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International Business Management Report




International
Business
Management Report
                         Prepared By :
                         Arvind Bindal
                         Anish Garg
                         Amrit Aggarwal
                         Ruchir Sood
                         Shivang Saxena
   Indian Institute of   Sunayna Khoud
Planning & Management    Sumit Badoria
   Satbari, New Delhi
                         Yash Rathore




                                                   Page 1 of 37
International Business Management Report


                             Index

S . NO    T O PI C                               PAGE

   1.                  C E RT I FI CA T E           3

   2.            A C K O W L E DG E M E NT          4

   3.                 I NT RO D UC T I O N          5

   4.                L I B E RA L I ZA T I O N      7

   5.                P RI V AT I ZA T I O N        14

   6.                G L O B AL I ZA T I O N       20

   7.                   C O N CL US I O N          26

   8.                 B I B L I O G R A PH Y       37




                                                        Page 2 of 37
International Business Management Report

                     C E RT I FI C AT E




This is to certify that the Project Report titled “ Drawbacks of
liberalization, Privatization, Globalization in Indian Business”
submitted by :

        Name                              Roll No

  1. ArvindBindal                         22
  2. YashRathore
  3. RuchirSood
  4. AnishGarg                            13
  5. AmritAggarwal
  6. ArjunVij
  7. ShivangSaxena
  8. SunayanaKhound
  9. SumitBadoria

embodies the work done by them On/Off campus is under my
supervision.




Date: _____________


Signature:_________________
(Prof: PankajUpadhayay)




                                                        Page 3 of 37
International Business Management Report

             ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


This project involved the collection and analysis of
information from a wide variety of sources and the efforts
of many people beyond me. Thus it would not have been
possible to achieve the results reported in this document
without their help, support and encouragement.

I will like to express my gratitude to the following people
for their help in the work leading to this report:

Prof: PankajUpadhayay: for their useful comments on the
subject matter and for the knowledge I gained by sharing
ideas with them.




                                                   Page 4 of 37
International Business Management Report


                                      I NT RO D UC T I O N




        Rajiv      G a n d hi ’s      g o v er n me n t     i n i ti a te d        th e    po l i c y    of
l i b er a l i za ti o n s i nc e mi d - 8 0s . T he l i b er a l i za ti o n i ni t i a ti v es ha v e
b e e n u n de r ta k en i n I n di a w i t h a v i ew to i n cr e a s e a p r o d u c ti o n,
i m pr o v e q ua l i ty a n d g e t a c c es s t o ma r ke t f o r p r o d uc ts a nd
s er v i c e    a br o a d.     R a di ca l     l i ber a l i za ti o n       or      g l o ba l i za ti o n
m e a s ur es ha v e b e e n br o ug h t i n s i n ce J ul y 1 99 1 to m a k e t he
I n d i a n ec o no my p r o g r es s i v e l y ma r ke t o r i e nt e d a nd i n te g r a te i t
w i t h t h e e m er g i n g g l o ba l e co no m y s tr u ct ur e. T he s e m ea s ur es
i n cl u de r e d u ct i o n a n d r a ti o na l i z a ti o n o f e x c i s e d uty a nd
c u s to ms       d ut i es ,      del i c e ns i ng       of       s ev er a l           d r ug        and
p h a r ma c eu ti c a l p r o d uc ts , r ea dy a c c es s to i mp o r t o f r a w
m a ter i a l a n d ca pi ta l g o o ds a n d s o o n.




        It     has     c r e a t ed     an     e n v i r o n me n t       co n d uc i v e          to    an
e n te r p r i s e, i n v es t m e nt a nd i nn o v a ti o n. I n di a n i n du s tr i es ha v e
s ta r te d to a ttr a c t f o r ei g n po r tf o l i o i nv es tm e nt a n d e q ui ty
p a r ti ci p a ti o n i n n ew v e n t ur es . T h e g o v er n me n t i s co m mi tt e d
t o ma ke f o r ei g n p l a y er s f ee t a t e a s e t o i n v es t d i r ec tl y a nd
b r i ng w i t h i t n ew t e c hno l o g y a nd m a r ke ti ng s ki l l s .




                                                                                               Page 5 of 37
International Business Management Report

       T h er e ha s be e n i m p r es s i v e g r o w th i n F D I i nf l o w s t o I n di a
w i t h th e i ntr o d uc t i o n o f po l i cy r ef o r ms . A s co m pa r e d to a n e a r
t o t a l co n c e ntr a t i o n i n m a nu f a ct ur i ng ti l l 1 9 91 , t h e b u l k o f ne w
i nf l o w ha s co m e i n th e e n er g y a nd s e r v i ce s e cto r .




                                                                                     Page 6 of 37
International Business Management Report

                                    LIBERALIZATION
                                    LIBERALIZATION




T h e Ne w I n d u s t r i a l P o l i c y , 19 91



       A n u m ber o f s i g n i f i c a n t e co no mi c c h a n g es i nt r o du c e d b y
m a ny     a    n u m ber      of    co u ntr i es      all    the         world   o v er ,   t he
e n co ur a g i n g r es u l ts o f t he l i b er a l i za ti o n m ea s ur e s i n tr o d u ce d
i n 1 9 80 s by t he G o v er n me n t o f I nd i a , a nd th e pr ec a r i o us
e co no mi c s i t u a ti o n th a t p r ev a i l e d d u r i ng t h e l a te r pa r t 8 0s
h a v e en co ur a g ed a n d f o r c ed t he t h en Co ng r es s g o v er n me n t,
w hi c h c a m e b a c k to po w er a t t h e c e nt r e , u n de r th e l ea d er s hi p
o f S hr i . P. V. N a r a s i mh a R a o — a no n - N e hr u f a mi l y me m be r , to
t a ke s o m e bo l d m e a s ur es to r e j u v en a t e th e e co n o my a n d to
a c c el e r a te t he pa c e o f dev el o p me n t. I n t hi s b a ck g r o u n d, t he
G o v er n me n t o f In d i a a n no un c e d i ts N e w In d u s t ri a l Po l i c y (N IP
o r I P ) o n J u l y 24 , 1 9 91 . T h e i m po r t a nt o bj e ct i v e s a r e:

   a ) T o co r r e c t t h e d i s to r ti o ns th a t m a y ha v e cr e pt i n, a n d
       c o ns o l i d a t e t h e s t r e n g t hs b ui l t o n t h e g a i ns a l r ea dy ma d e
   b ) T o ma i n ta i n s u s t a i n ed g r o w t h i n t h e p r o d u c ti v i ty a n d
       g a i nf ul em pl o y me n t
   c ) T o a t ta i n i n te r n a t i o na l co m pe ti ti v e n es s .

       T h er e f o r e , th e ba s i c ph i l o s o p hy o f t he N ew IP , 19 9 1 ha s
b e e n t he co n ti nu i ty w i t h c ha n g e . B e c a u s e , t h e n e w po l i cy
r e pr es e nts a r en ew e d i ni ti a ti v e t o w a r ds co ns o l i d a t i n g th e

                                                                                       Page 7 of 37
International Business Management Report

g a i ns o f n a ti o n a l r e co ns tr u cti o n a t t hi s cr u ci a l s ta g e. B ut w ha t
i s mo r e i m po r ta n t i s t he c ha n g e ( i n co n ti n ui t y w i t h c ha ng e ) —
c h a ng e i n t he a t ti t u d e o f t he s ta t e t o w a r ds t h e i n d us tr i a l
s o ci et y , c h a ng e f r o m c e ntr a l l y pl a n n ed e co no my t o ma r ke t l e d
e co no my , c ha ng e f r o m ex c es s i v e g o v er nm e nt i nt er v e nt i o n to
m i ni ma l        i nt er v e n ti o n ,   ch a ng e        from     na ti o na l i za ti o n     to
privatization,                c h a ng e    from        s u bs i di za ti o n     and        cr o s s -
s u bs i di za ti o n t o g r a d ua l w i t h dr a w a l o f s ub s i dy , e t c. B ut t hes e
c h a ng es , w hi c h t h e g o v er n me n t h a s i n tr o du c e d, r ep r es e nt a
s ha r p d e pa r t ur e f r o m t he e a r l i e r i n d us t r i a l po l i c i es . T h e s e
c ha nge s p e r ta i n b ro ad l y to f i ve ar e as v i z ,

a) Industrial licensing,

b) Public sector policy

c ) MR T P A c t , 1 969

d ) F o r e i gn i n v e s t m e n t

e ) F o r e i g n t e c h n o l o g y a gr e e m e n t s .




I n d u s t r i a l Li c e n s i n g

         T hi s i s o n e o f t he a r e a s i n w h i ch s u bs t a n ti a l ch a n g e h a s
b e e n ma de b y th e g o v er nm e nt. W i t h a v i ew to g i v e ef f e ct to
t h es e c ha ng es , t h e g o v er nm e nt i s s ue d a n o ti f i c a ti o n [ vi z . ,
N o t i f i c a t i o n N o . 4 7 7 ( E ) ] o n J u l y 2 5 , 19 9 1 a n d t hi s no ti f i c a t i o n
h a s ex e m pt e d t he i n d us tr i a l u n de r t a k i n g s f r o m th e o pe r a ti o n
o f t he f o l l o w i ng S e c ti o ns o f In d u s t r i e s D e ve l o p m e n t a n d
                                                                                          Page 8 of 37
International Business Management Report

R e gu l a t i o n s A c t , 1 95 1 s u b j e c t t o t he f ul f i l m e nt o f ce r t a i n
c o nd i t i o n s .

         (a)        S e cti o n 1 0 (w hi ch d e a l s w i th r e g i s tr a ti o n o f ex i s t i n g
                i n d us t r i a l u n de r ta ki ng s )


         (b)        S e cti o n 1 1 (w hi ch i s c o n c er ne d w i t h th e l i ce ns i n g f o r
                n ew i n d us tr i a l un d er ta ki ng s )


         (c)        S e cti o n 1 3 (w hi c h i s co n cer n e d w i t h t h e l i c en s i ng
                r e qu i r e m en ts f o r s u bs t a nti a l e x p a n s i o n ).



         F ur th er ,         the          s e co n d      s c he d ul e    a pp e n de d      to       th e
n o t i f i ca ti o n ci t ed a bo v e [ v i z. , N o . 4 7 7 ( E ) ] l i s ts t h e i nd us tr i es
w hi c h a r e s u bj e ct to m a nd a to r y i n d u s tr i a l l i c e ns i n g . A c co r di ng
to     th i s      no ti f i ca t i o n,     o nl y     1 8 i n d us t r i e s   w e r e s u b j e ct    to
c o mp ul s o r y i nd us tr i a l l i ce ns i n g . F ur th er , f i v e mo r e i n d us t r i es
h a v e b ee n ex c l u d e d f r o m t he l i s t o f i nd us tr i es w h i ch a r e
s u bj e ct to c o m pu l s o r y i n d us tr i a l l i ce ns i n g s u bs eq u e n tl y . T ha t
m e a n s , o nl y 13 i n dus tr i es a r e no w s u bj e ct to c o m p ul s o r y
i n d us t r i a l l i ce ns i n g .




P u b l i c Se c t o r P o l i c y




                                                                                               Page 9 of 37
International Business Management Report

        A l a r g e n um b er o f Pu bl i c S e cto r E n t er pr i s es ha v e f a i l e d to
a c hi ev e a t l e a s t a r e a s o na bl e r a t e o f s u cc es s . S o me o f t he
f a c to r s w hi ch ha v e co n tr i b u te d to t hi s s i t ua ti o n a r e o v er
s ta f f i n g a n d o v er ma na g i ng , pr i ce a n d d i s tr i bu ti o ns co ntr o l s ,
e t c. H en c e, t he g o v er n me n t, i n i ts In d us tr i a l P o l i c y , 19 9 1,
i n tr o du c e d t he nu m b er o f s i g ni f i ca n t c h a n g e s p er ta i n i ng to t he
P S E s . S o m e o f th e i m po r ta n t cha n g es e nv i s a g ed b y t he N ew
P o l i c y a r e s u m ma r i z e d b el o w .




        P r i o r to t he a n n o u n c em e nt o f N ew In d us tr i a l P o l i c y ,
1 9 9 1, s ev e nt ee n i n d us tr i es w er e r es er v e d ex cl us i v el y f o r t he
s ta te f o r th ei r f u t ur e de v e l o p me n t. F ur t her , w i t h r es p e ct to
a no t her 12 i n d us t r i es , t he s ta te w a s to p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e
b y t a ki n g i ni ti a t i v e to es ta bl i s h n ew u n d er ta ki ng s . B es i d es , the
s ta te ha d p o w e r t o e nt er i n to a ny o t her a r e a r e s e r v e d f o r the
p r i v a t e s e cto r . H o w e v er , th e f a i l u r e o n t he p a r t o f ma j o r i ty o f
P S E s h a s f o r c ed t h e g o v er n me n t t o r e v i ew i ts ea r l i er d e ci s i o n.
C o ns e q ue n tl y , th e g o v er n me n t i n i ts N ew I n d us tr i a l Po l i c y ,
1 9 9 1 ha s pr un ed t he l i s t o f t he i n d us t r i e s r es e r v e d f o r t he
public      s ec to r     to    o nl y    8.      F ur t h er ,   the   g o v er n me n t    has
d e r es er v e d 2 mo r e i nd us tr i es . A s a r es ul t, o nl y s i x i n d us tr i es
a r e no w r es e r v ed f o r t he p u bl i c s e cto r . T h ey a r e: ( a ) A r ms a nd
a m m un i t i o n a n d a l l i ed i te ms o f d ef e n c e e q ui pm e n t, a i r cr a f t
a n d w a r s hi ps , (b ) A to mi c e n er g y , ( c ) Co a l a nd l i g n i t e, ( d)
M i n er a l o i l s , (e) M i n er a l s s pe ci f i e d i n t h e s c he d ul e t o t he
A to m i c E ner g y Or d er , 1 95 3, a n d ( f ) R a i l w a y tr a ns p o r t. H e n ce ,

                                                                                     Page 10 of 37
International Business Management Report

t h e f o c us o f th e p u b l i c s e c to r w i l l be o nl y o n s t r a te g i c a nd
h i g h t e c h i n d us t r i es a nd o n ba s i c i nf r a s tr u ct ur a l pr o j e c ts .
H o w ev e r t h e o bj e c ti v e o f t he N ew I nd us tr i a l Po l i c y ha s b e en to
w i t hd r a w t he pu b l i c s e c to r i nv e s t m en t f r o m th e a c ti v i ti es
w hi c h c a n s uc ce s s f ul l y b e ta k en u p b y t he pr i v a t e s e cto r
e n te r p r i s e s . T he e m p ha s i s o f PS E s i n f u t ur e w i l l be o n : (a )
Basic      and        e s s en t i a l    i nf r a s tr u ctu r a l     f a ci l i ti es ,   (b)    M i n er a l
r es o ur ces , ( c ) C r u c i a l a r e a s i n t he i n ter es t o f th e e co no m y i n
t h e l o n g r u n a n d w her e th e p r i v a t e s e cto r i n v es t m en t i s
i na d e qu a t e , a nd ( d ) D ef e n ce eq ui p m e nt.

        W i t h a v i ew to mo b i l i ze th e r e s o ur ces a n d to h a v e a
w i d er    p u bl i c      pa r ti c i p a t i o n ,   a pa r t      of      g o v er nm e n ts          s ha r e
h o l di ng s i n i ts en t er pr i s es w i l l be o f f er e d to t h e m u t ua l f u n ds ,
f i n a n ci a l i ns t i t u ti o ns , e mp l o y s o f P S E s , a n d t he g e n er a l p u bl i c.
T h e N ew I n du s tr i a l Po l i cy a l s o pr o po s es s e l e c ti v e p r i v a ti z a t i o n
o f PS E s . F ur t he r , t he po l i cy a l s o p r o po s e s to cl o s e do w n the
PSEs       w h i ch       have           b e co m e     sick          and         w hi c h    c a n no t      be
r e ha bi l i t a t ed. T h e s i c k PS E s w h i c h ca n be r ev i v e d w i l l be
r ef e r e d to B o a r d f o r I n d us tr i a l a n d F i n a n c i a l R e co ns tr u ct i o n
f o r t h e f o r m ul a ti o n o f r ev i v a l pa c ka g es . T he N ew I n d us t r i a l
Policy       also        aims        at      pr o v i di n g       g r e a t er      o pe r a ti o na l     and
m a na g er i a l a uto n o my to th e ma n a g e me n t o f PS E s a nd m a k i n g
t h e ma n a g em e nts a c co u n ta bl e f o r t he p er f o r m a nc e t hr o u g h a
s y s t em c a l l ed M em o r a n d um o f U nd e r s t a n d i n g .




