2. How Life
continues

7. Chapter 11
Chapter 10

8. Heredity

9. “...tendency for traits
to be passed from
parent to offspring.”

10. Traits

11. “...alternative forms of
a character,
or heritable feature.”

12. TABLE 10.1 SEVEN CHARACTERS MENDEL STUDIED IN HIS EXPERIMENTS
Character F2 Generation
Dominant Form × Recessive Form Dominant: Recessive Ratio
Purple flowers × White fowers 705:224 3.15:1
(3/4:1/4)
Yellow seeds × Green seeds 6,022:2,001 3.01:1
(3/4:1/4)
Round seeds × Wrinkled seeds 5,474:1,850 2.96:1
(3/4:1/4)
Green pods × Yellow pods 428:152 2.82:1
(3/4:1/4)
Inflated pods × Constricted pods 882:299 2.95:1
(3/4:1/4)
Axial flowers × Terminal flowers 651:207 3.14:1
(3/4:1/4)
Tall plants × Dwarf plants 787:277 2.84:1
(3/4:1/4)

16. Can we figure out
if a purple-flowering plant
is Pp or PP?

17. Testcross

19. Mendel’s
Theory of Heredity

20. Parents do not transmit
traits directly; they
transmit trait information
in the form of “factors”
Each parent has two copies
of a trait factor

21. Alternative forms of a factor
(alleles) lead to alternative
traits
The two alleles an individual
has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele
does not guarantee that a
trait will be expressed

22. For a certain trait,
an individual can be...
Homozygous
have two alleles that are the same
Heterozygous
have two alleles that are different

23. Mendel’s
Law of Segregation

24. Two alleles of a trait
separate during the
formation of gametes;
half the gametes carry one
and half carry the other

25. Mendel’s
Law of Independent
Assortment

26. Inheritance of one trait
does not influence the
inheritance of another trait

29. Many traits exhibit
Mendelian inheritance

30. Genes

31. The Central Dogma

33. Phenotype

34. Genotype

36. Mendel’s
Theory of Heredity

37. Parents do not transmit
traits directly; they
transmit trait information
in the form of genes
Each parent has two copies
of a trait gene

38. Alleles, alternative forms of
a gene, lead to alternative
traits
The two alleles an individual
has do not affect each other
The presence of an allele
does not guarantee that a
trait will be expressed

40. Chromosomes

41. Section 9.3
Section 8.3

43. Fig. 10.6
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Locus for first Locus for second
gene containing gene containing
allele P or p allele Y or y
Paternal homologue
P Y
Heterozygous Homozygous Homologous
genotype Pp genotype YY chromosomes
p Y
Maternal homologue

45. Two kinds:
Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes

46. Sickle-Cell
Disease

47. Autosomal Recessive

48. Huntington’s Disease

49. Autosomal Dominant

50. Mitosis

51. The division of cells

52. Co 8

53. Section 9.4
Section 8.4

57. Meiosis

58. The formation
of gametes

59. Sections 9.1 - 9.4
Sections 8.1 - 8.4

60. Page 183

63. Many traits do not follow
Mendelian Inheritance

64. Sex-Linked Traits

66. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson6.html

67. X-Linked Dominant

68. X-Linked Dominant
[A] mode of genetic inheritance by which
a dominant gene is carried on the X
chromosome. As an inheritance pattern, it is less
common than the X-linked recessive type. In
medicine, X-linked dominant inheritance
indicates that a gene responsible for a genetic
disorder is located on the X chromosome, and
only one copy of the allele is sufficient to cause
the disorder when inherited from a parent who
has the disorder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/X-linked_dominant

69. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson7.html

70. X-Linked Recessive

71. X-Linked Recessive
[A] mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a
gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype
to be expressed (1) in males… and (2) in females
who are homozygous for the gene mutation...
X-linked inheritance
means that the gene
causing the trait or the
disorder is located on
the X chromosome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive

72. X-Linked Recessive
Red-Green Color Blindness
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance

73. Polygenic Inheritance

74. “When multiple genes
act together to influence
a character such as
height or weight...”

75. Continuous Variation

77. Pleiotropic

78. “Often, an individual
allele has more than one
effect on the phenotype.”

79. Sickle-Cell Disease

80. Cystic Fibrosis

82. Incomplete Dominance

83. “...a heterozygous
phenotype that is
intermediate between
those of the parents.”

85. Epistasis

86. “...an interaction
between the products of
two genes in which one
of the genes modifies the
phenotypic expression
produced by the other.”

89. Codominance

90. “...the effects of both
alleles are expressed.”

93. Environmental Effects

95. Linkage

97. Homologous
Recombination

101. Mendel’s
Law of Independent
Assortment

102. Chromosomal
Disorders

103. Somatic cells are diploid

104. Gametes are monoploid

106. Nondisjunction

107. “The failure of
chromosomes to
separate correctly
during meiosis I or II...”

108. Figure 10.24 Nondisjunction in anaphase I
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Metaphase l
Anaphase l
Nondisjunction:
homologous
chromosomes fail
to separate
Metaphase ll
108
Results in four gametes: two are n+1 and two are n–1

109. Aneuploidy

110. “...an abnormal number
of chromosomes.”

111. Down Syndrome
trisomy 21

112. Nondisjunction
of sex chromosomes

113. Female XX
Nondisjunction
XX O
Eggs
XXX XO
Male Female
X Female
(triple X) (Turner
syndrome)
XY
Sperm
Y XXY OY
Male
(Klinefelter Nonviable
syndrome)
113