Penggambaran Data dengan Grafik

Introduction to Probability and Statistics Eleventh Edition Robert J. Beaver • Barbara M. Beaver • William Mendenhall Presentation designed and written by: Barbara M. Beaver with minor change by Joon Jin Song

Introduction to Probability and Statistics Eleventh Edition Chapter 1 Describing Data with Graphs Some graphic screen captures from Seeing Statistics ® Some images © 2001-(current year) www.arttoday.com

Syllabus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Syllabus ,[object Object],[object Object]

Syllabus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What is Statistics? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Variables and Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Basic Concept Population: the set of all measurements of interest to the investigator Sample: a subset of measurements selected from the population of interest

Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How many variables have you measured? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How many variables have you measured? 14 Bus Jr F 2.6 5 15 Eng Fr M 2.7 4 17 Eng So M 2.9 3 15 Math So F 2.3 2 16 Psy Fr F 2.0 1 # of units Major Year Gender GPA Student

Types of Variables Qualitative Quantitative Discrete Continuous

Types of Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Graphing Qualitative Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],16% 4/25 = .16 4 Yellow 32% 8/25 = .32 8 Brown 12% 3/25 = .12 3 Orange 8% 2/25 = .08 2 Green 12% 3/25 = .12 3 Blue 20% 5/25 = .20 5 Red Percent Relative Frequency Frequency Tally Color m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m

Graphs Bar Chart: How often a particular category was observed Pie Chart: How the measurements are distributed among the categories

Graphing Quantitative Variables ,[object Object],A Big Mac hamburger costs $3.64 in Switzerland, $2.44 in the U.S. and $1.10 in South Africa.

[object Object],CPI: All Urban Consumers-Seasonally Adjusted BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 178.60 178.00 177.60 177.30 177.50 177.60 178.10 March February January December November October September

Dotplots ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Applet 4 5 6 7

Stem and Leaf Plots ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example The prices ($) of 18 brands of walking shoes: 90 70 70 70 75 70 65 68 60 74 70 95 75 70 68 65 40 65 4 0 5 6 5 8 0 8 5 5 7 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 5 0 8 9 0 5 4 0 5 6 0 5 5 5 8 8 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 5 8 9 0 5 Reorder

Interpreting Graphs: Location and Spread ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Interpreting Graphs: Location and Spread ,[object Object]

Interpreting Graphs: Shapes Mound shaped and symmetric (mirror images) Skewed right: a few unusually large measurements Skewed left: a few unusually small measurements Bimodal: two local peaks

Interpreting Graphs: Outliers ,[object Object],Outlier No Outliers

Example ,[object Object],1.991 1.891 1.991 1.988 1.993 1.989 1.990 1.988 1.988 1.993 1.991 1.989 1.989 1.993 1.990 1.994

Relative Frequency Histograms ,[object Object],Create intervals Stack and draw bars

Relative Frequency Histograms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Relative Frequency Histograms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4% 2/50 = .04 2 11 65 to < 73 14% 7/50 = .14 7 1111 11 57 to < 65 18% 9/50 = .18 9 1111 1111 49 to < 57 26% 13/50 = .26 13 1111 1111 111 41 to < 49 28% 14/50 = .28 14 1111 1111 1111 33 to < 41 10% 5/50 = .10 5 1111 25 to < 33 Percent Relative Frequency Frequency Tally Age

Shape? Outliers? What proportion of the tenured faculty are younger than 41? What is the probability that a randomly selected faculty member is 49 or older? Skewed right No. (14 + 5)/50 = 19/50 = .38 (8 + 7 + 2)/50 = 17/50 = .34 Describing the Distribution

Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Penggambaran Data dengan Grafik

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