Roeland Jansen of Fudan University introduces PM2.5 research including, causes, health related issues and other pertinent information.

2. Introduction in PM2.5 measurements in
Urban China
Roeland Jansen
PhD Student, Fudan University
Green Drinks China, Suzhou, June 13 2012

3. My presentation
• Introduction in PM2.5
• Why people talk about it?
• How to characterize PM2.5?
• Where PM2.5 comes from and where it goes?
• Why some days are nice and most days or not so nice?
• What can we do with our measurements?
• My current work: PM2.5 chemical composition
related to reduced visibility in Hangzhou

4. Why people talk about PM2.5 and
what are they talking about?

5. Why people talk about PM2.5?

7. Effect on humans
• Most harmful for:
• Elderly,
• Children (0-7 years) and
• People with Asthma
• People with heart disease
• Most harmful are the trace elements (=heavy metals) which
are inside PM2.5
• Don’t do any physical activities with high PM, don’t go
running. Instead go after a rain period or period with strong
wind.

8. Effect on the Environment
• Dry deposition: gravity, wind, buildings, trees
• Wet deposition: rain, snow, etc.

9. Global warming effect.

10. What does PM look like?
Aerodynamic diameter “dp”
PM10 dp ≤ 10 μm (about 1/6 of a human hair)
PM2.5 dp ≤ 2.5 μm (about 1/24 of a human hair)
Expressed in μg/m3
d = 1 cm
I = 1 cm3
Inside are up to
10000 particles
This means that every breath you
take contains about 5000000
particles

11. What does PM look like?
Reprinted from Fu et al., 2012

12. Names and standards
• PM = particulate matter
• PM = Aerosols = Particles = solid/liquid
dispersed in the atmosphere
• Standard comes from Ministry of
Environmental Protection (MEP) and is
• Annual Average = 35 μg/m3 (2010 BJ: 75 and SH: 50)1
• Compare Annual Average set by USA MEP is 15 μg/m3
1 Ministry of Environmental Protection and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center

13. Where does PM2.5 come from?
The “Natural” sources
Sea: NaCl
Desert:
SiO2 (=sand)
Vulcano:
Sulfate
Calcium
Aluminium

14. Where does PM2.5 come from?
The human or “Anthropogenic” sources (=harmful)
NOx
SO2
VOC
OH
NH3

15. Local sources and transport from
point sources
Xiamen
Beijing

16. Nice day!
That’s why some days
are nice and most are
not so nice!
Not so nice day!
Reprinted from Jacob

17. Where does PM2.5 go?
• Dry deposition: gravity, wind, buildings, trees
• Wet deposition: rain, snow, etc.
• Chemical conversion by oxidation
• Transport in the Environment

18. Transport in the Environment
Picture taken at 278 km height Reprinted from NASA (Science vol. 300: 1103-1104, 1996)

19. Situation in China

20. Data from OECD, IEA

21. 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Data from OECD, IEA

22. 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Data from OECD, IEA

23. 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Data from OECD/World Bank

24. Effect with Increasing wealth
1990 2008 1990 2008
Data from OECD, IEA and World Bank

25. Economics and relation with the
Environment
• Increase in Energy needs is supplied by Coal
factories:
• Burning Coal is a major contribution to Air Pollution
• 70% of the Energy in China is from Coal
• Every 7 to 10 days a new Coal factory opens
• 30% of the world (2003)
• Increase in traffic
• Increase in Agriculture
• All have a big impact on the environment

26. Why China is/was so bad?
• Lack of Environmental awareness for decades;
• Low efficiency of Coal factories;
• Economic growth more important than the
Environment;
• But things are changing…

27. Sample and analyze PM2.5

28. Filter
PM2.5
MassConc= Mass before- Mass after
Inlet (Mass 24hr-Mass t0) / airflow
Eg:
3020 ug – 1100 ug / 1 m3/hr
= 80 ug/m3
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump

29. What’s inside a PM2.5?

30. Filter
PM2.5
Inlet
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump

31. Filter
PM2.5
Very Harmful!!
Inlet
Collected aerosol
mass M on filter
(eg 24 hrs)
General composition
Flow
contr Air
ol Pump

32. Measurements in Beijing
• Since 1998 measurements of PM2.5 increase of
3 – 4 % per year.
• Scientists estimate that 50% comes from
automobile exhaust.
• 30 stations at the end of this year
• Each station costs about 80.000 – 380.000 RMB
• Data available for public

33. Towards a solution?
• Beijing is planting trees between the 5th and 6th ring road
(about 13.000 hectare);
• Improve fuel oil quality and lower the amount of sulfur in
gasoline
• Control of dust in construction sites;
• Recycle 150.000 cars this year;
• Coal-fired boilers replaced with cleaner energy heating
• "It is estimated to take at least 10 years for Beijing to meet
the upcoming national standards under the PM2.5 gauge”
Hao Jiming, director of the Institute of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering at Tsinghua University.

34. Fudan: 4th Teaching building

35. Sampler
Marga Method
Cation and Anion
Chromatograph
Remote
Internal
PC
Syringe Pump =
sample collect

36. Denuder1-SJAC2-IC-IC
1: Ferm 1979; Winiwarter 1989; …
2: Khlystov 1995; Slanina et al., 2001

37. Inorganics in aerosols and related trace gasses
•Inorganics in Aerosols •Trace gasses
NH4+ NH3
Na+ HNO2
K+ HNO3
Ca2+ HCl
Mg2+ SO2
Cl-
NO3- • 1 hour results
SO42- • 1 m3/hr sample flow
• Analyze with ion chromatography

38. What can we do with the MARGA data?
• Use the data to study secondary aerosol (de)formation.
•Inorganic: mainly NH3 with HNO3 and H2SO4
• Use the data to study visibility changes like haze/fog events.
•By hygroscopic properties related to chemical composition
• Trace biomass burning using K+
• Improve models

39. Real-time measurements of species in
aerosols and related trace gasses.
In Fudan

40. App
• http://air.fresh-ideas.cc/en/

41. Thank you!