M R T P A c t , 1 96 9
                                                                                                   Page 11 of 37
International Business Management Report



         T h e N ew I nd us t r i a l Po l i cy , 1 99 1 pr o po s es to a m en d
s ui ta bl y t he M o n o po l i es a n d R es tr i c ti v e T r a d e P r a c ti ce s A c t,
1 9 6 9. T o r em o v e t h e t hr es ho l d l i m i ts o f a s s ets i n r es pe c t o f
M R T P co m pa ni es a nd t he d o m i n a n t i n du s tr i a l u n d er ta ki ng s .
T h e i m po r ta n t o b j e cti v es o f t h i s w er e tw o i n nu m b er . T he y
are:

         (a)      P r ev e n ti o n o f co n ce n tr a ti o n o f e co no mi c po w e r i n
              t h e h a nd s o f f ew w h i c h w i l l be d etr i m e nt a l to t h e
              c o mmo n i n ter es t; a n d
         (b)      R e g ul a ti o n o f m o no po l i s ti c, r es tr i c ti v e a n d u nf a i r
              t r a d e pr a c ti c es w h i ch a r e p ur s ue d by th e b us i n e s s
              c o mm u ni ty a nd w hi c h a r e p r ej u di ci a l to t he p u b l i c
              i n ter es t.



T h e N ew Po l i cy p r o po s es to r en ew t h e t hr es ho l d l i mi ts o f
a s s e ts a nd t h er e f o r e , to r e p ea l t h e P r o v i s i o ns o f M R T P A c t,
1 9 6 9 per ta i n i ng t o t he f i r s t o b j e c ti v e. H e n ce , th e M R T P A ct
n o w co n c er ne d o nl y w i t h t he p r o hi bi ti o n o f m o no po l i s t i c,
r es t r i ct i v e   a nd    unfair      tr a de    p r a c ti ce s   followed      by     t he
i n d us t r i a l u n de r ta ki ng s a nd t he tr a di n g co m m un i t i e s .

F o r e i g n In ve s t m e n t




                                                                                     Page 12 of 37
International Business Management Report

        A s f a r a s t h e di r e c t f o r e i g n i n v es t m e nt i s co n c er ne d , t he
N ew Po l i cy pr o po s es to g i v e a uto ma ti c a pp r o v a l u p to 5 1% o f
e q ui ty i n t he c a s e o f h i g h p r i o r i t y i n d us tr i es a nd i t h a s a l s o
i d en ti f i e d   34     such       i nd us tr y         g r o u ps .   F ur th er ,       the     po l i cy
p r o po s es to a l l o w ma j o r i ty f o r ei g n e q ui ty ho l d i ng s u p to 51%
o f e q ui ty f o r th e tr a di ng co mp a ni es w h i c h a r e e ng a g e d i n
e x po r t a c ti v i ti es . T hi s i s to e na bl e t he do m es ti c co m pa ni es a n
e a s y a c ces s to i nt er n a ti o n a l ma r ke ts . Wi th a v i ew t o ne g o t i a t e
w i t h t he l a r g e i nt er na ti o na l f i na n ci a l i ns ti t u ti o ns a n d to
a p pr o v e t he d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v es tm e nts p r o po s a l s i n s el e c t e d
areas,       the      N ew      P o l i cy    pr o po s e s        to     co ns t i t u te    a     s pe ci a l
c o mm i t te e.

 F o r e i gn T e c h n o l o g y A gr e e m e n t s




        T h e N ew I n d us tr i a l Po l i cy pr o po s es to g i v e a ut o m a t i c
p e r m i s s i o n f o r f o r ei g n t e c h no l o g y a g r e em e nts i n i de n ti f i e d
h i g h pr i o r i ty i nd u s tr i es . F ur t her , i t a l s o pr o po s es to a l l o w
o th er i n d us tr i es to i m po r t f o r ei g n t e c hn o l o g y s u b j ec t to th e
f ul f i l l me n t o f c er t a i n co nd i t i o n s .




                                                                                                  Page 13 of 37
International Business Management Report
                                      P R IIV A T IIZ A T IIO N
                                      PR VAT ZAT ON

Introduction




        I n t he s i x ti es a nd s ev e nti es , t he p u bl i c s ec to r po l i c y ha s
b e e n l a r g el y g ui d ed b y I n d us t r i a l Po l i cy R es o l u t i o n , 1 95 6
w hi c h g a v e th e p u b l i c s e cto r a s t r a te g i c r o l e i n th e e co no my .
D ur i n g t he l a s t f o ur de ca d es , ma s s i v e i nv es tm e nts ha v e b ee n
m a de to b u i l d a p u b l i c s e cto r w hi c h h a s a c o m ma n d i ng r o l e i n
t h e e co no my . T o da y , ma n y k ey s e cto r o f t he e co no my a r e
d o mi na te d b y t he ma t ur e p ub l i c s e cto r e n te r p r i s e s t ha t ha v e
s u c ces s f u l l y ex p a n d e d t h e p r o d u ct i o n.

        I n t h e ea r l y po s t - I nd e pe n de n c e y ea r s , t her e w a s v i r t ua l
c o ns e ns us a bo u t t h e n ee d f o r t he g o v e r n m e nt i nt er v e nt i o n i n
e co no mi c a c ti v i ti es . P a nd i t Ja w a h a r l a l N e h r u de s cr i be d t h e
p u b l i c s ec to r a s T e m pl es o f M o d er n In d i a . A t t h a t ti me ,
v i r t ua l l y n ei t her q u es ti o n ed t h e s t r a te g y no r r a i s ed a n y do ub ts
a bo u t i t s i m pl e me n ta ti o n. T h e n um b er o f ce n tr a l p u b l i c s e cto r
e n te r p r i s es i n cr e a s ed f r o m 5 i n t h e y ea r 1 95 1 to 24 0 by t h e
e n d o f 19 95 a nd i nv es tm e nts i n p u b l i c s e cto r u n d er ta ki ng s
( P S U s ) i nc r e a s e d f r o m R s 2 9 cr o r e i n 1 9 51 to R s . 1,7 2 , 43 8 cr o r e
b y t h e en d o f 19 9 5. T hey c o ntr i b u t e d ne a r l y o ne t h i r d o f o ur
e x po r ts .    T he y     made        s i g ni f i ca n t   co ntr i b u ti o n   to     i m po r t
s u bs t i t u ti o n. G o v er nm e nt u n der ta ki ng s a cc o u n t f o r mo r e t ha t
7 0% o f t he w o r k f o r ce e m pl o y e d i n t h e o r g a ni ze d s e c to r . T hey
h a v e g r ea tl y r e du c e d t h e i m ba l a n c e d o f r eg i o n a l d ev el o p me nt

                                                                                         Page 14 of 37
International Business Management Report

a n d ha v e l a i d s tr o ng b a s e f o r th e r a pi d de v el o p m e nt o f t h e
c o un tr y . S o m e o f th e PS U s h a v e e a r ne d a r ep u t a ti o n pa r
e x c el l e n ce a t t he i n ter n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S o me g i a nt p u bl i c s ec to r
u n i t s (e. g . , I n d i a n O i l C o r po r a ti o n , S t e el A u tho r i ty o f I n di a , Oi l
and        N a t ur a l      Gas         Co mm i s s i o n ,              H i nd us ta n       P et r o l e um
C o r po r a ti o n    Lt d. ,     Co a l      I n di a       Ltd     and       Bharat         P e tr o l e um
C o r po r a ti o n    Lt d)      f i g ur e     in        F o r t un e     I nt er na ti o na l ’s    large
c o mp a ni e s . F u r th e r , t he p ub l i c s e c to r a c co u nt s f o r o n e - f o ur th
o f th e co u n tr y ’s G D P.

        T h er e      are        tw o       mi l l i o n      e m pl o y e es       in     g o v e r nm e nt
u n d er ta ki ng s a nd t h e a v er a g e em o l u me nt s pe r a n n u m a mo u n t
t o mo r e th a n R s . 50 , 0 00 e a c h. B e s i des p a y i n g hi g h er s a l a r i es ,
p u b l i c e n ter pr i s es a s s ur e j o b s e c ur i ty , g o o d w o r ki ng co n di ti o n,
a t tr a c ti v e i nc e nti v e s c he m e, pa r ti ci p a ti v e ma na g em e n t, hi g her
d e g r ee o f s a f e ty , a d eq u a t e f a ci l i t i e s , et c.




M e a n i n g o f Pr i v a t i s a t i o n



        T h e r e v o l u t i o n of p r i v a t i z a t i o n s ta r t e d i n 1 9 8 0 a nd s p r e a d
t o ma n y p a r t s of t h e wo r l d . S e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s a r e p r i v a t i z i n g
their public sector enterprises. India is no exception to it.
P r i v a t i z a t i o n w a s me a n t t o i mp r o v e t h e p e r f o r ma n c e o f p u b l i c
enterprises.          Privatization               techniques                have      be e n     tried     in
countries          like     Great       Britain,             China,         US,     Tur k e y,        Brazil,
M e x i c o , J a p a n , e t c . P r i v a t i z a t i o n , i n t h e n a r r o w s e n s e , me a n s


                                                                                                 Page 15 of 37
International Business Management Report

t r a n s f e r o f o wn e r s h i p , o r s a l e o f p u b l i c e n t e r p r i s e s . Ho we v e r ,
p r i v a t i z a t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d i n d i f f e r e n t w a ys a s d e t a i l e d b e l o w:


    1 . L i b e r a l i z a t i o n A p p r o a c h : Pr i v a ti za ti o n ma y b e us ed i n th e
        s en s e     of      l i b er a l i za ti o n       h a v i ng     f ew e r     co n tr o l s       and
        r eg ul a ti o n b y t he s t a t e i n e co no m i c a c ti v i ti es . T h i s a l s o
        m e a n s s l o w i ng o f new co nt r o l s a n d r e g u l a ti o ns a n d a l s o
        d i s ma n tl i ng o f t he ex i s ti n g co n tr o l s a n d r eg ul a t i o ns .
    2 . R e l a t i v e Sh a r e E n l a r ge m e n t A p p r o a c h : P r i v a ti za ti o n ma y
        r el a t e to e nl a r g em e n t o f t he s h a r e o f pr i v a te e nt er pr i s es
        i n t h e pr o d u ct i o n o f g o o d s a n d s er v i c es i n t he ec o no my .
        T hi s m ea ns th a t f a s t er e co no mi c e x p a ns i o n o f g o o ds a n d
        s er v i c es pr o d u ced b y p r i v a t e s e ct o r a n d s l o w i n g d o w n o f
        p r o d uc ti o n o f g o o ds a n d s e r v i ce s i n th e pu bl i c s e ct o r .
    3 . A s s o c i a t i o n o f P r i v a t e S e c t o r M a n a ge m e n t A p p r o a c h :
        T hi s      a p pr o a c h      s u g g es ts         u ti l i zi ng      the       s er v i c es    of
        m a na g er i a l p er s o n nel o r ex ec u t i v es o f p r i v a t e s e c to r
        e n te r p r i s es f o r th e co n d uc t a n d m a na g e m en t o f P S U s .
    4. Transfer           of      Mi n o r i t y         Equity          O wn e r s h i p      Approach :
        P r i v a t i z a t i o n ma y b e def i n e d a s t h e tr a ns f er o f m i no r i ty
        e q ui ty     o w n er s hi p        of         pu b l i c   e n te r p r i s es      to     p r i v a te
        i n di v i d u a l s a nd i n s ti t u ti o ns s o t ha t t he u l t i m a t e c o ntr o l
        c o nt i n u es to r e ma i n w i t h t h e s t a te .
    5 . T r a n s f e r o f C o m p l e t e O wn e r s h i p A p p r o a c h : Pr i v a t i z a t i o n
        i s a l s o us e d i n th e s e ns e o f s a l e o f a l l th e s h a r es to t he
        private         pa r ti e s    so      t ha t        the     p u bl i c    e nt er pr i s es        are
        c o nv e r t e d i n to pr i v a te en t er pr i s es .

                                                                                                   Page 16 of 37
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Shortcomings



    T ho ug h t he PS U s ha v e co n tr i b ute d h ea v i l y to de v e l o p t he
i n d us t r i a l b a s e o f t he co u ntr y , t h ey co n ti nu e , ev e n to da y , to
s uf f er f r o m a nu m b er o f s ho r t co mi ng s w h i ch a r e i d e nti f i e d
b e l o w v er y b r i ef l y .

    1 . A s i za bl e n u m be r o f PS U s ha v e b ee n i n c ur r i n g a n d
        r e po r t i n g l o s s es o n a co nt i nu a l b a s i s . Co ns e q ue n tl y , a
        l a r g e n u m be r o f P S U s ha v e a l r e a dy b ee n r ef er r e d o f B IF R ;
    2 . M ul ti pl i c i t y    of        a u t ho r i ti es    to   w ho m     t he   PSUs      are
        a c co u nt a b l e ;
    3 . D el a y i n i m pl em e n ta ti o n o f pr o j e c ts l ea di ng t o co s t
        e s ca l a ti o n a n d o t h er co ns e q u en ce s ;
    4 . I n ef f e ct i v e a nd w i d es p r e a d i n ef f i ci e n cy o n m a n a g e m e nt ;
    5 . M a n y PS U s a r e o pe r a ti ng w i t ho u t th e l e a d er (i . e . , c h i ef
        e x e c ut i v e o r c ha i r ma n ) ;
    6 . W i t h a v i ew to p r o v i d e o p po r t un i ti e s f o r mo r e a n d mo r e
        u n e m pl o y e d        y o u t hs ,    mo r e       n um b er   of    p eo pl e ,   t ha n
        r e qu i r e d , w er e r e cr ui t e d a n d t he r ef o r e , m a n y PS U s a r e
        o v er - s ta f f e d r es u l ti ng       i n l o w e r l a bo ur p r o d uc ti v i ty , ba d
        i n d us t r i a l r el a t i o n s , e tc. ;
    7 . u n - r em u ne r a ti v e p r i ci ng po l i cy ; a n d
    8 . A n u mb er o f s i ck c o m p a n i es ( 4 0 c o m pa ni es ) w hi c h w e r e
        i n th e pr i v a te s e c to r w a s t a k e n o v er by p u bl i c s e cto r

                                                                                         Page 17 of 37
International Business Management Report

         m a i nl y to pr o t ec t t h e e m pl o y ee s . T h es e s i ck u n i t s a r e
         c a us i n g a bi g dr a i n o n t h e r es o ur ce s o f t h e s t a t e; et c.




M et h o d s o f P r i va t i z a t i o n



T h er e a r e f o ur i m p o r t a n t mo d es o f pr i v a t i z a t i o n. T h ey a r e :

   (a)          F r a n c hi s i ng


   (b)           C o n tr a c ti ng


   (c)           L ea s i ng


   (d)           D i s i nv e s t me n t.



   I n I n d i a , di s i nv es tm e nt o f g o v er n m e nt s ha r e o f e q u i t y i n
P S U s i s pr edo mi n a n t. It s ta r t ed i n 1 9 92 i mm e di a te l y a f t er t he
N ew E co no m i c Po l i c y i n a p h a s ed m a n ner . T he m a i n cr i ti c i s m
o f di s i n v es t me n t o f s ha r es o f PS U s i n I n di a i s tha t i t ha s be e n
p a r ti a l a n d h a l f - h ea r te d. T h er e s ee ms to b e n o pl a ns to
d i s i nv es t co m pl et el y . T h e g o v er nm e n t s ti l l w o ul d l i ke to ke ep
a do mi na n t co nt r o l . 39 co m pa ni es ha v e be e n p r o po s ed f o r
d i s i nv es tm e nt ti l l 1 9 95 - 9 6. A l l t h e co m pa ni es p r o po s ed f o r
d i s i nv es tm e nt a r e c e ntr a l PS U s . N o s t a t e l ev el PS U h a s b e en
p r o po s ed f o r di s i nv es tm e nt. It co ul d o nl y di s i nv e s t 1% to 35%

                                                                                      Page 18 of 37
International Business Management Report

s ha r es o f PS U s o n a n a v e r a g e. I t i s a l s o o bs er v e d t ha t th e
s ha r es      of       ef f i c i en t     and     pr o f i t - ma ki ng        co mp a ni es       are
d i s i nv es te d mo r e t ha n th e co mp a ni es w hi c h a r e po t en ti a l l y
s i c k o r s i c k co mp a ni es . T h e di s i n v es t m en t pe r c en t a g e i s a l s o
not      much         in     l o s s - m a ki n g   and     i n ef f i ci e nt    u ni ts ,    t h er e by
d ef ea ti ng t he p ur po s e.




