2. In the begin of Middle Ages around 450 DC The main subjects were Christian ones, and the Aristotle’s rhetoric was important. Aristotle’s rhetoric is the use of language with persuasive effect. Saint Augustine: taught in the Latin grammar school at Tagaste opened a school of rhetoric at Carthage taught rhetoric in Rome accepted a professorship in rhetoric at Milan
4. Aristotle’s rhetoric (1) The base of rhetoric was three persuasive audience appeals : logos, pathos and ethos And five canons: invention or discovery, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery
5. three persuasive audience appeals Logos In the old Greece the word meant word, speech, reason For Aristotle the term to meant reasoned discourse Further Jesus saw as the incarnation of the Logos Pathos represented an appeal to the audience's emotions Ethos involved moral competence only; But Aristotle broadens the concept to include expertise and knowledge
6. The five canons Inventio was the method used for the discovery of arguments Dispositio the system were used for the organization of arguments Elocutio the term used for the mastery of stylistic elements concern the crafting and delivery of speeches and writing four ingredients necessary in order to achieve good style included correctness, clearness, appropriateness, and ornament Memoria was the same meaning as today Pronuntiatio the content, structure, and style of oration .The most important elements of oratory enhancing its persuasive power
7. Making a book in medieval times As paper, in Europe, did not become common until around 1450 the most medieval manuscripts were written on treated animal skins called parchment. The parchment was ruled colored ink, lines that helped the scribe to write
8. Medieval people Few books, few ideas, many people could not read, religiosity was predominant with many wars
10. At the end around 1400 DC The word universitas originally was applied to the scholastic guild A guilt was a corporation of students and masters: A community of teachers and scholars whose corporate existence had been recognized and by the ecclesiastical authority
11. Scholasticism Has its origins in Charlemagne, who attracted the scholars of England and Ireland, established schools in every abbey in his empire which arise the name scholasticism The word as two meanings a method of learning taught by scholastics A program that articulates and defends orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context
12. The method of learning As a method of learning it has his bases Dialectic: a dialogue between two or more people who may hold differing views applying reason the people exchange their viewpoints to seek the truth Inference: achieving a conclusion by deductive reasoning from given facts Resolving Contradictions. a contradiction is a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions
13. Magisterdixit This sentence used in Florence and all Italy, by 1600 by the teachers to shut up all the students who contested the Aristotle's astronomy theory.
14. Aristotle astronomy Aristotle argued that the universe is spherical and finite with the Earth in the center. Aristotle's model of the universe had a profound influence on medieval scholars, but nevertheless they modified it to correspond with Christian theology.
15. The limitations of technology Medieval books were hand written and rare. Few books means the reading were limited to a few people. But they were very nice with nice pictures
16. There were no tools and no science Without the right tools there is no science: magister dixit was enough
