5 , and Mercury
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.