P r i v a t i z a t i o n o f P S Us




        M a j o r i ty o f t he i n d u s tr i a l e n ter pr i s es i n th e p u bl i c s e cto r
h a v e f a i l e d to a ch i ev e t h e d es i r ed r es ul t. Of co ur s e, a n u m ber
of     f a c to r s - i n ter n a l       and   ex ter n a l ,   co n tr o l l a bl e     and      no n -
c o ntr o l l a bl e a r e r es po n s i bl e f o r h i s p r e ca r i o us pe r f o r ma n ce. A
l o o k a t th e hi s to r y o f p u bl i c s e cto r un d er t a k i n g s ( P S U s ) i n t he
c o un tr y r e v e a l s t h e co nt i n uo us ex pa ns i o n i n t h e r o l e o f PS U s .
C o ns e q ue n tl y , a n u m b er o f e nt er p r i s es ha v e b ee n es ta bl i s he d
a n d h u g e a mo unt o f bo r r o w e d ca pi ta l ha s be e n e m pl o y e d b y
t h e s ta te ev en i n t he no n - co r e , no n - s tr a te g i c a n d no t s o
e s s e n ti a l a r e a . H e n c e, t h e s ta t e h a s ma de a n um be r o f c ha ng es
i n i ts N ew I nd us tr i a l Po l i c y a nno un c e d o n J ul y 2 4, 1 9 9 1.



                                                                                              Page 19 of 37
International Business Management Report
                                  GLOBALISATION
                                  GLOBALISATION




Introduction:



        T h e ex pa ns i o n o f ec o no mi c a ct i v i ti es a cr o s s p o l i ti ca l
b o un d a r i es o f n a ti o n s ta tes . M o r e i m po r ta nt, p er ha ps , i t
r ef e r s to a pr o c e s s o f i nc r e a s i n g eco no mi c i nt e g r a te d a n d
g r o w i ng e co no mi c i n t er de pe n d en c e b etw ee n co u n tr i es i n th e
w o r l d e co no my . I t i s a s s o ci a t e d n o t o nl y w i t h a n i n cr ea s i n g
c r o s s - bo r d er mo v em e nt o f g o o ds , s er v i ces , ca pi ta l te c h no l o g y
i nf o r ma ti o n a n d p eo pl e b ut a l s o w i t h a n o r g a ni za ti o n o f
e co no mi c a ct i v i ti es w h i c h s tr a d dl es n a t i o n a l bo un d a r i es . T hi s
p r o ce s s   is   dr i v e n   by   the     l ur e   of    pr o f i t   a nd    t hr ea t    of
c o mp e ti t i o n i n th e ma r k et.




        T h e t er m G l o ba l i z a ti o n a s s u c h d e no tes a d j us tm e n t o f
n a ti o na l e co no m y w i t h t h a t o f t he w o r l d ec o no m y . It i s
c o nv e r s i o n o f a n a ti o na l ma r k et i n to i n t er na ti o na l mo bi l i t y o f
f a c to r s o f pr o d uc t i o n. In o t h er s w o r ds , i t ma y be d e s cr i be d a s
t h e i n te g r a ti o n o f na ti o na l ec o no m y w i t h th a t o f g l o b a l
e co no my .




A n i m po r ta n t a t tr i b u te o f G l o b a l i z a t i o n i s t he i n cr ea s i n g
d e g r ee     of   o pen n es s ,    w hi c h   has     t hr ee      d i me ns i o ns ,   i . e. ;

                                                                                    Page 20 of 37
International Business Management Report

i n ter n a ti o n a l tr a d e , i n ter n a ti o n a l i nv es tm e nt a n d i n ter n a ti o n a l
f i n a n c e.         A c co r d i ng      to        Wo r l d       D ev el o p men t            R e po r t,
G l o b a l i z a ti o n r ef l e cts t h e pr o g r e s s i v e i n te g r a ti o n o f w o r l d’s
e co no mi es .

         The       m a n i f e s ta ti o n       of      pr o d uc t i o n      i n c l u d es     s pa ti a l
r eo r g a ni z a t i o n       of       pr o d u cti o n     t he       i nt er p e n etr a t i o n      of
i n d us t r i e s a cr o s s b o r d er s , th e s pr e a d o f f i na n ci a l m a r ke ts , a n d
t h e d i f f us i o n o f i d en ti c a l co ns u me r g o o ds to di s ta n t co u nt r i es
a n d ma s s i v e tr a ns f er o f po p u l a ti o n a cr o s s na ti o n a l f r o n ti e r s .

         G l o b a l i za ti o n i s a pr o c es s o f r ea f f i r m a t i o n o f f a i t h i n t he
m a r ke ts , r e ta i ni n g t h e c ha r a ct er o f i n de pe n d en c e o f a co u ntr y .
H er e , t h e co u n tr y f o l l o w s a pr a g m a ti c po l i cy w i t h a s hi f t i n
d e ci s i o n ma ki ng f r o m g o v er nm en t to b us i n es s . T h e ma r k et
f o r c es a n d t h e l a w s o f eco no mi cs w i l l ha v e g r ea ter i m po r ta n ce
t h a n t he po l i ti ca l i d eo l o g y . T o m a ke a co un tr y a s uc c es s f ul
p a r t ner       in      Globalization,              t he   g o v e r n m e nt      must         play      a
c o mp l i me n ta r y r o l e.




F a c t o r s c o n t r i bu t i n g t o G l o ba l i z a t i o n :




T h e i mp o r t a n t f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o Gl o b a l i z a t i o n a r e :




                                                                                                 Page 21 of 37
International Business Management Report

    ( a ) T ec h n o l o g i c a l Ad va n c es I n c o m mu n i c a t i o n :


    T e c h nol og i c a l a d v a nc e s i n c omm u ni c a t i on h a v e ma d e i t
p os si b l e t o know i n a n i nst a nt w h a t i s h a p p e ni ng i n
d i f fe re nt p a rt s o f t h e w or l d . Th e f l ow o f i n for m a t i o n a n d
i d e a s,     b o ost e d        greatly     by    the      I nt e rn e t ,   can      enable
d e v e l op i ng c ou nt ri e s t o l e a r n mo r e r a p i d l y f rom e a c h ot h e r
a nd f r om i nd u st r i a l c ou nt ri e s .




    ( b ) I mp r o v emen t s I n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n An d T ec h n o l o g y :
    I m p r o v e m en ts i n tr a ns po r t a ti o n n e tw o r ks a n d t e c h no l o g y
a r e r e d u ci ng t h e c o s ts o f s hi p pi ng g o o ds b y w a t er , g r o un d a nd
a i r . T h i s c a n f a ci l i t a t e t he mo v em e n ts o f g o o ds . T e c hno l o g i c a l
i m pr o v em e nt s ca n en a bl e d ev el o pi ng co u ntr i es t o l e a p s t a g es
i n t he d ev e l o p me n t pr o ce s s t h a t r e l y o n i n ef f i ci e nt us es o f
n a ti o na l r es o ur ce s .




    (c)            O t h e r Fa c t o r s :
    R i s i n g ed u ca ti o n a l l ev e l s , t e chn o l o g i ca l i nno v a t i o ns th a t
a l l o w i de a s to ci r c ul a t e , a nd t he e co no m i c f a i l u r es o f mo s t
c e n tr a l l y    pl a n ne d     eco no mi es     have       also      co nt r i bu t ed     to
G l o b a l i z a ti o n.




                                                                                      Page 22 of 37
International Business Management Report

T r en d s i n G l o ba l i z a t i o n :



T h e i mpo r t a n t t r e n ds i n G l o b a l i za t i o n a r e t h e f o l l o w i ng :




    (a)         I n t er n a t i o n a l T r a d e :



    T r a de i n g o o ds a n d s er v i c es ha s g r o w n tw i c e a s f a s t a s
g l o ba l G D P i n t h e 19 9 0’s a n d t h e s h a r e a ttr i b u ta bl e to
d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es h a s r i s en f r o m 2 3 to 2 9 p er c e n t. T her e i s
a c o m po s i ti o n a l s h i f t i n tr a de , w hi c h ha s cr e a t ed a new
p a tt er n i n t he i n t er na ti o na l ex ch a ng e o f g o o ds , s e r v i ce s , a n d
i d ea s . T r a de i n c o mpo n e nts i s o n e pa r t o f t h a t n ew pa tt er n.
A dv a n c es i n i nf o r ma ti o n t ec h no l o g y h el ps to l i n k f i r ms f r o m
d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es i nto g l o ba l pr o d u cti o n netw o r ks . T h e
t r e m e n do us g r o w t h o f tr a d e i n s e r v i c es a n d , mo r e r e ce nt l y , o f
e l e c tr o ni c co m me r ce i s a l s o a pa r t o f t he n ew tr a de p a t te r n.




    (b) International Financial Flows :



    T h er e ha s b ee n i n cr e a s e i n i n te r na ti o na l ca pi ta l f l o w s o f
d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es . H o w ev er , th e f i n a n c i a l cr i s i s o f 1 9 77 - 99
h a v e p u t t he g r o w i ng i n ter d e pen d e n ci es a mo n g c o u n tr i es i n
t h e s po tl i g h t a n d l e d to i n te ns e s c r u ti ny . S u ch f l o w s a r e
s ta r te d to r i s e a g a i n. T he f i n a nci a l per f o r m a nc e o f em er g i n g
                                                                                          Page 23 of 37
International Business Management Report

m a r ke ts i n t he 1 9 9 0s ma d e c a pi ta l a c co u nt l i b er a l i za ti o n a n
a t tr a c ti v e o pt i o n f o r dev el o pi ng c o u n tr i es . M a n y d ev el o pi ng
c o un tr i es h a v e b e g a n to l o o s e n c o n tr o l s o n i n f l o w s a nd
o ut f l o w s o f ca pi ta l .




    T h e E a s t A s i a n me l t do w n ha s e n ha n c ed t he a tt r a ct i v en es s o f
l o n g - t er m     ca pi ta l   i nv es t m en t.      C o un tr i es   have        s t a r te d    to
r e co g ni ze t ha t f o r ei g n d i r e c t i nv es t m e nt br i n g s w i t h i t no t
o nl y     ca pi ta l      bu t        also   t e ch no l o g y     m a r ke t    a c c es s         and
o r g a ni za ti o na l s k i l l s . A n a na l y s i s o f t he per i o d 19 9 6 - 97 s ho w s
t h a t f o r ei g n d i r e c t i nv es t m e nt w a s l es s v o l a ti l e th a n t he
c o mm er ci a l b a nk l o a n s a nd f o r ei g n p o r tf o l i o f l o w s .




    ( c ) I n t er n a t i o n a l M i g r a t i o n :
    A l o n g w i th g o o d s , s e r v i c es , a nd i nv es tm e nt , pe o p l e a r e
crossing           bo r d er s    in    large    n um b er s .      A c co r di n g     to     Wo r l d
D ev el o pm e nt R ep o r t 1 99 9 - 2 00 0, e a c h t ea r be tw e e n 2 mi l l i o n
a n d 3 mi l l i o n peo pl e e mi g r a t e, w i t h ma j o r i ty o f th e m g o i ng to
j us t 4 co un tr i es : t h e U ni t e d S ta t es , G er ma ny , C a na da a n d
A us tr a l i a . T h e ma r k et f o r hi g h l y s ki l l e d w o r ke r s w i l l b eco me
e v e n mo r e g l o ba l l y i nt eg r a te d i n t h e co m i n g de ca d es .




    A t t h e e n d o f th e 2 0 t h c en t ur y G l o b a l i za ti o n ha s a l r ea dy
d e mo ns tr a te d th a t e co no mi c de c i s i o ns , w h er ev er t h ey a r e

                                                                                          Page 24 of 37
International Business Management Report

m a de i n t he w o r l d , m us t ta ke i n t er na ti o na l f a c to r s i nto
a c co u nt. T her e i s a c cel er a ti o n o f g o o ds , s e r v i c es , i d ea s a nd
c a pi ta l a cr o s s na t i o n bo r d er s .




                                                                              Page 25 of 37
International Business Management Report

                                     C O N CL US I O N:




   The        low       a n n u a l g r o wt h        rate of      the economy             of
    I n d i a b e f o r e 1 9 8 0 , wh i c h s t a g n a t e d a r o u n d 3 . 5 % f r o m
    1950s        to     1980s,        wh i l e p e r      capita    i n c o me a ve r a g e d
    1.3%] At             the          s a me           time, Pakistan grew                  by
    5 % , I n d o n e s i a b y 9 % , Th a i l a n d b y 9 % , S o u t h K o r e a b y
    1 0 % a n d i n Ta i wa n b y 1 2 % .




   Only        four        or      f i ve       licences        wo u l d    be        g i ve n
    f o r s t e e l , p o we r a n d c o m mu n i c a t i o n s .   L i c e n se    o wn e r s
    b u i l t u p h u g e p o we r f u l e mp i r e s .




   A h u g e p u b l i c s e c t o r e me r g e d . S t a t e - o wn e d e n t e r p r i s e s
    made large losses.




   Infrastructure           i n ve s t me n t    wa s     poor     because         of    the
    p u b l i c s e c t o r mo n o p o l y .




                                                                                   Page 26 of 37
International Business Management Report

   License           Ra j e s t a b l i s h e d         the       "irresponsible,                 self -
    p e r p e t u a t i n g b u r e a u c r a c y t h a t s t i l l e xi s t s         throughout
    much of the country andcorruption flourished under this
    s ys t e m.




        E co no mi c l i be r a l i za ti o n h a s i n cr e a s ed t h e r es po n s i bi l i t y
a n d r o l e o f t he p r i v a t e s e cto r . A t t he s a me t i me , i t ha s
r e du c e d t h e co nt r o l o f t h e g o v er n m e nt o n e co no m y a f f a i r s . I t
i s ex p e ct e d th a t t h e r ef o r ms w o ul d l i ber a l i ze t h e I n d i a n
e co no my e no ug h t o cr ea te a co nd u c i v e e nv i r o nme n t f o r r a p i d
e co no mi c d ev el o p m e nt. T he N i nth F i v e Y ea r P l a n, t h er ef o r e,
r i g ht l y o bs er v ed, “ T h e co n d i ti o ns t ha t ex i s t to da y , d e ma n d a
d e ci s i v e br ea k f r o m t h e p a s t. T h e g o v er n m en t h a s ta ke n o n
i ts el f to o ma ny r e s p o ns i bi l i ti es w i t h t he r es ul t t ha t i t no t o nl y
e n co ur a g ed a de p e n de n cy s y n dr o me a mo n g o ur p eo p l e , but
a l s o i m po s e d s ev er e s tr a i n s o n f i na n ci a l a n d a d m i ni s tr a ti v e
c a pa bi l i ti e s o f t he g o v er nm e nt.




        Private        i ni ti a ti v e   w h et h er       i nd i v i d u a l ,   co l l e ct i v e   or
c o mm u ni ty - ba s ed       f o r ms    t he        es s e nc e o f       t h e d e v e l o p m e nt
s tr a te g y a r ti c ul a t e d i n t h e p l a n.


                                                                                             Page 27 of 37
International Business Management Report



         T h e pr o c es s o f r e f o r ms a cco r d i ng to ma ny e co no mi s ts a nd
s o ci a l s ci en ti s ts i s no t f a s t e no ug h to a c h i ev e t he g o a l s .
J ef f r e y S a c hs , d i r e cto r o f H a r v a r d U ni v er s i ty ’s c en t er f o r
i n ter n a ti o n a l dev el o p me n t a n d a n o t e d e co no mi s t , po i n te d o u t
t h a t t he r ef o r m p r o ce s s i n I n di a h a d a l o ng w a y to g o . H e f e el s
t h a t w i tho u t a f o c us o n th e “ tw i n pi l l a r s ” o f s o ci a l a n d
e co no mi c s tr a teg i es , t h e f u t ur e w o u l d b e bl ea k f o r I n di a ,
e s p e ci a l l y i n t he c o nt ex t o f co m pe ti ti o n a l l a r o u nd .




