2. First cities appear in different parts of the world, but those that will exert a deeper
influence in Europe are located in the Middle East, more specifically in Mesopotamia,
and a little later, in Egypt.

3. CITY IN CRETE
CITY IN GREECE

4. CITY IN ROME

5. MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN CITY

6. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CITY

7. CITY IN THE RENAISSANCE
There is an
increase interest
in urbanization
which results in:
• projecting the
ideal layout of a
city which would
solve all needs of
sanitation,
defense,
communications
…
•Restructuring
and enhance
existing cities
by opening up
new squares ,
buildings,
fountains, parks,
etc

8. HISTORIC
CENTRE

9. The dominant city in this moment (preindustrial city ) becomes too small
• City walls will be demolished
• Wide roads are opened up
• Around it new neigbourhoods
emerge
The middle-class residential
areas (ensanches)
HISTORIC
CENTRE
With the
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The workers residential areas, next to the
factories (low-quality housing)

10. An example: MADRID
Up to 1850:
• Preindustrial city or historic
city

11. Up to 1850:
• Preindustrial city or historic
city
Up to 1915:
• Ensanche
An example: MADRID

12. Up to 1850:
• Preindustrial city or historic
city
Up to 1915:
• Ensanche
• Workers neighbourhoods
An example: MADRID

13. Growth of cities in the XX century
has sped up exponentially,
adding new elements to the
periphery such as:
NON- RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Commercial and leisure areas
Industrial areas
RESIDENTIAL AREAS
High-class neighbourhoods
Workers neighbourhoods
Shacks
Equipment areas (universities, sport facilities, hospitals, …)
Current development has shaped all
cities today in a similar way and we
can find more or less in almost all of
them a typical structure.

20. CENTRAL ZONE
•Historic centre
•C.B.D.
•Ensanche
PERIPHERY
• Residential areas:
- high-class neighbourhoods
- Workers neighbourhoods
• Non-residental areas:- Industrial areas
- Commercial and leisure areas
- Equipment areas (hospitals, sport facilities, universities …)
- Shacks

22. Public Buildings eg. Town
Hall (Plaza de la Villa)
What typical
characteristics
of a Historic
Centre are
shown here?
Busy – lots of pedestrians
Markets

23. Most commercial stores–
why?
Lots of tourists
What typical
characteristics
of a Historic
Centre are
shown here?

24. Museums
What typical
characteristics
of a Historic
Centre are
shown here?
Some of the oldest buildings
(Palacio Real)
Historic/ old street pattern –
often some narrow streets
Very accessible – public transport & traffic
management required due to congestion.

25. What typical
characteristics
of a Historic
Centre are
shown here?
Housing
Low-quality, old and in bad
condition
High-quality
Three-four storey buildings
High density

26. Entertainment – e.g.
restaurants
Entertainment e.g. pubs
What typical
characteristics
of a Historic
Centre are
shown here?
Entertainment e.g. cinemas
(although increasingly these are
moving further out of town)

27. Good accessibility
Few residential areas
What typical
characteristics
of a CBD are
shown here?
The Tallest Buildings
Why?

28. A CASE STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MADRID

29. CAUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN MADRID
• CBD (historic centre) – oldest part of city – road network originally built
for horse-drawn traffic – not able to cope with high traffic flows (many
narrow roads)
• Increased card ownership over the last 50 years with increasing
wealth
• Last 20 years – increase metropolitan area & more people on the road
• Commuter traffic increasingly a problem (people travelling into the city
to work)
• More people travelling in for shopping / entertainment

30. What are the Traffic Problems in Madrid?
• Heavy Traffic Congestion – particularly in rush hours – make
deliveries / people going to/out of work
• Movement of traffic slow in narrow streets
• High volume of through traffic
• High pollution levels from exhaust (particularly in hot summer
conditions)
• Lost work hours (workers increasingly late due to congestion) – costs
employers
• Shortage of Parking
• Problems for emergency services trying to get through
congested streets

31. What are the solutions to traffic problems in Madrid?
More parking lots
Campaigns to use
public transport

32. CYCLE LANES
And
BUS LANES
Why?

33. RISING BOLLARDS
RESTRICTED
AREAS FOR
CARS

34. PEDESTRIANISED
AREAS

35. Encouraging electric
vehicles

36. Other Traffic Management Measures:
• Increase Car Parking Fees (discourage traffic in centre –
encourage use of public transport)
Other possible solutions in the future?

37. URBAN
PROJECTS
DURING XIX
CENTURY

38. ENSANCHE
Orthogonal plan
Outside the historic centre
Open spaces and squares
PLAN CASTRO 1860
Carlos María de Castro

39. Blocks of houses with straight
corners (creates little squares in
the crossing of streets)
Inner courtyards
Good communications
Services (electricity, drainage
system, hospitals )

41. WORKERS NEIGHBOURHOODS
• Developed during the 19th century –
due to rapid expansion of industry (led
to the demand for workers)
• As more moved to the cities – there
was a demand for low cost houses for
the workers
• This resulted in high-density cheap
housing (fitting as many houses as
possible in a small area
• People had to live close to work
(close to the factory) due to lack of
transport

42. These neighbourhoods spread southwards: Carabancheles, Puente de Toledo and
Puente de Vallecas) and outside the ensanche (northwards, Tetuan; north-eastwards,
Prosperidad and la Guindalera).

43. What types of land-use are found in these areas?
19th Century workers houses
Railways
Industry – large factories built during the
industrial revolution (now some knocked
down / converted)
Main Roads (often now ring roads
taking traffic out of CBDs)
M-30

44. Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas
• High Density Housing
• Mainly one-storey houses (some enlarged
to 3-4 stories)
• Few Amenities (little or no sanitation)
• Today, some mainly occupied by ethnic
minorities, with low incomes, high
unemployment rates

45. Problems in XIX industrial Areas today
1. Industrial Decline
6. Overcrowding
2. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore
and led to vandalism
7. High crime rate
3. Poor Quality Housing
4. Lack of Open Space
5. Unemployment
8. Lack of Parking Spaces
9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories /
traffic)
10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

46. LOCATION: Proyecto Plan Especial Río Manzanares
A Case Study of Urban Redevelopment / Renewal
MADRID RIO

47. GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Ebenezer Howard´s "Garden Cities of To-morrow"
•Cheap rural land
•32,000 person population cap
•Public parks and private lawns
•Wide roads (Grand Avenue)
•Radial layout
•Commercial, industrial, residential, and public
uses are clearly differentiated from each other
spatially

48. Arturo Soria y Mata - Ciudad Lineal
Creation in 1894 Compañía Madrileña
de Urbanización

49. •Cheap land
•Different types of houses, proces and qualities (with garden and
sanitary services)
•Lineal layout
•Street train to connect the new city with the periphery towns and
the capital.

50. 1955 Ciudad Lineal crossed by
new airport highway

51. Today Calle
Arturo Soria

52. PERIPHERY
From 1960s onwards

53. Residential areas
High- quality for middle classes (Mirasierra )
Low-quality for workers (San Blas)
Shacks
From the 90s

54. Non- Residential areas
Industrial areas
Business and service areas
Equipment areas

55. Universities
Hospitals
Shopping Centres

56. Madrid Metropolitan area
•Cities around the urban area
that depend on it economically.
•Commuters move everyday to
the city to work.
• Similar residential areas as in
the periphery (some luxury
neighbourhoods: La Moraleja) .