The document discusses the history of integration efforts among Caribbean nations, including the formation and dissolution of the West Indies Federation between 1958-1962. It formed with ten territories as members but faced disputes over taxation, financing, and freedom of movement that weakened it. A referendum in Jamaica supported withdrawing, and the Federation dissolved four years after forming due to lack of economic and political unity among members. Subsequent independence movements emerged for individual territories.

1. On the way to Caribbean Integration

2. The bringing of people of
different racial, ethnic or national
groups into equal association,

3. The degree of economic integration can be categorized
into six stages:
 Preferential trading area
 Free Trade Area
 Customs Union
 Common Market
 Economic & Monetary Union
 Complete Economic Union

4.  Weaker forms of international political integration refer
to cooperation between states
 Stronger forms of integration refer to the constitution of
new political entities, e.g. FEDERATIONS
.

5.  Regional Integration has several meanings and levels.
 Integration has various forms of political units
(FEDERATION) or economic units
(CARIFTA, CARICOM, CSME).
 Integration is also the development of institutions
(UWI, the West Indian Cricket Board, Regional Central
Bank, Caribbean Court of Justice)

6. A “parent” organization formed by
the linking of several states,
countries ... each retaining the control
of much of its own affairs.

7. 2008-The fiftieth (50th) anniversary
of the establishment of the West
Indies Federation

8. The history of the attempt by the
British Government to federate its
West Indian colonies date back to the
nineteenth century.

9. The Colonial Office set up regional institutions such as:
 The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture (1922)
 West Indian Court of Appeal
 Regional Met Office
 The first West Indian Conference (1926)
 The Closer Union Commission (1932)
Some West Indian politicians attempted to use the
CUC to gain self-government and wider voting rights
but they were rejected by the Colonial Office

10. During the early twentieth century a number of West
Indian leaders and institutions pursued the concept of
federation.eg:
 W.G.Donovan
 T.A.Marryshow
 A.A. Cipriani
 The West Indian Labour Congress

11. “The West Indies must be West Indian!”
T.A. Marryshow (1887-1958)-a key figure in
the history of Grenada and the Caribbean

12.  1903-Apprenticed to W. G. Donovan who published newspapers,
advocating representative government and a Federation of Britain's West
Indian colonies.
 1916-By time of Donavan’s death in, Marryshow published, The West
Indian.
 The first one (1 January 1915) promised quot;an immediate and accurate
chronicler of current events, an untrammelled advocate of popular rights,
unhampered by chains of party prejudice, an unswerving educator of the
people in their duties as subjects of the state and citizens of the worldquot; and
hopes for quot;the day when, our islands linked together in an administrative
and fiscal union, the West Indian Dominion will take its place, small
though that may be, in the glorious Empire.quot;

13.  His goals were Federation and the replacement of
Crown Colony Government by representative
democracy
 His slogan was quot;Educate, Agitate, Federatequot;
 He was a staunch advocate of wider black
empowerment.

14. A.A.Cipriani and T.A.Marryshow
Two stalwarts of West Indian nationalism

15. T.A.Marryshow (2nd from left)Lord Hailes (3rd from left)
Lord Hailes was the first and only Governor
General of the West Indies Federation

16.  March, 1945, Colonel Oliver Stanley, the Colonial
Secretary, formally proposed the idea of federation to
the West Indian Governments.
 The Colonial Office asked that the West Indians
themselves propose what form the federation should
take.
 1947 -The Montego Bay Conference. Members have
differences. Planter element not in favour. Bustamante
feels Br abandoning West Indies. Labour elements want
federation.

17.  SCAC works out details of federation
 1949-presents report
 British Guiana, British Honduras, British Virgin islands
did not accept proposals
 Grantley Adams says it was a glorified Crown Colony
 Dr Patrick Solomon accepts
 T.A. Marryshow rejects

18.  1953 and 1956 -Conferences held in London in to write
the Federal Constitution
 Post SCAC disagreements continue
 March 25, 1958 -Federal Elections, for a Federal
Parliament
 The West Indies Federal Labour Party (W.I.F.L.P.)
narrowly defeats the Democratic Labour Party (D.L.P.)
 W.I.F.L.P. had not done enough to explain Federation to
the people

19.  Sir Grantley Adams, from
Barbados, became Prime
Minister of the West Indies.

20.  22nd April 1958- that the West Indies Federation came
into being
 HRH Princess Margaret opened the first Parliament of
the new nation.
 The Federation comprised ten territories : Antigua and
Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Mont
serrat, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla(as it was then) Saint
Lucia, St Vincent and Trinidad & Tobago.
 Br. Guiana & Br Honduras do not join .Not happy with
freedom of movement.

22. Flag of the Governor General Coat of Arms of the Federation

23. UCWI
-the early days

24. Norman Manley Alexander Bustamante

25. There were several disagreements over measures
proposed for the operation of the Federation
 Taxation
 Customs
 Freedom of movement
 Financing(Jamaica (bauxite), T&T (oil) not prepared
to share burden of financing)
 Capital Site

26.  As a result of the growing unease in Jamaica, the
Government, in 1961, decided to hold a referendum on
the future of the Federation.
 Manley said that if he lost the referendum he would
take Jamaica out of the Federation
 The final results: 45.9% for; 54.1% against.
 Manley, the Jamaican Premier, had to concede defeat.

27.  April 1962-The final session of the Federation’s
Parliament was held
 May 23, 1962 -the West Indies Federation was formally
dissolved.
 Four years after its inception the “Great Experiment”
ended in failure.

28.  Mainland colonies (B.G. and Br. Honduras) did not
join
 Rivalry between Trinidad & Tobago and Jamaica
 The suspicions and fears of the smaller states
 Political unity came before economic agreement.
Federation had no powers re:taxation,customs,freedom
of movement
 Jamaica (bauxite), T&T (oil) not prepared to share
burden of financing
 Br. Government had control over foreign affairs

29.  The Caribbean population not sufficiently informed
regarding the issues.

30. Williams “One from ten Sparrow “Every body fighting
leaves nought” singularly...”

31. “Devoid of programme and consideration for the
people they saw Federation and met among themselves
only to arrange what their governments would get and
what they would lose. That is always an important part
of any political discussion. But if you are discussing
nothing else, then the result is always the violent
quarrels, in fact the unseemly squabbles for that is what
they were, by which these gentlemen broke up the
Federation and disgraced the West Indian people”
CLR James :Party Politics in the West Indies

32.  Jamaica withdraws. British governement promise
Independence
 1962, August 6- Jamaica independent
 1962,August 31-T&T independent
 Barbados could go it alone as head of the remaining
units
 1966,November- Barbados Independent
 1966, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St
Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla(as it was then) Saint Lucia, St
Vincent –Associated states to Britain

33.  Wallace, Elizabeth, The breakup of the West Indies
Federation-(Caribbean Freedom ed H.Beckles an V
Shepherd)
 James, C. L. R. Party Politics in the West Indies
(pp159-164)
 Claypole,W & Robottom,J. Caribbean Story Book 2
(pp 123-147)

34. Image credits will be placed
on the Credit page