         L i ber a l i za ti o n pr o ce s s i s o n t h e s l o w tr a c k . G o v e r n m e nt i s
e x p e ct e d to r e du c e a n d f i na l l y g i v e u p i ts i nv o l v e m en t i n
e co no mi c m a t t er s a n d p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n pr o v i d i ng t he
r e qu i r e d    s o ci o - e co no mi c    i nf r a s tr u ct ur e.     The      g o v er n me n t,
h o w ev er , i s r el u c t a n t to g i v e u p i ts r o l e o f o w ni ng a nd
c o ntr o l l i n g e c o no mi c a ct i v i ti e s . A t t he s a m e ti me i ts i na bi l i t y
to     s pe n d    for     providing          mi ni m u m       h ea l t h    and      e d u ca ti o n
s er v i c es . I t i s ea g e r to s pe n d o n h i g he r e d uca ti o n w i tho u t
s pe n di n g e no u g h o n pr i ma r y a nd s e co n da r y e du ca ti o n. It h a s
f a i l ed   in   pr o v i d i ng   a    co r r up ti o n    fre e      a d mi ni s tr a ti o n ,   an
e s s e n ti a l p r e co nd i ti o n f o r i n cr e a s i n g co m pe ti ti v en es s .




         S u c ces s o f t h e e co no mi c r ef o r ms d e pe n ds up o n t he
c o mm i t me n t o f a l l co n c er ne d – p e o p l e , po l i ti ca l pa r ti es ,



                                                                                           Page 28 of 37
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b u r e a uc r a cy ,       and      g o v er n me n t         –       to     the       socio       e co no m i c
p r o g r es s o f t he co u n tr y .



T h e e c o n om i c                liberalisation                      in         I n di a r e f e r s          to
o n g o i n g e c o n o m i c r e f o r ms i n I n d i a t h a t s t a r t e d i n 1 9 9 1 .
After            Independence                        in         1947,               India              adhered
t o s o c i a l i s t p o l i c i e s . I n t h e 1 9 8 0 s , P r i m e M i n i s t e r Ra j i v
G a n d h i i n i t i a t e d s o m e r e f o r ms . I n 1 9 9 1 , a f t e r I n d i a s o l d 6 7
t o n s o f g o l d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l M o n e t a r y F u n d ( I M F) , t h e
g o ve r n m e n t         of P.        V.     Narasimha                    Rao and           his       finance
m i n i s t e r Ma n mo h a n                     Singh started                              breakthrough
r e f o r ms . Th e n e w n e o - l i b e r a l p o l i c i e s i n c l u d e d o p e n i n g f o r
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e a n d i n ve s t m e n t , d e r e g u l a t i o n , i n i t i a t i o n
o f p r i va t i z a t i o n ,     tax       r e f o r ms ,        and           inflation-controlling
m e a s u r e s . T h e o ve r a l l d i r e c t i o n o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n h a s s i n c e
remained              the        s a me ,     i r r e s p e ct i ve         of    the        ruling       p a r t y,
a l t h o u g h n o p a r t y h a s ye t t r i e d t o t a k e o n p o we r f u l l o b b i e s
such        as       the trade           unions and                farmers,             or    contentious
issues              such            as         reforming                    labour            l a ws         and
r e d u c i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l s u b s i d i e s . Th e ma i n o b j e c t i ve o f t h e
g o ve r n m e n t               wa s           to            transform                      the economic
s ys t e m f r o m s o c i a l i s m t o c a p i t a l i s m s o                   as        to        a c h i e ve
h i g h e c o n o mi c g r o wt h a n d i n d u s t r i a l i z e t h e n a t i o n f o r t h e
we l l - b e i n g      of       Indian        c i t i z e n s . To d a y           India         is     ma i n l y
c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s a ma r k e t e c o n o m y .

A s o f 2 0 0 9 , a b o u t 3 0 0 mi l l i o n p e o p l e — e q u i va l e n t t o t h e
entire         population             of      the         Un i t e d        S t a t e s — h a ve e s c a p e d


                                                                                                       Page 29 of 37
International Business Management Report

e xt r e me p o ve r t y . T h e f r u i t s o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n r e a c h e d t h e i r
p e a k i n 2 0 0 7 , wh e n I n d i a r e c o r d e d i t s h i g h e s t G DP g r o wt h
r a t e o f 9 % . W it h t h i s , I n d i a b e c a me t h e s e c o n d f a s t e s t
g r o wi n g     ma j o r     economy           in     the    wo r l d ,     n e xt    only       to
China. An Organisation                    for     E c o n o mi c      Co - o p e r a t i o n    and
D e ve l o p m e n t ( O E C D)          report        states        that     the      a ve r a g e
g r o wt h r a t e s 7 . 5 % wi l l d o u b l e t h e a ve r a g e i n c o me i n a
d e c a d e a n d m o r e r e f o r ms wo u l d s p e e d u p t h e p a c e .

Indian         g o ve r n m e n t      coalitions        h a ve      been        a d vi s e d     to
continue          liberalisation.              India     g r o ws      at     s l o we r       pace
t h a n Ch i n a , wh i c h h a s b e e n l i b e r a l i s i n g i t s e co n o m y s i n c e
1 9 7 8 . Mc K i n s e y s t a t e s     that        r e mo vi n g      main          obstacles
" wo u l d f r e e I n d i a ’ s e c o n o m y t o g r o w a s f a s t a s C h i n a ’ s , a t
1 0 p e r c e n t a ye a r " .




I n d i a n e c o n o mi c p o l i c y a f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e wa s i n f l u e n c e d
b y t h e c o l o n i a l e xp e r i e n c e ( wh i c h wa s s e e n b y I n d i a n
l e a d e r s a s e xp l o i t a t i ve i n n a t u r e ) a n d b y t h o s e l e a d e r s '
e xp o s u r e          t o Fa b i a n         socialism.              Policy              tended
t o wa r d s p r o t e c t i o n i s m , wi t h a s t r o n g e mp h a s i s o n i m p o r t
substitution, industrialization                                   under                        state
m o n i t o r i n g , s t a t e i n t e r ve n t i o n a t t h e m i c r o l e ve l i n a l l
businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a
large       public          sector,      business            regulation,          and central
p l a n n i n g Fi ve - Ye a r      Plans         of     India resembled                   central
planning           in       t h e S o vi e t     U n i o n . S t e e l , mi n i n g , m a c h i n e


                                                                                       Page 30 of 37
International Business Management Report

t o o l s , wa t e r , t e l e c o m mu n i c a t i o n s , i n s u r a n c e , a n d e l e c t r i c a l
plants,                    a mo n g                other                industries,                    we r e
e f f e c t i ve l y n a t i o n a l i z e d i n          the           mid-1950s. Elaborate
licences,           regulations             and         the        a c c o m p a n yi n g r e d       tape,
c o m mo n l y r e f e r r e d t o a s L i c e n c e R a j , we r e r e q u i r e d t o s e t
u p b u s i n e s s i n I n d i a b e t we e n 1 9 4 7 a n d 1 9 9 0 .

Before          the        process          of         reform          began       in       1991,        the
g o ve r n m e n t a t te mp t e d t o c l o s e t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y t o t h e
outside          wo r l d .       The      Indian           c u r r e n c y,     the rupee,              wa s
i n c o n ve r t i b l e     and       high            tariffs       and       i mp o r t        licensing
p r e ve n t e d f o r e i g n g o o d s r e a ch i n g t h e m a r k e t . I n d i a a l s o
o p e r a t e d a s ys t e m o f c e n t r a l p l a n n i n g f o r t h e e c o n o m y, i n
wh i c h f i r ms r e q u i r e d l i c e n s e s t o i n ve s t a n d d e ve l o p . Th e
l a b yr i n t h i n e b u r e a u c r a c y o f t e n l e d t o a b s u r d r e s t r i c t i o n s —
up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could
b e g r a n t e d a l i c e n c e t o p r o d u c e a n d t h e s t a t e wo u l d
d e c i d e wh a t wa s p r o d u c e d , h o w m u c h , a t wh a t p r i c e a n d
wh a t s o u r c e s o f c a p i t a l we r e u s e d . Th e g o ve r n m e n t a l s o
p r e ve n t e d      f i r ms     from        l a yi n g        off     wo r k e r s       or     closing
factories.           Th e      central         pillar         of     the     policy         wa s i m p o r t
substitution,               the    belief          that     India        needed         to        rely    on
i n t e r n a l ma r k e t s f o r d e ve l o p me n t , n o t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e —
a    belief        generated             by        a    mi xt u r e      of socialism and                the
e xp e r i e n c e o f c o l o n i a l e xp l o i t a t i o n . P l a n n i n g a n d t h e s t a t e ,
rather          than          markets,             wo u l d         determine           how           mu c h
i n ve s t m e n t wa s n e e d e d i n wh i c h s e c t o r s .




                                                                                                  Page 31 of 37
International Business Management Report

I n t h e 8 0 s , t h e g o ve r n me n t l e d b y R a j i v G a n d h i s t a r t e d
l i g h t r e f o r ms . T h e g o ve r n m e n t s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d L i c e n s e
Raj and               also             p r o mo t e d         the            g r o wt h        of
t h e t e l e c o mm u n i c a t i o n s a n d s o f t wa r e i n d u s t r i e s

T h e V i s h wa n a t h P r a t a p       S i n g h g o ve r n m e n t        (1989–1990)
a n d Ch a n d r a S h e k h a r S i n g h g o ve r n me n t ( 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 1 ) d i d
n o t a d d a n y s i g n i f i c a n t r e f o r ms .



         1 9 9 1 I n di a e c on o m i c c r i s i s

T h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f p r i me mi n i s t e r I n d i r a G a n d h i i n 1 9 8 4 ,
and      later       of    her     s o n Ra j i v        Gandhi in        1991,       crushed
i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n ve s t o r c o n f i d e n c e o n t h e e c o n o m y t h a t wa s
e ve n t u a l l y p u s h e d t o t h e b r i n k b y t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s .

A s o f 1 9 9 1 , I n d i a s t i l l h a d a f i xe d e xc h a n g e r a t e s ys t e m,
wh e r e t h e r u p e e wa s p e g g e d t o t h e va l u e o f a b a s k e t o f
currencies           of     major         trading         partners.         India         started
h a vi n g b a l a n c e o f p a ym e n t s p r o b l e ms s i n c e 1 9 8 5 , a n d b y
t h e e n d o f 1 9 9 0 , i t wa s i n a s e r i o u s e c o n o mi c c r i s i s . Th e
g o ve r n m e n t     wa s      close       to     default,its central              bank had
r e f u s e d n e w c r e d i t a n d f o r e i g n e xc h a n g e r e s e r ve s h a d
reduced to the point that Indiacould barely finance three
we e k s ’ wo r t h o f i mp o r t s .

A B a l a n c e o f P a ym e n t s c r i s i s i n 1 9 9 1 p u s h e d t h e c o u n t r y
t o n e a r b a n k r u p t c y . I n r e t u r n f o r a n I M F b a i l o u t , g o l d wa s
transferred           toLondon as             collateral,         t h e Ru p e e d e va l u e d
a n d e c o n o m i c r e f o r ms we r e f o r c e d u p o n I n d i a . T h a t l o w
p o i n t wa s t h e c a t a l ys t r e q u i r e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e e c o n o m y

                                                                                      Page 32 of 37
International Business Management Report

t h r o u g h b a d l y n e e d e d r e f o r ms t o u n s h a c k l e t h e e c o n o m y.
Controls                                started                           to                        be
d i s m a n t l e d , t a r i f f s , d u t i e s a n d t a xe s p r o g r e s s i ve l y l o we r e d ,
s t a t e mo n o p o l i e s b r o k e n , t h e e c o n o m y wa s o p e n e d t o
trade         and        i n ve s t me n t , p r i va t e       sector          enterprise and
c o mp e t i t i o n we r e e n c o u r a g e d a n d g l o b a l i s a t i o n wa s s l o wl y
e mb r a c e d . T h e r e f o r ms p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s t o d a y a n d i s
accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often
h e l d h o s t a g e b y c o a l i t i o n p o l i t i c s a n d ve s t e d i n t e r e s t s .

L a t e r r e f o r ms

   A t a l B i h a r i V a j p a ye e 's a d mi n i s t r a t i o n s u r p r i s e d m a n y b y
    c o n t i n u i n g r e f o r m s , wh e n i t wa s a t t h e h e l m o f a f f a i r s o f
    I n d i a f o r f i ve ye a r s .
   T h e V a j p a ye e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n                                   continued
    wi t h p r i va t i z a t i o n ,   reduction         of     t a xe s ,    a    sound fiscal
    p o l i c y a i me d       at       reducing         deficits         and       debts          and
    i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a t i ve s f o r p u b l i c wo r k s .
   T h e U F g o ve r n m e n t a t t e mp t e d a p r o g r e s s i ve b u d g e t t h a t
    encouraged               r e f o r ms ,    but       the      1997 Asian              financial
    crisis and political                               i n s t a b i l i t y c r e a t e d e c o n o mi c
    stagnation.

   E c o n o mi c        and           technology-related                sanctions             h a ve
    r e p e a t e d l y n o t p r o ve d t o b e ve r y e f f e c t i ve i n c o mp e l l i n g
    n a t i o n s t o c h a n g e t h e i r s o ve r e i g n d e c i s i o n s m a d e i n
    e n l i g h t e n e d s e l f - i n t e r e s t . I n d i a f a c e d s e ve r e s a n c t i o n s
    a f t e r P o k h r a n - I ( f i ve n u c l e a r t e s t s o n Ma y 1 1 a n d 1 3 ,
    1998           at        the         Pokhran             range             in      Rajasthan

                                                                                           Page 33 of 37
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    Desert),andsanctions                     that       we r e       mo r e     c o m p r e h e n s i ve
    we r e i m p o s e d f o l l o wi n g P o k h r a n - I I . Th e r e we r e d i r e
    p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e e c o n o m y, d o u b l e - d i g i t
    inflation etc.
   A f t e r f i ve ye a r s, mo s t o f t h e s a n c t i o n s h a ve b e e n l i f t e d
    and the Indian economy is continuing to grow at an
    a c c e p t a b l y s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t e . Th e a n t i c i p a t e d g r o wt h r a t e
    for 2003-04 is 6.0%. Though India’s Gross National
    Income              is     only      $477.4            billion        by       c o n ve n t i o n a l
    calculations, it translates into $2,913 billion purchasing
    p o we r          parity    (PPP),          according            to   the      latest         wo r l d
    d e ve l o p me n t i n d i c a t o r s . I n P P P t e r ms , i t i s t h e wo r l d 's
    f o u r t h l a r g e s t e c o n o m y, b e h i n d o n l y t h e US , C h i n a a n d
    Japan.



L i b e r al i z a ti on v s Dem oc r a ti z at i on

T h e r e i s a d i st in c t di f fe re n c e b e t w e e n l ibe r al iz a t io n an d
d e m o c r a t iz a t io n , w h i c h a re o ft e n t h o u g h t to b e th e s a m e
c o n c e pt .         L ibe r al iz a t io n        can       take            pl ac e     w i th o u t
d e m o c r a t iz a t io n , a n d de al s w i t h a c o m b in at io n o f po l i c y
a n d so c i al c h an g e sp e c ial iz e d t o a c e r t ai n is s u e s u c h as
the       l i be r al iz at i o n     of        g o ve r n m e n t - h e l d      pr o p e r ty      for
p r i v ate      pu rc h a s e ,      w h e re a s       de m o c r at iz a ti o n        is      m o re
p o l i t ic al l y      spe c i al iz e d         th at       c an       a r i se       from           a
l ibe r al iz a t io n ,       bu t     works           in       a     b ro ad e r       l e ve l      of
g o ve rn m e n t.



                                                                                           Page 34 of 37
International Business Management Report



      What                    are                    Disadvantages                                  of
      Privatisation ?


1 . P r i v a t i s a t i o n i s e x p e n s i v e a n d g e n e r a t e s a l o t o f i n c o me i n
fees for specialist advisers such as banks.

2 . P u b l i c mo n o po l i e s h a v e b e e n t u r n e d i n t o p r i v a t e mo n o p o l i e s
w i t h t o o l i t t l e c o mp e t i t i o n , s o c o n s u me r s h a v e n o t b e n e f i t e d a s
mu c h a s h a d b e e n h o p e d . Th i s i s t h e ma i n r e a s o n wh y i t h a s
b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o c r e a t e r e g u l a t o r s ( O F WA T , O F G AS e t c ) .
T h i s i s a n i mp o r t a n t p o i n t . I t p a r t l y d e p e n d s o n h o w t h e
privatisation took place.                         F o r e x a mp l e , t h e r a i l wa ys        we r e
p r i v a t i s e d i n b i t o f a r u s h a n d t h e r e mi g h t h a v e b e e n o t h e r
w a ys t o d o i t s o t h a t mo r e c o mp e t i t i o n wa s c r e a t e d . I t p a r t l y
d e p e n d s o n t h e ma r k e t . S o me m a r k e t s a r e ' n a t u r a l mo n o p o l i e s '
w h e r e c o mp e t i t i o n i s d i f f i c u l t . F o r e x a mp l e , i t w o u l d b e v e r y
wasteful          and      expensive            to     build   t wo     sets     of     track      into
L i v e r p o o l S t r e e t ju s t t o c r e a t e s o me c o mp e t i t i o n . Na t u r a l
mo n o p o l i e s c r e a t e a s p e c i a l ju s t i f i c a t i o n f o r p u b l i c o wn e r s h i p
i n t h e g e n e r a l p ub l i c i n t e r e s t .

