1. Bio fuels
An Alternate Fuel
Junaid Ashfaq
Msc 4-Semester
Dept. of Applied chemistry and
Biochemistry
GC University, Fsb

2.  Introduction of Biofuels
 Biofuel feedstock
 Classification of Biofuels
 Manufacturing Process of Biofuels
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel
 References

3. • Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic
products and wastes.
• The common commercially used biofuels are
bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane.
 Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and
sugar beet
 Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids,
animal fats
 Biomethane can be produced from waste organic
material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic
wastes.

4. History
• In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from
vegetable oil.
• In 1970s and 1980s environmental protection agency EPA situated in
America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
• In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level
which was the alternative source of the petrol.
• In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters
worldwide.
• In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel
almost about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to
reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to
biofuels till 2050.

5. Soybean Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet
Switchgrass Jatropha Camelina Algae

6. Cassava Palm oil Certain fungi
Animal fat Agricultural wastes

7. Classification of Biofuels
 Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or
vegetable oil
 known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from
different types of biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic
material like wood, straw and waste plastic
 Extract from algae mostly marine algae

8. Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels
• Lower emissions Green gas
• Renewable
• Biodegradable
• Safer

9. Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Biobutanol

11. Bioethanol
 Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of
carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar
cane, sugar beet, corn etc
 It is colorless and clear liquid
 One of the widely used alternative automotive
fuel in the world

12. Bioethanol
Milling ( sugarcane stem &
separation of juice and bagasse)
Fermentation (conversion of sugar
into alcohol, production of ethanol)
Distillation (separation of ethanol)
Dehydration
(azeotropic mixture)

13. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2
• Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is
carried out at a temperature of between 250°C and 300°C.
Sucrose Glucose
Glucose
Fructose
Ethanol

14. Ad-Disadvantages of Bioethanol
Advantages Disadvantages
Ethanol is a renewable resource Large amounts leading to problems
such as soil erosion, deforestation.
Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than
petroleum
Typical current engines would require
modification
The use of ethanol reduce carbon
dioxide emissions
Expensive

16. Biodiesel
• Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from re-
new able biological sources such as vegetable oils
and animal fats.
• Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight
chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21)
• The Biodiesel can be prepared by Transesterification.

18. Biodiesel
Transesterification

19. Biodiesel from Different Oil
Plant Oil Alcohol Temperature Reaction Time Catalyst
Soybean and
Castor (Brazil)
Ethyl 70 3 Hours NaOH
Wastes frying oil Methyl 60 1 Hours NaOH
Rapeseed Methyl 60 33 mins KOH
Sunflower Methyl 25 45 mins KOH

20. Fischer–Tropsch Process in Production of
Biodiesel

22. Application of Biodiesel
• Railway usage
• Aircraft use
• As a heating oil
• Cleaning oil spills
• Biodiesel in generators
• Vehicles

23. Advantages-Disadvantages of Biodiesel
Can be used pure biodiesel B100. Biodiesel is significantly more
expensive compared to standard
diesel
Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay
compared to standard diesel
Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide
which can lead to the formation of
smog.
Biodiesel has no sulfur content, and so
it doesn't contribute to acid rain
formation
Pure biodiesel has significant
problems with low temperatures
Biodiesel has good lubricating
properties better than standard diesel
Food Shortage can be occurred

24. Comparison between Bioethanol & Biodiesel
Bioethanol Biodiesel
Process Fermentation Transesterification
Environmental Benefit Both reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Compatibility Blended E85 % B100 %
Costs Cheaper More expensive
Gallons per acre 420 gallons per acre 60 gallons per acre
soybeans.
Energy provides 93% more net
energy per gallon
produces only 25% more
net energy.

26. Biobutanol
• The term biobutanol refers to butanol made from
renewable resources such as grain or cornstalks by
fermentation process
• Bacteria; known as, solventogenic Clostridia is used
• Butanol is more similar to gasoline than to ethanol.

28. Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation

29. Production of Butanol from Ethanol
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Catalyst

30. Biobutanol Applications
• Gasoline (as an additive) and brake fluid (formulation
component)
• Solvent –for paints, coatings, varnishes
• Plasticizers –to improve how a plastic material processes
• Coatings –as a solvent for a variety of applications,
• Chemical intermediate or raw material –for other chemicals
and plastics,
• Textiles –as a swelling agent from coated fabric
• Cosmetics –makeup, nail care products, shaving products.
• Butanol can be used in car

32. Biogas
• A mixture of CH4 , CO2 and other gases
Gas %
Methane 50–75
Carbon dioxide 25–50
Nitrogen 0–10
Hydrogen 0–1
Hydrogen sulfide 0–3
Oxygen 0–2

33. Biogas
• Biogas is a fuel used as domestic purpose
• Obtained from cow manure, fruit and
vegetable waste
• Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic waste
by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion

34. Biogas
Two Types of Anaerobic Digestion
• Mesophilic process 25-38°C for 14-30 days
• Thermophilic process 50-60°C for 12-14 days
• Produced from Anaerobic digestion in Anaerobic
Digesters (AD)

35. Biogas Plant
Stops air getting into the
digester- creates
anaerobic condition
Gas to kitchen
Sludge used as a
fertiliser

36. • Hydrolysis : Complex organic matter is
decomposed into simple soluble organic
molecules using water
• Fermentation or
Acidogenesis: generation of
intermediary products such as short-
chain fatty acids, (hydrogen producing
and acetogenic organisms)
• Acetogenesis: acetate production
(hydrogen-producing, hydrogen-
consuming acetogenic organisms)
• Methanogenesis: methane production
(methane-forming bacteria) CH3COO-+ H+ CH4 + CO2
CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2H2O

37. Biogas
A. Methanosarcina (cocci) Methanosaeta
Clostridium formicoaceticumSyntrophomonas wolfei

38. Advantages Biogas
• Reduce air and water pollution
• more environmentally friendly fertilizers
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• concerns about waste management in the
agriculture and food industry
• Energy security

39. Application of Biogas
• Cooking
• Lighting
• Fuel for engine

40. Advantages of Biofuels
• Renewable
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security
• Easy to Source
• Lower level of Pollution

41. Disadvantages of Biofuel
• High Cost of Production
• Industrial Pollution
• Future Rise in Price
• Shortage of Food
• Use of Fertilizer

42. • Reduce wastes
• Cleaner air
• New agricultural markets
• Improve balance of payments
• global warming reduction
• Benefit developing nations

43. References
• Abbi M., Kuhad R.C., Singh A.(1996). Bioconversion of pentose sugars to
ethanol by free and immobilized cells of Candida shehatate: Fermentation
behaviour, Process Biochemistry.31(6):555-560.
• Brandberg T., Karimi K., Taherzadeh M., Franzen C J., Gustasson L.(2007).
Continuous fermentation of wheat supplemented lignocellulose
hydrolysate with different types of cell retention, Biotechnology
Bioengineering.98(1):80-9
• Cardona C.A., Sanchez O J.(2007). Fuel ethnol production: process design
trends and integration opportunities, Bioresource Technology.98:2415-
2457
• Oura E.(1977). Reaction products of yeast fermentation, Process
Biochemistry.12(3):19-21
• Nguyen Q., Tucker M., Boynton B., Keller F., Schell D.(1998). Dilute acid
pretreatment of softwood, Applied Biochemistry Biotechnology.70-72, 77-
87.