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SPATIAL FILTERING
ANUJ ARORA
B-TECH 2nd YEAR
ELCTRICAL ENGG.
SPATIAL FILTERING
(CONT’D)• Spatial filtering is defined by:
(1) An operation that is performed on the pixels inside the
Neighborhood
(2)First we need to create a N*N matrix called a
mask,kernel,filter(neighborhood).
(3)The number inside the mask will help us control the
kind of operation we are doing.
(4)Different number allow us to blur,sharpen,find edges.
output image
SPATIAL FILTERING
NEIGHBORHOOD
• Typically, the neighborhood is rectangular and its size
is much smaller than that of f(x,y)
- e.g., 3x3 or 5x5
SPATIAL FILTERING -
OPERATION
1 1
1 1
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
s t
g x y w s t f x s y t
Assume the origin of the
mask is the center of the
mask.
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
K K
s K t K
g x y w s t f x s y t
for a K x K mask:
for a 3 x 3 mask:
• A filtered image is generated as the center of the
mask moves to every pixel in the input image.
output image
STRANGE THINGS HAPPEN
AT THE EDGES!
Origin x
y Image f (x, y)
e
e
e
e
At the edges of an image we are missing
pixels to form a neighbourhood
e e
e
HANDLING PIXELS CLOSE
TO BOUNDARIES
pad with zeroes
or
0 0 0 ……………………….0
000……………………….0
LINEAR VS NON-LINEAR
SPATIAL FILTERING METHODS
• A filtering method is linear when the output is a
weighted sum of the input pixels.
• In this slide we only discuss about liner filtering.
• Methods that do not satisfy the above property are
called non-linear.
• e.g.
LINEAR SPATIAL FILTERING
METHODS
• Two main linear spatial filtering methods:
• Correlation
• Convolution
CORRELATION
• TO perform correlation ,we move w(x,y) in all possible
locations so that at least one of its pixels overlaps a
pixel in the in the original image f(x,y).
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
K K
s K t K
g x y w x y f x y w s t f x s y t
CONVOLUTION
• Similar to correlation except that the mask is first flipped
both horizontally and vertically.
Note: if w(x,y) is symmetric, that is w(x,y)=w(-x,-y), then
convolution is equivalent to correlation!
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
K K
s K t K
g x y w x y f x y w s t f x s y t
CORRELATION AND
CONVOLUTION
Correlation:
Convolution:
HOW DO WE CHOOSE THE
ELEMENTS OF A MASK?
• Typically, by sampling certain functions.
Gaussian
1st derivative
of Gaussian
2nd derivative
of Gaussian
FILTERS
• Smoothing (i.e., low-pass filters)
• Reduce noise and eliminate small details.
• The elements of the mask must be positive.
• Sum of mask elements is 1 (after normalization)
Gaussian
FILTERS
• Sharpening (i.e., high-pass filters)
• Highlight fine detail or enhance detail that has been
blurred.
• The elements of the mask contain both positive and
negative weights.
• Sum of the mask weights is 0 (after normalization)
1st derivative
of Gaussian
2nd derivative
of Gaussian
SMOOTHING FILTERS: AVERAGING
(LOW-PASS FILTERING)
SMOOTHING FILTERS:
AVERAGING
• Mask size determines the degree of smoothing and
loss of detail.
3x3 5x5 7x7
15x15 25x25
original
SMOOTHING FILTERS:
AVERAGING (CONT’D)
15 x 15 averaging image thresholding
Example: extract, largest, brightest objects
SMOOTHING FILTERS:
GAUSSIAN
• The weights are samples of the Gaussian function
mask size is
a function of σ :
σ = 1.4
SMOOTHING FILTERS:
GAUSSIAN (CONT’D)
• σ controls the amount of smoothing
• As σ increases, more samples must be obtained to represent
the Gaussian function accurately.
σ = 3
SMOOTHING FILTERS:
GAUSSIAN (CONT’D)
AVERAGING VS GAUSSIAN
SMOOTHING
Averaging
Gaussian
SHARPENING FILTERS
(HIGH PASS FILTERING)
• Useful for emphasizing transitions in image intensity
(e.g., edges).
SHARPENING FILTERS
(CONT’D)
• Note that the response of high-pass filtering might be
negative.
• Values must be re-mapped to [0, 255]
sharpened imagesoriginal image
SHARPENING FILTERS:
UNSHARP MASKING
• Obtain a sharp image by subtracting a lowpass filtered
(i.e., smoothed) image from the original image:
- =
SHARPENING FILTERS:
HIGH BOOST
• Image sharpening emphasizes edges .
• High boost filter: amplify input image, then subtract a
lowpass image.
• A is the number of image we taken for boosting.
(A-1) + =
SHARPENING FILTERS: UNSHARP
MASKING (CONT’D)
• If A=1, we get a high pass filter
• If A>1, part of the original image is added back to the
high pass filtered image.
SHARPENING FILTERS:
DERIVATIVES
• Taking the derivative of an image results in sharpening
the image.
• The derivative of an image can be computed using the
gradient.
SHARPENING FILTERS:
DERIVATIVES (CONT’D)
• The gradient is a vector which has magnitude and
direction:
| | | |
f f
x y
or
(approximation)
SHARPENING FILTERS:
DERIVATIVES (CONT’D)
• Magnitude: provides information about edge strength.
• Direction: perpendicular to the direction of the edge.
SHARPENING FILTERS: GRADIENT
COMPUTATION
• Approximate gradient using finite differences:
sensitive to horizontal edges
sensitive to vertical edges
Δx
SHARPENING FILTERS: GRADIENT
COMPUTATION (CONT’D)
• We can implement and using masks:
• Example: approximate gradient at z5
SHARPENING FILTERS: GRADIENT
COMPUTATION (CONT’D)
• A different approximation of the gradient:
•We can implement and using the following masks:
SHARPENING FILTERS: GRADIENT
COMPUTATION (CONT’D)
• Example: approximate gradient at z5
EXAMPLE
f
y
f
x
SHARPENING FILTERS:
LAPLACIAN
The Laplacian (2nd derivative) is defined as:
(dot product)
Approximate
derivatives:
Spatial filtering using image processing
Spatial filtering using image processing
Spatial filtering using image processing
Spatial filtering using image processing
Spatial filtering using image processing
Spatial filtering using image processing

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Spatial filtering using image processing