3 . Th e n a t i o n a l i se d i n d u s t r i e s we r e s o l d o f f t o o q u i c k l y a n d t o o
c h e a p l y. Wi t h p a t i e n c e a b e t t e r p r i c e c o u l d h a v e b e e n h a d wi t h
mo r e b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s o n t h e g o v e r n me n t ' s r e v e n u e . I n a l mo s t
all cases the share prices rose sharply as soon as dealing began
after privatisation.

                                                                                            Page 35 of 37
International Business Management Report

4 . Th e p r i v a t i s e d b u s i n e s s e s h a v e s o l d o f f o r c l o s e d d o wn
u n p r o f i t a b l e p a r t s o f t h e b u s i n e s s ( a s b u s i n e s s e s n o r ma l l y d o )
a n d s o s e r v i c e s e g t r a n s p o r t i n r u r a l a r e a s h a v e g o t wo r s e .

5 . Wi d e r s h a r e o w n e r s h i p d i d n o t r e a l l y h a p p e n a s ma n y s ma l l
i n v e s t o r s t o o k t he i r p r o f i t s a n d d id n ' t b u y a n yt h i ng e l s e .




                                                                                             Page 36 of 37
International Business Management Report

                                      Bibliography
h t t p : / / w w w. g o o g l e . c o m




                                                     Page 37 of 37

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  • 1. International Business Management Report International Business Management Report Prepared By : Arvind Bindal Anish Garg Amrit Aggarwal Ruchir Sood Shivang Saxena Indian Institute of Sunayna Khoud Planning & Management Sumit Badoria Satbari, New Delhi Yash Rathore Page 1 of 37
  • 2. International Business Management Report Index S . NO T O PI C PAGE 1. C E RT I FI CA T E 3 2. A C K O W L E DG E M E NT 4 3. I NT RO D UC T I O N 5 4. L I B E RA L I ZA T I O N 7 5. P RI V AT I ZA T I O N 14 6. G L O B AL I ZA T I O N 20 7. C O N CL US I O N 26 8. B I B L I O G R A PH Y 37 Page 2 of 37
  • 3. International Business Management Report C E RT I FI C AT E This is to certify that the Project Report titled “ Drawbacks of liberalization, Privatization, Globalization in Indian Business” submitted by : Name Roll No 1. ArvindBindal 22 2. YashRathore 3. RuchirSood 4. AnishGarg 13 5. AmritAggarwal 6. ArjunVij 7. ShivangSaxena 8. SunayanaKhound 9. SumitBadoria embodies the work done by them On/Off campus is under my supervision. Date: _____________ Signature:_________________ (Prof: PankajUpadhayay) Page 3 of 37
  • 4. International Business Management Report ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project involved the collection and analysis of information from a wide variety of sources and the efforts of many people beyond me. Thus it would not have been possible to achieve the results reported in this document without their help, support and encouragement. I will like to express my gratitude to the following people for their help in the work leading to this report: Prof: PankajUpadhayay: for their useful comments on the subject matter and for the knowledge I gained by sharing ideas with them. Page 4 of 37
  • 5. International Business Management Report I NT RO D UC T I O N Rajiv G a n d hi ’s g o v er n me n t i n i ti a te d th e po l i c y of l i b er a l i za ti o n s i nc e mi d - 8 0s . T he l i b er a l i za ti o n i ni t i a ti v es ha v e b e e n u n de r ta k en i n I n di a w i t h a v i ew to i n cr e a s e a p r o d u c ti o n, i m pr o v e q ua l i ty a n d g e t a c c es s t o ma r ke t f o r p r o d uc ts a nd s er v i c e a br o a d. R a di ca l l i ber a l i za ti o n or g l o ba l i za ti o n m e a s ur es ha v e b e e n br o ug h t i n s i n ce J ul y 1 99 1 to m a k e t he I n d i a n ec o no my p r o g r es s i v e l y ma r ke t o r i e nt e d a nd i n te g r a te i t w i t h t h e e m er g i n g g l o ba l e co no m y s tr u ct ur e. T he s e m ea s ur es i n cl u de r e d u ct i o n a n d r a ti o na l i z a ti o n o f e x c i s e d uty a nd c u s to ms d ut i es , del i c e ns i ng of s ev er a l d r ug and p h a r ma c eu ti c a l p r o d uc ts , r ea dy a c c es s to i mp o r t o f r a w m a ter i a l a n d ca pi ta l g o o ds a n d s o o n. It has c r e a t ed an e n v i r o n me n t co n d uc i v e to an e n te r p r i s e, i n v es t m e nt a nd i nn o v a ti o n. I n di a n i n du s tr i es ha v e s ta r te d to a ttr a c t f o r ei g n po r tf o l i o i nv es tm e nt a n d e q ui ty p a r ti ci p a ti o n i n n ew v e n t ur es . T h e g o v er n me n t i s co m mi tt e d t o ma ke f o r ei g n p l a y er s f ee t a t e a s e t o i n v es t d i r ec tl y a nd b r i ng w i t h i t n ew t e c hno l o g y a nd m a r ke ti ng s ki l l s . Page 5 of 37
  • 6. International Business Management Report T h er e ha s be e n i m p r es s i v e g r o w th i n F D I i nf l o w s t o I n di a w i t h th e i ntr o d uc t i o n o f po l i cy r ef o r ms . A s co m pa r e d to a n e a r t o t a l co n c e ntr a t i o n i n m a nu f a ct ur i ng ti l l 1 9 91 , t h e b u l k o f ne w i nf l o w ha s co m e i n th e e n er g y a nd s e r v i ce s e cto r . Page 6 of 37
  • 7. International Business Management Report LIBERALIZATION LIBERALIZATION T h e Ne w I n d u s t r i a l P o l i c y , 19 91 A n u m ber o f s i g n i f i c a n t e co no mi c c h a n g es i nt r o du c e d b y m a ny a n u m ber of co u ntr i es all the world o v er , t he e n co ur a g i n g r es u l ts o f t he l i b er a l i za ti o n m ea s ur e s i n tr o d u ce d i n 1 9 80 s by t he G o v er n me n t o f I nd i a , a nd th e pr ec a r i o us e co no mi c s i t u a ti o n th a t p r ev a i l e d d u r i ng t h e l a te r pa r t 8 0s h a v e en co ur a g ed a n d f o r c ed t he t h en Co ng r es s g o v er n me n t, w hi c h c a m e b a c k to po w er a t t h e c e nt r e , u n de r th e l ea d er s hi p o f S hr i . P. V. N a r a s i mh a R a o — a no n - N e hr u f a mi l y me m be r , to t a ke s o m e bo l d m e a s ur es to r e j u v en a t e th e e co n o my a n d to a c c el e r a te t he pa c e o f dev el o p me n t. I n t hi s b a ck g r o u n d, t he G o v er n me n t o f In d i a a n no un c e d i ts N e w In d u s t ri a l Po l i c y (N IP o r I P ) o n J u l y 24 , 1 9 91 . T h e i m po r t a nt o bj e ct i v e s a r e: a ) T o co r r e c t t h e d i s to r ti o ns th a t m a y ha v e cr e pt i n, a n d c o ns o l i d a t e t h e s t r e n g t hs b ui l t o n t h e g a i ns a l r ea dy ma d e b ) T o ma i n ta i n s u s t a i n ed g r o w t h i n t h e p r o d u c ti v i ty a n d g a i nf ul em pl o y me n t c ) T o a t ta i n i n te r n a t i o na l co m pe ti ti v e n es s . T h er e f o r e , th e ba s i c ph i l o s o p hy o f t he N ew IP , 19 9 1 ha s b e e n t he co n ti nu i ty w i t h c ha n g e . B e c a u s e , t h e n e w po l i cy r e pr es e nts a r en ew e d i ni ti a ti v e t o w a r ds co ns o l i d a t i n g th e Page 7 of 37
  • 8. International Business Management Report g a i ns o f n a ti o n a l r e co ns tr u cti o n a t t hi s cr u ci a l s ta g e. B ut w ha t i s mo r e i m po r ta n t i s t he c ha n g e ( i n co n ti n ui t y w i t h c ha ng e ) — c h a ng e i n t he a t ti t u d e o f t he s ta t e t o w a r ds t h e i n d us tr i a l s o ci et y , c h a ng e f r o m c e ntr a l l y pl a n n ed e co no my t o ma r ke t l e d e co no my , c ha ng e f r o m ex c es s i v e g o v er nm e nt i nt er v e nt i o n to m i ni ma l i nt er v e n ti o n , ch a ng e from na ti o na l i za ti o n to privatization, c h a ng e from s u bs i di za ti o n and cr o s s - s u bs i di za ti o n t o g r a d ua l w i t h dr a w a l o f s ub s i dy , e t c. B ut t hes e c h a ng es , w hi c h t h e g o v er n me n t h a s i n tr o du c e d, r ep r es e nt a s ha r p d e pa r t ur e f r o m t he e a r l i e r i n d us t r i a l po l i c i es . T h e s e c ha nge s p e r ta i n b ro ad l y to f i ve ar e as v i z , a) Industrial licensing, b) Public sector policy c ) MR T P A c t , 1 969 d ) F o r e i gn i n v e s t m e n t e ) F o r e i g n t e c h n o l o g y a gr e e m e n t s . I n d u s t r i a l Li c e n s i n g T hi s i s o n e o f t he a r e a s i n w h i ch s u bs t a n ti a l ch a n g e h a s b e e n ma de b y th e g o v er nm e nt. W i t h a v i ew to g i v e ef f e ct to t h es e c ha ng es , t h e g o v er nm e nt i s s ue d a n o ti f i c a ti o n [ vi z . , N o t i f i c a t i o n N o . 4 7 7 ( E ) ] o n J u l y 2 5 , 19 9 1 a n d t hi s no ti f i c a t i o n h a s ex e m pt e d t he i n d us tr i a l u n de r t a k i n g s f r o m th e o pe r a ti o n o f t he f o l l o w i ng S e c ti o ns o f In d u s t r i e s D e ve l o p m e n t a n d Page 8 of 37
  • 9. International Business Management Report R e gu l a t i o n s A c t , 1 95 1 s u b j e c t t o t he f ul f i l m e nt o f ce r t a i n c o nd i t i o n s . (a) S e cti o n 1 0 (w hi ch d e a l s w i th r e g i s tr a ti o n o f ex i s t i n g i n d us t r i a l u n de r ta ki ng s ) (b) S e cti o n 1 1 (w hi ch i s c o n c er ne d w i t h th e l i ce ns i n g f o r n ew i n d us tr i a l un d er ta ki ng s ) (c) S e cti o n 1 3 (w hi c h i s co n cer n e d w i t h t h e l i c en s i ng r e qu i r e m en ts f o r s u bs t a nti a l e x p a n s i o n ). F ur th er , the s e co n d s c he d ul e a pp e n de d to th e n o t i f i ca ti o n ci t ed a bo v e [ v i z. , N o . 4 7 7 ( E ) ] l i s ts t h e i nd us tr i es w hi c h a r e s u bj e ct to m a nd a to r y i n d u s tr i a l l i c e ns i n g . A c co r di ng to th i s no ti f i ca t i o n, o nl y 1 8 i n d us t r i e s w e r e s u b j e ct to c o mp ul s o r y i nd us tr i a l l i ce ns i n g . F ur th er , f i v e mo r e i n d us t r i es h a v e b ee n ex c l u d e d f r o m t he l i s t o f i nd us tr i es w h i ch a r e s u bj e ct to c o m pu l s o r y i n d us tr i a l l i ce ns i n g s u bs eq u e n tl y . T ha t m e a n s , o nl y 13 i n dus tr i es a r e no w s u bj e ct to c o m p ul s o r y i n d us t r i a l l i ce ns i n g . P u b l i c Se c t o r P o l i c y Page 9 of 37
  • 10. International Business Management Report A l a r g e n um b er o f Pu bl i c S e cto r E n t er pr i s es ha v e f a i l e d to a c hi ev e a t l e a s t a r e a s o na bl e r a t e o f s u cc es s . S o me o f t he f a c to r s w hi ch ha v e co n tr i b u te d to t hi s s i t ua ti o n a r e o v er s ta f f i n g a n d o v er ma na g i ng , pr i ce a n d d i s tr i bu ti o ns co ntr o l s , e t c. H en c e, t he g o v er n me n t, i n i ts In d us tr i a l P o l i c y , 19 9 1, i n tr o du c e d t he nu m b er o f s i g ni f i ca n t c h a n g e s p er ta i n i ng to t he P S E s . S o m e o f th e i m po r ta n t cha n g es e nv i s a g ed b y t he N ew P o l i c y a r e s u m ma r i z e d b el o w . P r i o r to t he a n n o u n c em e nt o f N ew In d us tr i a l P o l i c y , 1 9 9 1, s ev e nt ee n i n d us tr i es w er e r es er v e d ex cl us i v el y f o r t he s ta te f o r th ei r f u t ur e de v e l o p me n t. F ur t her , w i t h r es p e ct to a no t her 12 i n d us t r i es , t he s ta te w a s to p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e b y t a ki n g i ni ti a t i v e to es ta bl i s h n ew u n d er ta ki ng s . B es i d es , the s ta te ha d p o w e r t o e nt er i n to a ny o t her a r e a r e s e r v e d f o r the p r i v a t e s e cto r . H o w e v er , th e f a i l u r e o n t he p a r t o f ma j o r i ty o f P S E s h a s f o r c ed t h e g o v er n me n t t o r e v i ew i ts ea r l i er d e ci s i o n. C o ns e q ue n tl y , th e g o v er n me n t i n i ts N ew I n d us tr i a l Po l i c y , 1 9 9 1 ha s pr un ed t he l i s t o f t he i n d us t r i e s r es e r v e d f o r t he public s ec to r to o nl y 8. F ur t h er , the g o v er n me n t has d e r es er v e d 2 mo r e i nd us tr i es . A s a r es ul t, o nl y s i x i n d us tr i es a r e no w r es e r v ed f o r t he p u bl i c s e cto r . T h ey a r e: ( a ) A r ms a nd a m m un i t i o n a n d a l l i ed i te ms o f d ef e n c e e q ui pm e n t, a i r cr a f t a n d w a r s hi ps , (b ) A to mi c e n er g y , ( c ) Co a l a nd l i g n i t e, ( d) M i n er a l o i l s , (e) M i n er a l s s pe ci f i e d i n t h e s c he d ul e t o t he A to m i c E ner g y Or d er , 1 95 3, a n d ( f ) R a i l w a y tr a ns p o r t. H e n ce , Page 10 of 37
  • 11. International Business Management Report t h e f o c us o f th e p u b l i c s e c to r w i l l be o nl y o n s t r a te g i c a nd h i g h t e c h i n d us t r i es a nd o n ba s i c i nf r a s tr u ct ur a l pr o j e c ts . H o w ev e r t h e o bj e c ti v e o f t he N ew I nd us tr i a l Po l i c y ha s b e en to w i t hd r a w t he pu b l i c s e c to r i nv e s t m en t f r o m th e a c ti v i ti es w hi c h c a n s uc ce s s f ul l y b e ta k en u p b y t he pr i v a t e s e cto r e n te r p r i s e s . T he e m p ha s i s o f PS E s i n f u t ur e w i l l be o n : (a ) Basic and e s s en t i a l i nf r a s tr u ctu r a l f a ci l i ti es , (b) M i n er a l r es o ur ces , ( c ) C r u c i a l a r e a s i n t he i n ter es t o f th e e co no m y i n t h e l o n g r u n a n d w her e th e p r i v a t e s e cto r i n v es t m en t i s i na d e qu a t e , a nd ( d ) D ef e n ce eq ui p m e nt. W i t h a v i ew to mo b i l i ze th e r e s o ur ces a n d to h a v e a w i d er p u bl i c pa r ti c i p a t i o n , a pa r t of g o v er nm e n ts s ha r e h o l di ng s i n i ts en t er pr i s es w i l l be o f f er e d to t h e m u t ua l f u n ds , f i n a n ci a l i ns t i t u ti o ns , e mp l o y s o f P S E s , a n d t he g e n er a l p u bl i c. T h e N ew I n du s tr i a l Po l i cy a l s o pr o po s es s e l e c ti v e p r i v a ti z a t i o n o f PS E s . F ur t he r , t he po l i cy a l s o p r o po s e s to cl o s e do w n the PSEs w h i ch have b e co m e sick and w hi c h c a n no t be r e ha bi l i t a t ed. T h e s i c k PS E s w h i c h ca n be r ev i v e d w i l l be r ef e r e d to B o a r d f o r I n d us tr i a l a n d F i n a n c i a l R e co ns tr u ct i o n f o r t h e f o r m ul a ti o n o f r ev i v a l pa c ka g es . T he N ew I n d us t r i a l Policy also aims at pr o v i di n g g r e a t er o pe r a ti o na l and m a na g er i a l a uto n o my to th e ma n a g e me n t o f PS E s a nd m a k i n g t h e ma n a g em e nts a c co u n ta bl e f o r t he p er f o r m a nc e t hr o u g h a s y s t em c a l l ed M em o r a n d um o f U nd e r s t a n d i n g . M R T P A c t , 1 96 9 Page 11 of 37
  • 12. International Business Management Report T h e N ew I nd us t r i a l Po l i cy , 1 99 1 pr o po s es to a m en d s ui ta bl y t he M o n o po l i es a n d R es tr i c ti v e T r a d e P r a c ti ce s A c t, 1 9 6 9. T o r em o v e t h e t hr es ho l d l i m i ts o f a s s ets i n r es pe c t o f M R T P co m pa ni es a nd t he d o m i n a n t i n du s tr i a l u n d er ta ki ng s . T h e i m po r ta n t o b j e cti v es o f t h i s w er e tw o i n nu m b er . T he y are: (a) P r ev e n ti o n o f co n ce n tr a ti o n o f e co no mi c po w e r i n t h e h a nd s o f f ew w h i c h w i l l be d etr i m e nt a l to t h e c o mmo n i n ter es t; a n d (b) R e g ul a ti o n o f m o no po l i s ti c, r es tr i c ti v e a n d u nf a i r t r a d e pr a c ti c es w h i ch a r e p ur s ue d by th e b us i n e s s c o mm u ni ty a nd w hi c h a r e p r ej u di ci a l to t he p u b l i c i n ter es t. T h e N ew Po l i cy p r o po s es to r en ew t h e t hr es ho l d l i mi ts o f a s s e ts a nd t h er e f o r e , to r e p ea l t h e P r o v i s i o ns o f M R T P A c t, 1 9 6 9 per ta i n i ng t o t he f i r s t o b j e c ti v e. H e n ce , th e M R T P A ct n o w co n c er ne d o nl y w i t h t he p r o hi bi ti o n o f m o no po l i s t i c, r es t r i ct i v e a nd unfair tr a de p r a c ti ce s followed by t he i n d us t r i a l u n de r ta ki ng s a nd t he tr a di n g co m m un i t i e s . F o r e i g n In ve s t m e n t Page 12 of 37
  • 13. International Business Management Report A s f a r a s t h e di r e c t f o r e i g n i n v es t m e nt i s co n c er ne d , t he N ew Po l i cy pr o po s es to g i v e a uto ma ti c a pp r o v a l u p to 5 1% o f e q ui ty i n t he c a s e o f h i g h p r i o r i t y i n d us tr i es a nd i t h a s a l s o i d en ti f i e d 34 such i nd us tr y g r o u ps . F ur th er , the po l i cy p r o po s es to a l l o w ma j o r i ty f o r ei g n e q ui ty ho l d i ng s u p to 51% o f e q ui ty f o r th e tr a di ng co mp a ni es w h i c h a r e e ng a g e d i n e x po r t a c ti v i ti es . T hi s i s to e na bl e t he do m es ti c co m pa ni es a n e a s y a c ces s to i nt er n a ti o n a l ma r ke ts . Wi th a v i ew t o ne g o t i a t e w i t h t he l a r g e i nt er na ti o na l f i na n ci a l i ns ti t u ti o ns a n d to a p pr o v e t he d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v es tm e nts p r o po s a l s i n s el e c t e d areas, the N ew P o l i cy pr o po s e s to co ns t i t u te a s pe ci a l c o mm i t te e. F o r e i gn T e c h n o l o g y A gr e e m e n t s T h e N ew I n d us tr i a l Po l i cy pr o po s es to g i v e a ut o m a t i c p e r m i s s i o n f o r f o r ei g n t e c h no l o g y a g r e em e nts i n i de n ti f i e d h i g h pr i o r i ty i nd u s tr i es . F ur t her , i t a l s o pr o po s es to a l l o w o th er i n d us tr i es to i m po r t f o r ei g n t e c hn o l o g y s u b j ec t to th e f ul f i l l me n t o f c er t a i n co nd i t i o n s . Page 13 of 37
  • 14. International Business Management Report P R IIV A T IIZ A T IIO N PR VAT ZAT ON Introduction I n t he s i x ti es a nd s ev e nti es , t he p u bl i c s ec to r po l i c y ha s b e e n l a r g el y g ui d ed b y I n d us t r i a l Po l i cy R es o l u t i o n , 1 95 6 w hi c h g a v e th e p u b l i c s e cto r a s t r a te g i c r o l e i n th e e co no my . D ur i n g t he l a s t f o ur de ca d es , ma s s i v e i nv es tm e nts ha v e b ee n m a de to b u i l d a p u b l i c s e cto r w hi c h h a s a c o m ma n d i ng r o l e i n t h e e co no my . T o da y , ma n y k ey s e cto r o f t he e co no my a r e d o mi na te d b y t he ma t ur e p ub l i c s e cto r e n te r p r i s e s t ha t ha v e s u c ces s f u l l y ex p a n d e d t h e p r o d u ct i o n. I n t h e ea r l y po s t - I nd e pe n de n c e y ea r s , t her e w a s v i r t ua l c o ns e ns us a bo u t t h e n ee d f o r t he g o v e r n m e nt i nt er v e nt i o n i n e co no mi c a c ti v i ti es . P a nd i t Ja w a h a r l a l N e h r u de s cr i be d t h e p u b l i c s ec to r a s T e m pl es o f M o d er n In d i a . A t t h a t ti me , v i r t ua l l y n ei t her q u es ti o n ed t h e s t r a te g y no r r a i s ed a n y do ub ts a bo u t i t s i m pl e me n ta ti o n. T h e n um b er o f ce n tr a l p u b l i c s e cto r e n te r p r i s es i n cr e a s ed f r o m 5 i n t h e y ea r 1 95 1 to 24 0 by t h e e n d o f 19 95 a nd i nv es tm e nts i n p u b l i c s e cto r u n d er ta ki ng s ( P S U s ) i nc r e a s e d f r o m R s 2 9 cr o r e i n 1 9 51 to R s . 1,7 2 , 43 8 cr o r e b y t h e en d o f 19 9 5. T hey c o ntr i b u t e d ne a r l y o ne t h i r d o f o ur e x po r ts . T he y made s i g ni f i ca n t co ntr i b u ti o n to i m po r t s u bs t i t u ti o n. G o v er nm e nt u n der ta ki ng s a cc o u n t f o r mo r e t ha t 7 0% o f t he w o r k f o r ce e m pl o y e d i n t h e o r g a ni ze d s e c to r . T hey h a v e g r ea tl y r e du c e d t h e i m ba l a n c e d o f r eg i o n a l d ev el o p me nt Page 14 of 37
  • 15. International Business Management Report a n d ha v e l a i d s tr o ng b a s e f o r th e r a pi d de v el o p m e nt o f t h e c o un tr y . S o m e o f th e PS U s h a v e e a r ne d a r ep u t a ti o n pa r e x c el l e n ce a t t he i n ter n a t i o n a l l e v e l . S o me g i a nt p u bl i c s ec to r u n i t s (e. g . , I n d i a n O i l C o r po r a ti o n , S t e el A u tho r i ty o f I n di a , Oi l and N a t ur a l Gas Co mm i s s i o n , H i nd us ta n P et r o l e um C o r po r a ti o n Lt d. , Co a l I n di a Ltd and Bharat P e tr o l e um C o r po r a ti o n Lt d) f i g ur e in F o r t un e I nt er na ti o na l ’s large c o mp a ni e s . F u r th e r , t he p ub l i c s e c to r a c co u nt s f o r o n e - f o ur th o f th e co u n tr y ’s G D P. T h er e are tw o mi l l i o n e m pl o y e es in g o v e r nm e nt u n d er ta ki ng s a nd t h e a v er a g e em o l u me nt s pe r a n n u m a mo u n t t o mo r e th a n R s . 50 , 0 00 e a c h. B e s i des p a y i n g hi g h er s a l a r i es , p u b l i c e n ter pr i s es a s s ur e j o b s e c ur i ty , g o o d w o r ki ng co n di ti o n, a t tr a c ti v e i nc e nti v e s c he m e, pa r ti ci p a ti v e ma na g em e n t, hi g her d e g r ee o f s a f e ty , a d eq u a t e f a ci l i t i e s , et c. M e a n i n g o f Pr i v a t i s a t i o n T h e r e v o l u t i o n of p r i v a t i z a t i o n s ta r t e d i n 1 9 8 0 a nd s p r e a d t o ma n y p a r t s of t h e wo r l d . S e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s a r e p r i v a t i z i n g their public sector enterprises. India is no exception to it. P r i v a t i z a t i o n w a s me a n t t o i mp r o v e t h e p e r f o r ma n c e o f p u b l i c enterprises. Privatization techniques have be e n tried in countries like Great Britain, China, US, Tur k e y, Brazil, M e x i c o , J a p a n , e t c . P r i v a t i z a t i o n , i n t h e n a r r o w s e n s e , me a n s Page 15 of 37
  • 16. International Business Management Report t r a n s f e r o f o wn e r s h i p , o r s a l e o f p u b l i c e n t e r p r i s e s . Ho we v e r , p r i v a t i z a t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d i n d i f f e r e n t w a ys a s d e t a i l e d b e l o w: 1 . L i b e r a l i z a t i o n A p p r o a c h : Pr i v a ti za ti o n ma y b e us ed i n th e s en s e of l i b er a l i za ti o n h a v i ng f ew e r co n tr o l s and r eg ul a ti o n b y t he s t a t e i n e co no m i c a c ti v i ti es . T h i s a l s o m e a n s s l o w i ng o f new co nt r o l s a n d r e g u l a ti o ns a n d a l s o d i s ma n tl i ng o f t he ex i s ti n g co n tr o l s a n d r eg ul a t i o ns . 2 . R e l a t i v e Sh a r e E n l a r ge m e n t A p p r o a c h : P r i v a ti za ti o n ma y r el a t e to e nl a r g em e n t o f t he s h a r e o f pr i v a te e nt er pr i s es i n t h e pr o d u ct i o n o f g o o d s a n d s er v i c es i n t he ec o no my . T hi s m ea ns th a t f a s t er e co no mi c e x p a ns i o n o f g o o ds a n d s er v i c es pr o d u ced b y p r i v a t e s e ct o r a n d s l o w i n g d o w n o f p r o d uc ti o n o f g o o ds a n d s e r v i ce s i n th e pu bl i c s e ct o r . 3 . A s s o c i a t i o n o f P r i v a t e S e c t o r M a n a ge m e n t A p p r o a c h : T hi s a p pr o a c h s u g g es ts u ti l i zi ng the s er v i c es of m a na g er i a l p er s o n nel o r ex ec u t i v es o f p r i v a t e s e c to r e n te r p r i s es f o r th e co n d uc t a n d m a na g e m en t o f P S U s . 4. Transfer of Mi n o r i t y Equity O wn e r s h i p Approach : P r i v a t i z a t i o n ma y b e def i n e d a s t h e tr a ns f er o f m i no r i ty e q ui ty o w n er s hi p of pu b l i c e n te r p r i s es to p r i v a te i n di v i d u a l s a nd i n s ti t u ti o ns s o t ha t t he u l t i m a t e c o ntr o l c o nt i n u es to r e ma i n w i t h t h e s t a te . 5 . T r a n s f e r o f C o m p l e t e O wn e r s h i p A p p r o a c h : Pr i v a t i z a t i o n i s a l s o us e d i n th e s e ns e o f s a l e o f a l l th e s h a r es to t he private pa r ti e s so t ha t the p u bl i c e nt er pr i s es are c o nv e r t e d i n to pr i v a te en t er pr i s es . Page 16 of 37
  • 17. International Business Management Report Shortcomings T ho ug h t he PS U s ha v e co n tr i b ute d h ea v i l y to de v e l o p t he i n d us t r i a l b a s e o f t he co u ntr y , t h ey co n ti nu e , ev e n to da y , to s uf f er f r o m a nu m b er o f s ho r t co mi ng s w h i ch a r e i d e nti f i e d b e l o w v er y b r i ef l y . 1 . A s i za bl e n u m be r o f PS U s ha v e b ee n i n c ur r i n g a n d r e po r t i n g l o s s es o n a co nt i nu a l b a s i s . Co ns e q ue n tl y , a l a r g e n u m be r o f P S U s ha v e a l r e a dy b ee n r ef er r e d o f B IF R ; 2 . M ul ti pl i c i t y of a u t ho r i ti es to w ho m t he PSUs are a c co u nt a b l e ; 3 . D el a y i n i m pl em e n ta ti o n o f pr o j e c ts l ea di ng t o co s t e s ca l a ti o n a n d o t h er co ns e q u en ce s ; 4 . I n ef f e ct i v e a nd w i d es p r e a d i n ef f i ci e n cy o n m a n a g e m e nt ; 5 . M a n y PS U s a r e o pe r a ti ng w i t ho u t th e l e a d er (i . e . , c h i ef e x e c ut i v e o r c ha i r ma n ) ; 6 . W i t h a v i ew to p r o v i d e o p po r t un i ti e s f o r mo r e a n d mo r e u n e m pl o y e d y o u t hs , mo r e n um b er of p eo pl e , t ha n r e qu i r e d , w er e r e cr ui t e d a n d t he r ef o r e , m a n y PS U s a r e o v er - s ta f f e d r es u l ti ng i n l o w e r l a bo ur p r o d uc ti v i ty , ba d i n d us t r i a l r el a t i o n s , e tc. ; 7 . u n - r em u ne r a ti v e p r i ci ng po l i cy ; a n d 8 . A n u mb er o f s i ck c o m p a n i es ( 4 0 c o m pa ni es ) w hi c h w e r e i n th e pr i v a te s e c to r w a s t a k e n o v er by p u bl i c s e cto r Page 17 of 37
  • 18. International Business Management Report m a i nl y to pr o t ec t t h e e m pl o y ee s . T h es e s i ck u n i t s a r e c a us i n g a bi g dr a i n o n t h e r es o ur ce s o f t h e s t a t e; et c. M et h o d s o f P r i va t i z a t i o n T h er e a r e f o ur i m p o r t a n t mo d es o f pr i v a t i z a t i o n. T h ey a r e : (a) F r a n c hi s i ng (b) C o n tr a c ti ng (c) L ea s i ng (d) D i s i nv e s t me n t. I n I n d i a , di s i nv es tm e nt o f g o v er n m e nt s ha r e o f e q u i t y i n P S U s i s pr edo mi n a n t. It s ta r t ed i n 1 9 92 i mm e di a te l y a f t er t he N ew E co no m i c Po l i c y i n a p h a s ed m a n ner . T he m a i n cr i ti c i s m o f di s i n v es t me n t o f s ha r es o f PS U s i n I n di a i s tha t i t ha s be e n p a r ti a l a n d h a l f - h ea r te d. T h er e s ee ms to b e n o pl a ns to d i s i nv es t co m pl et el y . T h e g o v er nm e n t s ti l l w o ul d l i ke to ke ep a do mi na n t co nt r o l . 39 co m pa ni es ha v e be e n p r o po s ed f o r d i s i nv es tm e nt ti l l 1 9 95 - 9 6. A l l t h e co m pa ni es p r o po s ed f o r d i s i nv es tm e nt a r e c e ntr a l PS U s . N o s t a t e l ev el PS U h a s b e en p r o po s ed f o r di s i nv es tm e nt. It co ul d o nl y di s i nv e s t 1% to 35% Page 18 of 37
  • 19. International Business Management Report s ha r es o f PS U s o n a n a v e r a g e. I t i s a l s o o bs er v e d t ha t th e s ha r es of ef f i c i en t and pr o f i t - ma ki ng co mp a ni es are d i s i nv es te d mo r e t ha n th e co mp a ni es w hi c h a r e po t en ti a l l y s i c k o r s i c k co mp a ni es . T h e di s i n v es t m en t pe r c en t a g e i s a l s o not much in l o s s - m a ki n g and i n ef f i ci e nt u ni ts , t h er e by d ef ea ti ng t he p ur po s e. P r i v a t i z a t i o n o f P S Us M a j o r i ty o f t he i n d u s tr i a l e n ter pr i s es i n th e p u bl i c s e cto r h a v e f a i l e d to a ch i ev e t h e d es i r ed r es ul t. Of co ur s e, a n u m ber of f a c to r s - i n ter n a l and ex ter n a l , co n tr o l l a bl e and no n - c o ntr o l l a bl e a r e r es po n s i bl e f o r h i s p r e ca r i o us pe r f o r ma n ce. A l o o k a t th e hi s to r y o f p u bl i c s e cto r un d er t a k i n g s ( P S U s ) i n t he c o un tr y r e v e a l s t h e co nt i n uo us ex pa ns i o n i n t h e r o l e o f PS U s . C o ns e q ue n tl y , a n u m b er o f e nt er p r i s es ha v e b ee n es ta bl i s he d a n d h u g e a mo unt o f bo r r o w e d ca pi ta l ha s be e n e m pl o y e d b y t h e s ta te ev en i n t he no n - co r e , no n - s tr a te g i c a n d no t s o e s s e n ti a l a r e a . H e n c e, t h e s ta t e h a s ma de a n um be r o f c ha ng es i n i ts N ew I nd us tr i a l Po l i c y a nno un c e d o n J ul y 2 4, 1 9 9 1. Page 19 of 37
  • 20. International Business Management Report GLOBALISATION GLOBALISATION Introduction: T h e ex pa ns i o n o f ec o no mi c a ct i v i ti es a cr o s s p o l i ti ca l b o un d a r i es o f n a ti o n s ta tes . M o r e i m po r ta nt, p er ha ps , i t r ef e r s to a pr o c e s s o f i nc r e a s i n g eco no mi c i nt e g r a te d a n d g r o w i ng e co no mi c i n t er de pe n d en c e b etw ee n co u n tr i es i n th e w o r l d e co no my . I t i s a s s o ci a t e d n o t o nl y w i t h a n i n cr ea s i n g c r o s s - bo r d er mo v em e nt o f g o o ds , s er v i ces , ca pi ta l te c h no l o g y i nf o r ma ti o n a n d p eo pl e b ut a l s o w i t h a n o r g a ni za ti o n o f e co no mi c a ct i v i ti es w h i c h s tr a d dl es n a t i o n a l bo un d a r i es . T hi s p r o ce s s is dr i v e n by the l ur e of pr o f i t a nd t hr ea t of c o mp e ti t i o n i n th e ma r k et. T h e t er m G l o ba l i z a ti o n a s s u c h d e no tes a d j us tm e n t o f n a ti o na l e co no m y w i t h t h a t o f t he w o r l d ec o no m y . It i s c o nv e r s i o n o f a n a ti o na l ma r k et i n to i n t er na ti o na l mo bi l i t y o f f a c to r s o f pr o d uc t i o n. In o t h er s w o r ds , i t ma y be d e s cr i be d a s t h e i n te g r a ti o n o f na ti o na l ec o no m y w i t h th a t o f g l o b a l e co no my . A n i m po r ta n t a t tr i b u te o f G l o b a l i z a t i o n i s t he i n cr ea s i n g d e g r ee of o pen n es s , w hi c h has t hr ee d i me ns i o ns , i . e. ; Page 20 of 37
  • 21. International Business Management Report i n ter n a ti o n a l tr a d e , i n ter n a ti o n a l i nv es tm e nt a n d i n ter n a ti o n a l f i n a n c e. A c co r d i ng to Wo r l d D ev el o p men t R e po r t, G l o b a l i z a ti o n r ef l e cts t h e pr o g r e s s i v e i n te g r a ti o n o f w o r l d’s e co no mi es . The m a n i f e s ta ti o n of pr o d uc t i o n i n c l u d es s pa ti a l r eo r g a ni z a t i o n of pr o d u cti o n t he i nt er p e n etr a t i o n of i n d us t r i e s a cr o s s b o r d er s , th e s pr e a d o f f i na n ci a l m a r ke ts , a n d t h e d i f f us i o n o f i d en ti c a l co ns u me r g o o ds to di s ta n t co u nt r i es a n d ma s s i v e tr a ns f er o f po p u l a ti o n a cr o s s na ti o n a l f r o n ti e r s . G l o b a l i za ti o n i s a pr o c es s o f r ea f f i r m a t i o n o f f a i t h i n t he m a r ke ts , r e ta i ni n g t h e c ha r a ct er o f i n de pe n d en c e o f a co u ntr y . H er e , t h e co u n tr y f o l l o w s a pr a g m a ti c po l i cy w i t h a s hi f t i n d e ci s i o n ma ki ng f r o m g o v er nm en t to b us i n es s . T h e ma r k et f o r c es a n d t h e l a w s o f eco no mi cs w i l l ha v e g r ea ter i m po r ta n ce t h a n t he po l i ti ca l i d eo l o g y . T o m a ke a co un tr y a s uc c es s f ul p a r t ner in Globalization, t he g o v e r n m e nt must play a c o mp l i me n ta r y r o l e. F a c t o r s c o n t r i bu t i n g t o G l o ba l i z a t i o n : T h e i mp o r t a n t f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o Gl o b a l i z a t i o n a r e : Page 21 of 37
  • 22. International Business Management Report ( a ) T ec h n o l o g i c a l Ad va n c es I n c o m mu n i c a t i o n : T e c h nol og i c a l a d v a nc e s i n c omm u ni c a t i on h a v e ma d e i t p os si b l e t o know i n a n i nst a nt w h a t i s h a p p e ni ng i n d i f fe re nt p a rt s o f t h e w or l d . Th e f l ow o f i n for m a t i o n a n d i d e a s, b o ost e d greatly by the I nt e rn e t , can enable d e v e l op i ng c ou nt ri e s t o l e a r n mo r e r a p i d l y f rom e a c h ot h e r a nd f r om i nd u st r i a l c ou nt ri e s . ( b ) I mp r o v emen t s I n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n An d T ec h n o l o g y : I m p r o v e m en ts i n tr a ns po r t a ti o n n e tw o r ks a n d t e c h no l o g y a r e r e d u ci ng t h e c o s ts o f s hi p pi ng g o o ds b y w a t er , g r o un d a nd a i r . T h i s c a n f a ci l i t a t e t he mo v em e n ts o f g o o ds . T e c hno l o g i c a l i m pr o v em e nt s ca n en a bl e d ev el o pi ng co u ntr i es t o l e a p s t a g es i n t he d ev e l o p me n t pr o ce s s t h a t r e l y o n i n ef f i ci e nt us es o f n a ti o na l r es o ur ce s . (c) O t h e r Fa c t o r s : R i s i n g ed u ca ti o n a l l ev e l s , t e chn o l o g i ca l i nno v a t i o ns th a t a l l o w i de a s to ci r c ul a t e , a nd t he e co no m i c f a i l u r es o f mo s t c e n tr a l l y pl a n ne d eco no mi es have also co nt r i bu t ed to G l o b a l i z a ti o n. Page 22 of 37
  • 23. International Business Management Report T r en d s i n G l o ba l i z a t i o n : T h e i mpo r t a n t t r e n ds i n G l o b a l i za t i o n a r e t h e f o l l o w i ng : (a) I n t er n a t i o n a l T r a d e : T r a de i n g o o ds a n d s er v i c es ha s g r o w n tw i c e a s f a s t a s g l o ba l G D P i n t h e 19 9 0’s a n d t h e s h a r e a ttr i b u ta bl e to d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es h a s r i s en f r o m 2 3 to 2 9 p er c e n t. T her e i s a c o m po s i ti o n a l s h i f t i n tr a de , w hi c h ha s cr e a t ed a new p a tt er n i n t he i n t er na ti o na l ex ch a ng e o f g o o ds , s e r v i ce s , a n d i d ea s . T r a de i n c o mpo n e nts i s o n e pa r t o f t h a t n ew pa tt er n. A dv a n c es i n i nf o r ma ti o n t ec h no l o g y h el ps to l i n k f i r ms f r o m d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es i nto g l o ba l pr o d u cti o n netw o r ks . T h e t r e m e n do us g r o w t h o f tr a d e i n s e r v i c es a n d , mo r e r e ce nt l y , o f e l e c tr o ni c co m me r ce i s a l s o a pa r t o f t he n ew tr a de p a t te r n. (b) International Financial Flows : T h er e ha s b ee n i n cr e a s e i n i n te r na ti o na l ca pi ta l f l o w s o f d e v el o pi n g co u nt r i es . H o w ev er , th e f i n a n c i a l cr i s i s o f 1 9 77 - 99 h a v e p u t t he g r o w i ng i n ter d e pen d e n ci es a mo n g c o u n tr i es i n t h e s po tl i g h t a n d l e d to i n te ns e s c r u ti ny . S u ch f l o w s a r e s ta r te d to r i s e a g a i n. T he f i n a nci a l per f o r m a nc e o f em er g i n g Page 23 of 37
  • 24. International Business Management Report m a r ke ts i n t he 1 9 9 0s ma d e c a pi ta l a c co u nt l i b er a l i za ti o n a n a t tr a c ti v e o pt i o n f o r dev el o pi ng c o u n tr i es . M a n y d ev el o pi ng c o un tr i es h a v e b e g a n to l o o s e n c o n tr o l s o n i n f l o w s a nd o ut f l o w s o f ca pi ta l . T h e E a s t A s i a n me l t do w n ha s e n ha n c ed t he a tt r a ct i v en es s o f l o n g - t er m ca pi ta l i nv es t m en t. C o un tr i es have s t a r te d to r e co g ni ze t ha t f o r ei g n d i r e c t i nv es t m e nt br i n g s w i t h i t no t o nl y ca pi ta l bu t also t e ch no l o g y m a r ke t a c c es s and o r g a ni za ti o na l s k i l l s . A n a na l y s i s o f t he per i o d 19 9 6 - 97 s ho w s t h a t f o r ei g n d i r e c t i nv es t m e nt w a s l es s v o l a ti l e th a n t he c o mm er ci a l b a nk l o a n s a nd f o r ei g n p o r tf o l i o f l o w s . ( c ) I n t er n a t i o n a l M i g r a t i o n : A l o n g w i th g o o d s , s e r v i c es , a nd i nv es tm e nt , pe o p l e a r e crossing bo r d er s in large n um b er s . A c co r di n g to Wo r l d D ev el o pm e nt R ep o r t 1 99 9 - 2 00 0, e a c h t ea r be tw e e n 2 mi l l i o n a n d 3 mi l l i o n peo pl e e mi g r a t e, w i t h ma j o r i ty o f th e m g o i ng to j us t 4 co un tr i es : t h e U ni t e d S ta t es , G er ma ny , C a na da a n d A us tr a l i a . T h e ma r k et f o r hi g h l y s ki l l e d w o r ke r s w i l l b eco me e v e n mo r e g l o ba l l y i nt eg r a te d i n t h e co m i n g de ca d es . A t t h e e n d o f th e 2 0 t h c en t ur y G l o b a l i za ti o n ha s a l r ea dy d e mo ns tr a te d th a t e co no mi c de c i s i o ns , w h er ev er t h ey a r e Page 24 of 37
  • 25. International Business Management Report m a de i n t he w o r l d , m us t ta ke i n t er na ti o na l f a c to r s i nto a c co u nt. T her e i s a c cel er a ti o n o f g o o ds , s e r v i c es , i d ea s a nd c a pi ta l a cr o s s na t i o n bo r d er s . Page 25 of 37
  • 26. International Business Management Report C O N CL US I O N:  The low a n n u a l g r o wt h rate of the economy of I n d i a b e f o r e 1 9 8 0 , wh i c h s t a g n a t e d a r o u n d 3 . 5 % f r o m 1950s to 1980s, wh i l e p e r capita i n c o me a ve r a g e d 1.3%] At the s a me time, Pakistan grew by 5 % , I n d o n e s i a b y 9 % , Th a i l a n d b y 9 % , S o u t h K o r e a b y 1 0 % a n d i n Ta i wa n b y 1 2 % .  Only four or f i ve licences wo u l d be g i ve n f o r s t e e l , p o we r a n d c o m mu n i c a t i o n s . L i c e n se o wn e r s b u i l t u p h u g e p o we r f u l e mp i r e s .  A h u g e p u b l i c s e c t o r e me r g e d . S t a t e - o wn e d e n t e r p r i s e s made large losses.  Infrastructure i n ve s t me n t wa s poor because of the p u b l i c s e c t o r mo n o p o l y . Page 26 of 37
  • 27. International Business Management Report  License Ra j e s t a b l i s h e d the "irresponsible, self - p e r p e t u a t i n g b u r e a u c r a c y t h a t s t i l l e xi s t s throughout much of the country andcorruption flourished under this s ys t e m. E co no mi c l i be r a l i za ti o n h a s i n cr e a s ed t h e r es po n s i bi l i t y a n d r o l e o f t he p r i v a t e s e cto r . A t t he s a me t i me , i t ha s r e du c e d t h e co nt r o l o f t h e g o v er n m e nt o n e co no m y a f f a i r s . I t i s ex p e ct e d th a t t h e r ef o r ms w o ul d l i ber a l i ze t h e I n d i a n e co no my e no ug h t o cr ea te a co nd u c i v e e nv i r o nme n t f o r r a p i d e co no mi c d ev el o p m e nt. T he N i nth F i v e Y ea r P l a n, t h er ef o r e, r i g ht l y o bs er v ed, “ T h e co n d i ti o ns t ha t ex i s t to da y , d e ma n d a d e ci s i v e br ea k f r o m t h e p a s t. T h e g o v er n m en t h a s ta ke n o n i ts el f to o ma ny r e s p o ns i bi l i ti es w i t h t he r es ul t t ha t i t no t o nl y e n co ur a g ed a de p e n de n cy s y n dr o me a mo n g o ur p eo p l e , but a l s o i m po s e d s ev er e s tr a i n s o n f i na n ci a l a n d a d m i ni s tr a ti v e c a pa bi l i ti e s o f t he g o v er nm e nt. Private i ni ti a ti v e w h et h er i nd i v i d u a l , co l l e ct i v e or c o mm u ni ty - ba s ed f o r ms t he es s e nc e o f t h e d e v e l o p m e nt s tr a te g y a r ti c ul a t e d i n t h e p l a n. Page 27 of 37
  • 28. International Business Management Report T h e pr o c es s o f r e f o r ms a cco r d i ng to ma ny e co no mi s ts a nd s o ci a l s ci en ti s ts i s no t f a s t e no ug h to a c h i ev e t he g o a l s . J ef f r e y S a c hs , d i r e cto r o f H a r v a r d U ni v er s i ty ’s c en t er f o r i n ter n a ti o n a l dev el o p me n t a n d a n o t e d e co no mi s t , po i n te d o u t t h a t t he r ef o r m p r o ce s s i n I n di a h a d a l o ng w a y to g o . H e f e el s t h a t w i tho u t a f o c us o n th e “ tw i n pi l l a r s ” o f s o ci a l a n d e co no mi c s tr a teg i es , t h e f u t ur e w o u l d b e bl ea k f o r I n di a , e s p e ci a l l y i n t he c o nt ex t o f co m pe ti ti o n a l l a r o u nd . L i ber a l i za ti o n pr o ce s s i s o n t h e s l o w tr a c k . G o v e r n m e nt i s e x p e ct e d to r e du c e a n d f i na l l y g i v e u p i ts i nv o l v e m en t i n e co no mi c m a t t er s a n d p l a y a m a j o r r o l e i n pr o v i d i ng t he r e qu i r e d s o ci o - e co no mi c i nf r a s tr u ct ur e. The g o v er n me n t, h o w ev er , i s r el u c t a n t to g i v e u p i ts r o l e o f o w ni ng a nd c o ntr o l l i n g e c o no mi c a ct i v i ti e s . A t t he s a m e ti me i ts i na bi l i t y to s pe n d for providing mi ni m u m h ea l t h and e d u ca ti o n s er v i c es . I t i s ea g e r to s pe n d o n h i g he r e d uca ti o n w i tho u t s pe n di n g e no u g h o n pr i ma r y a nd s e co n da r y e du ca ti o n. It h a s f a i l ed in pr o v i d i ng a co r r up ti o n fre e a d mi ni s tr a ti o n , an e s s e n ti a l p r e co nd i ti o n f o r i n cr e a s i n g co m pe ti ti v en es s . S u c ces s o f t h e e co no mi c r ef o r ms d e pe n ds up o n t he c o mm i t me n t o f a l l co n c er ne d – p e o p l e , po l i ti ca l pa r ti es , Page 28 of 37
  • 29. International Business Management Report b u r e a uc r a cy , and g o v er n me n t – to the socio e co no m i c p r o g r es s o f t he co u n tr y . T h e e c o n om i c liberalisation in I n di a r e f e r s to o n g o i n g e c o n o m i c r e f o r ms i n I n d i a t h a t s t a r t e d i n 1 9 9 1 . After Independence in 1947, India adhered t o s o c i a l i s t p o l i c i e s . I n t h e 1 9 8 0 s , P r i m e M i n i s t e r Ra j i v G a n d h i i n i t i a t e d s o m e r e f o r ms . I n 1 9 9 1 , a f t e r I n d i a s o l d 6 7 t o n s o f g o l d t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l M o n e t a r y F u n d ( I M F) , t h e g o ve r n m e n t of P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance m i n i s t e r Ma n mo h a n Singh started breakthrough r e f o r ms . Th e n e w n e o - l i b e r a l p o l i c i e s i n c l u d e d o p e n i n g f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e a n d i n ve s t m e n t , d e r e g u l a t i o n , i n i t i a t i o n o f p r i va t i z a t i o n , tax r e f o r ms , and inflation-controlling m e a s u r e s . T h e o ve r a l l d i r e c t i o n o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n h a s s i n c e remained the s a me , i r r e s p e ct i ve of the ruling p a r t y, a l t h o u g h n o p a r t y h a s ye t t r i e d t o t a k e o n p o we r f u l l o b b i e s such as the trade unions and farmers, or contentious issues such as reforming labour l a ws and r e d u c i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l s u b s i d i e s . Th e ma i n o b j e c t i ve o f t h e g o ve r n m e n t wa s to transform the economic s ys t e m f r o m s o c i a l i s m t o c a p i t a l i s m s o as to a c h i e ve h i g h e c o n o mi c g r o wt h a n d i n d u s t r i a l i z e t h e n a t i o n f o r t h e we l l - b e i n g of Indian c i t i z e n s . To d a y India is ma i n l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s a ma r k e t e c o n o m y . A s o f 2 0 0 9 , a b o u t 3 0 0 mi l l i o n p e o p l e — e q u i va l e n t t o t h e entire population of the Un i t e d S t a t e s — h a ve e s c a p e d Page 29 of 37
  • 30. International Business Management Report e xt r e me p o ve r t y . T h e f r u i t s o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n r e a c h e d t h e i r p e a k i n 2 0 0 7 , wh e n I n d i a r e c o r d e d i t s h i g h e s t G DP g r o wt h r a t e o f 9 % . W it h t h i s , I n d i a b e c a me t h e s e c o n d f a s t e s t g r o wi n g ma j o r economy in the wo r l d , n e xt only to China. An Organisation for E c o n o mi c Co - o p e r a t i o n and D e ve l o p m e n t ( O E C D) report states that the a ve r a g e g r o wt h r a t e s 7 . 5 % wi l l d o u b l e t h e a ve r a g e i n c o me i n a d e c a d e a n d m o r e r e f o r ms wo u l d s p e e d u p t h e p a c e . Indian g o ve r n m e n t coalitions h a ve been a d vi s e d to continue liberalisation. India g r o ws at s l o we r pace t h a n Ch i n a , wh i c h h a s b e e n l i b e r a l i s i n g i t s e co n o m y s i n c e 1 9 7 8 . Mc K i n s e y s t a t e s that r e mo vi n g main obstacles " wo u l d f r e e I n d i a ’ s e c o n o m y t o g r o w a s f a s t a s C h i n a ’ s , a t 1 0 p e r c e n t a ye a r " . I n d i a n e c o n o mi c p o l i c y a f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e wa s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e c o l o n i a l e xp e r i e n c e ( wh i c h wa s s e e n b y I n d i a n l e a d e r s a s e xp l o i t a t i ve i n n a t u r e ) a n d b y t h o s e l e a d e r s ' e xp o s u r e t o Fa b i a n socialism. Policy tended t o wa r d s p r o t e c t i o n i s m , wi t h a s t r o n g e mp h a s i s o n i m p o r t substitution, industrialization under state m o n i t o r i n g , s t a t e i n t e r ve n t i o n a t t h e m i c r o l e ve l i n a l l businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large public sector, business regulation, and central p l a n n i n g Fi ve - Ye a r Plans of India resembled central planning in t h e S o vi e t U n i o n . S t e e l , mi n i n g , m a c h i n e Page 30 of 37
  • 31. International Business Management Report t o o l s , wa t e r , t e l e c o m mu n i c a t i o n s , i n s u r a n c e , a n d e l e c t r i c a l plants, a mo n g other industries, we r e e f f e c t i ve l y n a t i o n a l i z e d i n the mid-1950s. Elaborate licences, regulations and the a c c o m p a n yi n g r e d tape, c o m mo n l y r e f e r r e d t o a s L i c e n c e R a j , we r e r e q u i r e d t o s e t u p b u s i n e s s i n I n d i a b e t we e n 1 9 4 7 a n d 1 9 9 0 . Before the process of reform began in 1991, the g o ve r n m e n t a t te mp t e d t o c l o s e t h e I n d i a n e c o n o m y t o t h e outside wo r l d . The Indian c u r r e n c y, the rupee, wa s i n c o n ve r t i b l e and high tariffs and i mp o r t licensing p r e ve n t e d f o r e i g n g o o d s r e a ch i n g t h e m a r k e t . I n d i a a l s o o p e r a t e d a s ys t e m o f c e n t r a l p l a n n i n g f o r t h e e c o n o m y, i n wh i c h f i r ms r e q u i r e d l i c e n s e s t o i n ve s t a n d d e ve l o p . Th e l a b yr i n t h i n e b u r e a u c r a c y o f t e n l e d t o a b s u r d r e s t r i c t i o n s — up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could b e g r a n t e d a l i c e n c e t o p r o d u c e a n d t h e s t a t e wo u l d d e c i d e wh a t wa s p r o d u c e d , h o w m u c h , a t wh a t p r i c e a n d wh a t s o u r c e s o f c a p i t a l we r e u s e d . Th e g o ve r n m e n t a l s o p r e ve n t e d f i r ms from l a yi n g off wo r k e r s or closing factories. Th e central pillar of the policy wa s i m p o r t substitution, the belief that India needed to rely on i n t e r n a l ma r k e t s f o r d e ve l o p me n t , n o t i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e — a belief generated by a mi xt u r e of socialism and the e xp e r i e n c e o f c o l o n i a l e xp l o i t a t i o n . P l a n n i n g a n d t h e s t a t e , rather than markets, wo u l d determine how mu c h i n ve s t m e n t wa s n e e d e d i n wh i c h s e c t o r s . Page 31 of 37
  • 32. International Business Management Report I n t h e 8 0 s , t h e g o ve r n me n t l e d b y R a j i v G a n d h i s t a r t e d l i g h t r e f o r ms . T h e g o ve r n m e n t s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d L i c e n s e Raj and also p r o mo t e d the g r o wt h of t h e t e l e c o mm u n i c a t i o n s a n d s o f t wa r e i n d u s t r i e s T h e V i s h wa n a t h P r a t a p S i n g h g o ve r n m e n t (1989–1990) a n d Ch a n d r a S h e k h a r S i n g h g o ve r n me n t ( 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 1 ) d i d n o t a d d a n y s i g n i f i c a n t r e f o r ms . 1 9 9 1 I n di a e c on o m i c c r i s i s T h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f p r i me mi n i s t e r I n d i r a G a n d h i i n 1 9 8 4 , and later of her s o n Ra j i v Gandhi in 1991, crushed i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n ve s t o r c o n f i d e n c e o n t h e e c o n o m y t h a t wa s e ve n t u a l l y p u s h e d t o t h e b r i n k b y t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s . A s o f 1 9 9 1 , I n d i a s t i l l h a d a f i xe d e xc h a n g e r a t e s ys t e m, wh e r e t h e r u p e e wa s p e g g e d t o t h e va l u e o f a b a s k e t o f currencies of major trading partners. India started h a vi n g b a l a n c e o f p a ym e n t s p r o b l e ms s i n c e 1 9 8 5 , a n d b y t h e e n d o f 1 9 9 0 , i t wa s i n a s e r i o u s e c o n o mi c c r i s i s . Th e g o ve r n m e n t wa s close to default,its central bank had r e f u s e d n e w c r e d i t a n d f o r e i g n e xc h a n g e r e s e r ve s h a d reduced to the point that Indiacould barely finance three we e k s ’ wo r t h o f i mp o r t s . A B a l a n c e o f P a ym e n t s c r i s i s i n 1 9 9 1 p u s h e d t h e c o u n t r y t o n e a r b a n k r u p t c y . I n r e t u r n f o r a n I M F b a i l o u t , g o l d wa s transferred toLondon as collateral, t h e Ru p e e d e va l u e d a n d e c o n o m i c r e f o r ms we r e f o r c e d u p o n I n d i a . T h a t l o w p o i n t wa s t h e c a t a l ys t r e q u i r e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e e c o n o m y Page 32 of 37
  • 33. International Business Management Report t h r o u g h b a d l y n e e d e d r e f o r ms t o u n s h a c k l e t h e e c o n o m y. Controls started to be d i s m a n t l e d , t a r i f f s , d u t i e s a n d t a xe s p r o g r e s s i ve l y l o we r e d , s t a t e mo n o p o l i e s b r o k e n , t h e e c o n o m y wa s o p e n e d t o trade and i n ve s t me n t , p r i va t e sector enterprise and c o mp e t i t i o n we r e e n c o u r a g e d a n d g l o b a l i s a t i o n wa s s l o wl y e mb r a c e d . T h e r e f o r ms p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s t o d a y a n d i s accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often h e l d h o s t a g e b y c o a l i t i o n p o l i t i c s a n d ve s t e d i n t e r e s t s . L a t e r r e f o r ms  A t a l B i h a r i V a j p a ye e 's a d mi n i s t r a t i o n s u r p r i s e d m a n y b y c o n t i n u i n g r e f o r m s , wh e n i t wa s a t t h e h e l m o f a f f a i r s o f I n d i a f o r f i ve ye a r s .  T h e V a j p a ye e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n continued wi t h p r i va t i z a t i o n , reduction of t a xe s , a sound fiscal p o l i c y a i me d at reducing deficits and debts and i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a t i ve s f o r p u b l i c wo r k s .  T h e U F g o ve r n m e n t a t t e mp t e d a p r o g r e s s i ve b u d g e t t h a t encouraged r e f o r ms , but the 1997 Asian financial crisis and political i n s t a b i l i t y c r e a t e d e c o n o mi c stagnation.  E c o n o mi c and technology-related sanctions h a ve r e p e a t e d l y n o t p r o ve d t o b e ve r y e f f e c t i ve i n c o mp e l l i n g n a t i o n s t o c h a n g e t h e i r s o ve r e i g n d e c i s i o n s m a d e i n e n l i g h t e n e d s e l f - i n t e r e s t . I n d i a f a c e d s e ve r e s a n c t i o n s a f t e r P o k h r a n - I ( f i ve n u c l e a r t e s t s o n Ma y 1 1 a n d 1 3 , 1998 at the Pokhran range in Rajasthan Page 33 of 37
  • 34. International Business Management Report Desert),andsanctions that we r e mo r e c o m p r e h e n s i ve we r e i m p o s e d f o l l o wi n g P o k h r a n - I I . Th e r e we r e d i r e p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e e c o n o m y, d o u b l e - d i g i t inflation etc.  A f t e r f i ve ye a r s, mo s t o f t h e s a n c t i o n s h a ve b e e n l i f t e d and the Indian economy is continuing to grow at an a c c e p t a b l y s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t e . Th e a n t i c i p a t e d g r o wt h r a t e for 2003-04 is 6.0%. Though India’s Gross National Income is only $477.4 billion by c o n ve n t i o n a l calculations, it translates into $2,913 billion purchasing p o we r parity (PPP), according to the latest wo r l d d e ve l o p me n t i n d i c a t o r s . I n P P P t e r ms , i t i s t h e wo r l d 's f o u r t h l a r g e s t e c o n o m y, b e h i n d o n l y t h e US , C h i n a a n d Japan. L i b e r al i z a ti on v s Dem oc r a ti z at i on T h e r e i s a d i st in c t di f fe re n c e b e t w e e n l ibe r al iz a t io n an d d e m o c r a t iz a t io n , w h i c h a re o ft e n t h o u g h t to b e th e s a m e c o n c e pt . L ibe r al iz a t io n can take pl ac e w i th o u t d e m o c r a t iz a t io n , a n d de al s w i t h a c o m b in at io n o f po l i c y a n d so c i al c h an g e sp e c ial iz e d t o a c e r t ai n is s u e s u c h as the l i be r al iz at i o n of g o ve r n m e n t - h e l d pr o p e r ty for p r i v ate pu rc h a s e , w h e re a s de m o c r at iz a ti o n is m o re p o l i t ic al l y spe c i al iz e d th at c an a r i se from a l ibe r al iz a t io n , bu t works in a b ro ad e r l e ve l of g o ve rn m e n t. Page 34 of 37
  • 35. International Business Management Report What are Disadvantages of Privatisation ? 1 . P r i v a t i s a t i o n i s e x p e n s i v e a n d g e n e r a t e s a l o t o f i n c o me i n fees for specialist advisers such as banks. 2 . P u b l i c mo n o po l i e s h a v e b e e n t u r n e d i n t o p r i v a t e mo n o p o l i e s w i t h t o o l i t t l e c o mp e t i t i o n , s o c o n s u me r s h a v e n o t b e n e f i t e d a s mu c h a s h a d b e e n h o p e d . Th i s i s t h e ma i n r e a s o n wh y i t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o c r e a t e r e g u l a t o r s ( O F WA T , O F G AS e t c ) . T h i s i s a n i mp o r t a n t p o i n t . I t p a r t l y d e p e n d s o n h o w t h e privatisation took place. F o r e x a mp l e , t h e r a i l wa ys we r e p r i v a t i s e d i n b i t o f a r u s h a n d t h e r e mi g h t h a v e b e e n o t h e r w a ys t o d o i t s o t h a t mo r e c o mp e t i t i o n wa s c r e a t e d . I t p a r t l y d e p e n d s o n t h e ma r k e t . S o me m a r k e t s a r e ' n a t u r a l mo n o p o l i e s ' w h e r e c o mp e t i t i o n i s d i f f i c u l t . F o r e x a mp l e , i t w o u l d b e v e r y wasteful and expensive to build t wo sets of track into L i v e r p o o l S t r e e t ju s t t o c r e a t e s o me c o mp e t i t i o n . Na t u r a l mo n o p o l i e s c r e a t e a s p e c i a l ju s t i f i c a t i o n f o r p u b l i c o wn e r s h i p i n t h e g e n e r a l p ub l i c i n t e r e s t . 3 . Th e n a t i o n a l i se d i n d u s t r i e s we r e s o l d o f f t o o q u i c k l y a n d t o o c h e a p l y. Wi t h p a t i e n c e a b e t t e r p r i c e c o u l d h a v e b e e n h a d wi t h mo r e b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s o n t h e g o v e r n me n t ' s r e v e n u e . I n a l mo s t all cases the share prices rose sharply as soon as dealing began after privatisation. Page 35 of 37
  • 36. International Business Management Report 4 . Th e p r i v a t i s e d b u s i n e s s e s h a v e s o l d o f f o r c l o s e d d o wn u n p r o f i t a b l e p a r t s o f t h e b u s i n e s s ( a s b u s i n e s s e s n o r ma l l y d o ) a n d s o s e r v i c e s e g t r a n s p o r t i n r u r a l a r e a s h a v e g o t wo r s e . 5 . Wi d e r s h a r e o w n e r s h i p d i d n o t r e a l l y h a p p e n a s ma n y s ma l l i n v e s t o r s t o o k t he i r p r o f i t s a n d d id n ' t b u y a n yt h i ng e l s e . Page 36 of 37
  • 37. International Business Management Report Bibliography h t t p : / / w w w. g o o g l e . c o m Page 37 of 37